India Advances Nuclear Submarine Capabilities

India is on the brink of commissioning its second nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine, INS Arighat, and has received approval to construct six additional nuclear submarines to enhance its maritime defense.

Commissioning of INS Arighat

The Indian Navy is preparing to commission INS Arighat, its second nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN), which is nearing the completion of its trials and upgrades. Expected to enter service within the next two months, INS Arighat will join INS Arihant, the first SSBN inducted in 2016. INS Arighat features a top surface speed of 12–15 knots (22–28 km/h) and can reach up to 24 knots (44 km/h) underwater. It is equipped with four launch tubes capable of carrying either four K-4 missiles with a range of over 3,500 kilometers or twelve K-15 missiles with a range of approximately 750 kilometers.

Expansion of Nuclear Submarine Fleet

The Indian government has sanctioned the construction of six additional nuclear submarines (SSNs), a project anticipated to cost over Rs1 lakh crore (approximately $12 billion). This initiative, largely driven by indigenous technology, aligns with the “Make in India” campaign, aimed at bolstering self-reliance in defense manufacturing. The new SSNs will integrate advanced stealth technology and autonomous drones to enhance India’s maritime warfare capabilities.

Delayed Project Delta and SSNs

Due to delays caused by Russia’s conflict with Ukraine, India’s Project Delta—originally intended to include leased Russian Akula class SSNs—has been postponed beyond 2027. Consequently, the Indian Navy has sought approval to construct two additional SSNs to strengthen its deterrent capabilities in the Indo-Pacific. This request includes an initial acceptance of necessity (AoN) for these submarines.

Strategic Importance of SSNs

The focus on SSNs is crucial given the strategic landscape. SSNs offer superior underwater speed and endurance compared to conventional diesel-electric submarines, which require frequent recharging. With the Chinese Navy expanding its reach into the Indian Ocean and providing advanced submarines to neighboring countries, India’s SSNs will play a vital role in countering these threats and ensuring regional security.

Future Developments

India’s nuclear triad will be further reinforced with the forthcoming commissioning of INS Aridaman, the third SSBN, early next year. This expansion underscores India’s commitment to maintaining a robust deterrent capability and securing its strategic interests amid evolving maritime challenges.