The Government of India Act, 1935 marked a major constitutional experiment under British rule. Enforced from 1 April 1937, it aimed to expand Indian participation in governance while retaining British control over key areas. Though it fell short of Indian aspirations, the Act became the most detailed constitutional framework before Independence and significantly influenced the structure of the Indian Constitution.
Background of the Government of India Act, 1935
- The Act was the result of a series of political developments and growing Indian demands for self-rule.
- The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms introduced dyarchy in provinces but failed to satisfy nationalist aspirations.
- The Simon Commission, though boycotted by Indians, recommended major constitutional changes.
- The Round Table Conferences (1930–32) in London highlighted deep political divisions.
- The Communal Award of 1932 and the White Paper of 1933 finally laid the foundation for the Act.
Key Provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935
- The Act consisted of 451 sections and 15 schedules, making it the lengthiest British statute for India.
- It proposed an All-India Federation comprising British provinces and princely states, though this federation never came into force as princely states refused to join.
- A major feature was provincial autonomy, which abolished dyarchy at the provincial level and allowed Indian ministers to govern subjects under provincial jurisdiction.
- However, governors retained discretionary powers.
- The Act introduced a division of powers through three lists Federal, Provincial, and Concurrent an arrangement later adopted in the Indian Constitution.
- It also provided for bicameral legislatures in some provinces and expanded the franchise to about 10% of the population.
Institutional and Administrative Features
- The Act established the Federal Court of India in 1937, though appeals to the Privy Council continued.
- It also created Federal and Provincial Public Service Commissions to regulate civil services.
- Separate electorates were extended to Muslims, Scheduled Castes, women, and labour groups, deepening communal representation.
- The Council of India was abolished, streamlining British administrative control.
Significance of the Government of India Act, 1935
- The Act laid the foundation of Indian federalism, even though the federation was not implemented.
- It granted real governing experience to Indian leaders through provincial autonomy, expanded political participation, and encouraged party politics.
- Many of its features such as division of powers, bicameralism, public service commissions, and emergency provisions were later incorporated into the Indian Constitution.
- It served as a constitutional blueprint during the Constituent Assembly debates.
Criticism of the Government of India Act, 1935
- Despite reforms, the Act faced strong criticism. The Governor-General and Governors retained overriding powers, undermining autonomy.
- The expansion of separate electorates intensified communal divisions.
- The Constitution was rigid, with amendment powers resting only with the British Parliament.
- The proposed federation failed, and the franchise remained limited. The Indian National Congress rejected the Act for falling far short of full independence.
Reactions to the Act
- The Congress viewed the Act as an unsatisfactory compromise, while the Muslim League saw it as a partial safeguard for minority representation.
- Princely states resisted joining the federation to protect their autonomy.
- The British considered it a balanced solution, but its limitations accelerated the demand for complete independence, achieved in 1947.
Question
Q. Which major feature of the Indian Constitution was directly inspired by the Government of India Act, 1935?
A. Parliamentary sovereignty
B. Division of powers into three lists
C. Judicial review
D. Single citizenship