The first confirmed death due to Chandipura virus infection in Gujarat was reported as a four-year-old child from Mota Kanthariya in Aravalli. The confirmation came from Pune’s National Institute of Virology. The virus, initially reported in north Gujarat, has spread to new areas, raising concerns about a potential outbreak with 14 deaths in two weeks and 26 suspected cases under investigation.
Transmission of CHPV Infection
Chandipura virus (CHPV) is part of the Rhabdoviridae family, transmitted primarily by sandflies (Phlebotomine sandflies, Phlebotomus papatasi) and mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti). The virus resides in the salivary glands of these insects and can be transmitted to humans or other vertebrates through bites, leading to central nervous system infections and encephalitis.
Symptoms of CHPV Infection
CHPV infection begins with flu-like symptoms such as acute fever, body ache, and headache. It can rapidly progress to altered sensorium, seizures, and encephalitis. Other reported symptoms include respiratory distress, bleeding tendencies, or anaemia. The infection often progresses rapidly, potentially leading to mortality within 24-48 hours of hospitalization.
Management and Treatment
Currently, there is no specific antiretroviral therapy or vaccine available for CHPV infection. Management focuses on symptomatic treatment, particularly managing brain inflammation to prevent mortality. Rapid progression of the disease poses significant challenges for healthcare providers.
Affected Regions in India
CHPV infection was first identified in 1965 in Maharashtra. Significant outbreaks occurred in 2003-04 in Maharashtra, northern Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh, with over 300 child deaths reported. The infection remains endemic in central India, particularly in rural, tribal, and peripheral areas where sandflies are prevalent.
Changes in Disease Patterns
Recent observations indicate changes in the disease manifestation and vector behavior. Sandflies, previously not known to fly above three feet, have been found at higher elevations. New outbreak centers have emerged, with cases reported in tribal areas such as Pavagadh, Khedbrahma, and Godhra. Additionally, some recent deaths presented with brain hemorrhages, a new symptom not previously associated with CHPV.
Preventive Measures and Surveillance
Authorities have stepped up surveillance efforts, screening over 18,000 people for symptoms. Specific measures include house-to-house surveys in affected areas to identify and manage new cases promptly. The health department is actively investigating suspected cases to contain the potential spread of the virus.