The Philippines and Japan have taken a big step in their security relationship. They signed a new deal that allows their military forces to enter each other’s countries more easily. This comes at a time when there are growing concerns in the Indo-Pacific region.
The Reciprocal Access Agreement (RAA)
What is the RAA?
- It’s a deal that makes it easier for military forces from both countries to visit each other.
- It helps with military cooperation by simplifying the entry of foreign personnel and equipment.
Signing of the Agreement
- Philippine defense minister Gilberto Teodoro and Japanese foreign minister Yoko Kamikawa signed the deal.
- The signing happened in Manila, with Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. watching.
Status of the Agreement
- This is Japan’s first such agreement in Asia.
- It will start working after both countries’ lawmakers approve it.
Why This Agreement Matters
Countering Chinese Influence
- A Japanese military presence in the Philippines could help balance China’s influence in the South China Sea.
- China claims large parts of the South China Sea, which conflicts with claims of several Southeast Asian countries.
Strengthening Alliances
- Both the Philippines and Japan are close allies of the United States.
- They have taken strong positions against what they see as aggressive behavior by Chinese ships in disputed waters.
Background of Regional Tensions
South China Sea Dispute
- In 2016, an international court ruled that China’s claims in the South China Sea had no legal basis.
- China rejected this ruling.
East China Sea Dispute
- Japan has its own separate dispute with China in the East China Sea.
Japan’s Changing Defense Posture
Military Build-up
- In December 2023, Japan announced its biggest military increase since World War Two.
- This marks a shift from Japan’s post-war pacifist stance.
Reasons for Change
- Japan is worried about China’s actions, including:
- Pressure on Taiwan
- Issues with freedom of navigation
- Trade disputes
Philippines-Japan Cooperation
Support in Maritime Disputes
- Japan has backed the Philippines’ position in the South China Sea.
- Japan has expressed serious concern over China’s actions that have damaged Philippine ships and injured Filipino sailors.
Military Aid
- Japan will provide coastal surveillance radars to the Philippines.
- This is part of Japan’s Official Security Assistance program to help partner countries improve their defense capabilities.
Broader Context of Military Agreements
Philippines’ Other Agreements
- The Philippines has Visiting Forces Agreements (VFA) with the United States and Australia.
Japan’s Similar Agreements
- Japan has RAA deals with Australia and Britain.
- It’s working on a similar agreement with France.
- Japan hosts the largest number of U.S. forces outside of the United States.
Limitations and Future Prospects
Limits on Japanese Military Aid
- Japan has a self-imposed ban on exporting lethal equipment.
- This limits the scope of military aid Japan can provide.
Important Takeaways for all competitive exams:
- Philippines Capital: Manila;
- Philippines Currency: Philippine peso;
- President of the Philippines: Bongbong Marcos;
- Japan Capital: Tokyo;
- Japan Prime Minister: Fumio Kishida;
- Japan Currency: Japanese yen.