In 2023, the world’s nuclear-armed nations witnessed significant developments in their arsenals, with a notable increase in spending on nuclear weapons. The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) highlighted that the United States led global expenditures, followed by China and Russia. This surge in investment underscores a growing reliance on nuclear deterrence strategies reminiscent of the Cold War era.
Nine nuclear-armed states, including major powers like the US, Russia, and China, intensified their efforts to modernize and expand their nuclear capabilities throughout 2023.
The total global spending on nuclear weapons reached $91.4 billion in 2023, equating to $2,898 per second. This marks a $10.7 billion increase from the previous year, with the US accounting for 80% of the rise.
India and Pakistan continued to enhance their nuclear arsenals, with India now reportedly possessing 172 nuclear warheads compared to Pakistan’s 170. India’s focus has notably expanded towards longer-range weapons capable of targeting throughout China.
China saw substantial growth in its nuclear arsenal, increasing from 410 to 500 warheads over the course of 2023. The country’s strategic focus includes the potential to match intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) capabilities of Russia and the US by the end of the decade.
Approximately 2,100 deployed warheads were maintained at high operational alert, predominantly by Russia and the US. Notably, China joined this operational readiness category for the first time.
Transparency regarding nuclear forces has diminished, particularly following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, leading to heightened debates on nuclear-sharing agreements and global security implications.
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