Gabon Approves New Constitution in Historic Referendum

Gabon held a landmark referendum, where 91% of voters approved a new constitution, marking a significant political shift in the country. The constitution aims to end 55 years of dynastic rule and reintroduce a democratic civilian government. The ruling military junta, which took power in August 2023 through a coup, orchestrated the referendum, signaling a new era of governance.

Approval and Voter Participation

• The referendum was overwhelmingly approved, with 91% of voters supporting the new constitution.
• Voter turnout was reported at 71%, with some delays in polling stations in Libreville but no significant incidents.
• The referendum was conducted under heightened security, with a curfew extended to maintain order throughout the voting process.

Key Constitutional Changes

• Presidential Term Limits: The new constitution introduces a two-term limit of seven years each for the presidency.
• End of Dynastic Rule: The constitution excludes dynastic succession, a move aimed at dismantling the long-standing Bongo family leadership.
• Prime Minister’s Role Abolished: The new constitution removes the position of the prime minister, shifting power towards the presidency.
• Eligibility Criteria for Presidential Candidates: The constitution mandates that presidential candidates must be Gabonese by birth, with at least one Gabonese parent and a Gabonese spouse. This provision disqualifies Ali Bongo, the former president, due to his marriage to a French woman.

Transition and Governance

• Civilian Governance: Transitional President Brice Oligui Nguema expressed hope that the referendum would lead to a return to full civilian rule after a two-year transition period.
• International Observation: Unlike the 2023 election, international observers were present during the referendum, ensuring greater transparency in the process.

Public Sentiment

• Afrobarometer Survey: Preliminary findings from an Afrobarometer survey revealed that 87% of respondents believed the country was headed in the right direction following the referendum.
• Public Concerns: Despite optimism about political changes, challenges such as unemployment, healthcare, and rising living costs remain central issues for many Gabonese citizens.