Top Countries Holding U.S. Debt (2024)

The United States borrows money by issuing Treasury securities, such as Treasury bills, notes, and bonds, to investors around the world. These instruments are considered among the safest investments globally, making them attractive to foreign governments and institutions seeking stable returns.

Foreign countries purchase U.S. debt as a way to:

• Stabilize their own currencies
• Maintain trade balances
• Invest foreign exchange reserves
• Diversify their investment portfolios

Let’s explore which countries are the largest holders of U.S. debt as of the latest data.

Why Foreign Countries Buy U.S. Debt

Countries invest in U.S. Treasury securities for several strategic reasons:

• Safe investment: U.S. debt is backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government.
• Liquidity: U.S. Treasuries are among the most easily tradable financial instruments.
• Trade surplus management: Countries with trade surpluses (like China and Japan) reinvest U.S. dollars by purchasing Treasuries.
• Currency valuation: Helps stabilize their own currencies in foreign exchange markets.

Top Foreign Holders of U.S. Debt

Table: Countries Holding the Most U.S. Debt (in USD Billions)

Rank	Country	Amount Held (USD Billion)
1	Japan	$1,000
2	China	$759
3	United Kingdom	$723
4	Luxembourg	$424
5	Cayman Islands	$419
6	Canada	$379
7	Belgium	$375
8	Ireland	$336
9	France	$332
10	Switzerland	$289
11	Taiwan	$282
12	Hong Kong	$255
13	Singapore	$249
14	India	$219
15	Brazil	$202
16	Norway	$158
17	Saudi Arabia	$138
18	South Korea	$125
19	Mexico	$103
20	Germany	$97

Key Highlights

1. Japan – $1 Trillion

Japan is the largest foreign holder of U.S. debt. With a consistent trade surplus and large foreign reserves, Japan uses Treasuries as a stable investment.

2. China – $759 Billion

Once the top holder, China has gradually reduced its holdings due to geopolitical tensions and efforts to diversify its reserve assets.

3. United Kingdom – $723 Billion

The UK has increased its holdings through private and institutional investments, especially from London’s financial sector.

4. Luxembourg & Cayman Islands – Tax Havens

These small nations are major holders due to investment funds and financial intermediaries headquartered there.

5. India – $219 Billion

India’s growing forex reserves and rising global financial influence have led to an increase in U.S. debt holdings.

Why This Data Matters

Knowing which countries own U.S. debt helps in understanding:

• Global financial interdependence
• How geopolitical risks (e.g., U.S.–China tensions) can impact markets
• The influence of foreign capital flows on U.S. monetary policy