States and Capitals

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States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO	State	Capital	CM	Governor
1	Andhra Pradesh	Amaravati	Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu	S. Abdul Nazer
2	Arunachal Pradesh	Itanagar	Pema Khandu	Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3	Assam	Dispur	Himanta Biswa Sarma	Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4	Bihar	Patna	Nitish Kumar	Arif Mohammed Khan
5	Chhattisgarh	Raipur	Vishnu Deo Sai	Ramen Deka
6	Goa	Panaji	Pramod Sawant	P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7	Gujarat	Gandhinagar	Bhupendra Patel	Acharya Dev Vrat
8	Haryana	Chandigarh	Nayab Singh Saini	Bandaru Dattatraya
9	Himachal Pradesh	Shimla	Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu	Shiv Pratap Shukla
10	Jharkhand	Ranchi	Hemant Soren	Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11	Karnataka	Bengaluru	Siddaramaiah	Thaawarchand Gehlot
12	Kerala	Thiruvananthapuram	Pinarayi Vijayan	Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13	Madhya Pradesh	Bhopal	Mohan Yadav	Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14	Maharashtra	Mumbai	Devendra Fadnavis	C.P. Radhakrishnan
15	Manipur	Imphal	N. Biren Singh	Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16	Meghalaya	Shillong	Conrad Kongkal Sangma	C H Vijayashankar
17	Mizoram	Aizawl	Lalduhoma	General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18	Nagaland	Kohima	Neiphiu Rio	La. Ganesan
19	Odisha	Bhubaneswar	Mohan Charan Majhi	Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20	Punjab	Chandigarh	Bhagwant Singh Mann	Gulab Chand Kataria
21	Rajasthan	Jaipur	Bhajan Lal Sharma	Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22	Sikkim	Gangtok	PS Golay	Om Prakash Mathur
23	Tamil Nadu	Chennai	M. K. Stalin	R. N. Ravi
24	Telangana	Hyderabad	Anumula Revanth Reddy	Jishnu Dev Varma
25	Tripura	Agartala	Dr. Manik Saha	Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26	Uttar Pradesh	Lucknow	Yogi Aditya Nath	Anandiben Patel
27	Uttarakhand	Dehradun	Pushkar Singh Dhami	Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28	West Bengal	Kolkata	Mamata Banerjee	Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO	Union Territories	Capital	CM	Lt. Governor
1	Andaman and Nicobar Island	Port Blair	NA	D K Joshi
2	Chandigarh	Chandigarh	NA	Banwarilal Purohit
3	Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu	Daman	NA	Praful Patel
4	Delhi	Delhi	Rekha Gupta	Vinai Kumar Saxena
5	Ladakh	NA	NA	B. D. Mishra
6	Lakshadweep	Kavaratti	NA	Praful Patel
7	Jammu and Kashmir	NA	Omar Abdullah	Manoj Sinha
8	Puducherry	Pondicherry	N. Rangaswamy	C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference	States	Union Territories
Head of Administration	Governor	Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type	Elected by the People	Managed by the central government
Powers	Shares power with the central government.	Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No.	States	Language
1	Andhra Pradesh	Telugu and Urdu
2	Arunachal Pradesh	Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3	Assam	Assamese
4	Bihar	Hindi
5	Chhattisgarh	Hindi
6	Goa	Marathi Konkani
7	Gujarat	Gujarati
8	Haryana	Hindi
9	Himachal Pradesh	Hindi and Pahari
10	Jharkhand	Hindi
11	Karnataka	Kannada
12	Kerala	Malayalam
13	Madhya Pradesh	Hindi
14	Maharashtra	Marathi
15	Manipur	Manipuri
16	Meghalaya	Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17	Mizoram	Mizo and English
18	Nagaland	Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19	Odisha	Oriya
20	Punjab	Punjabi
21	Rajasthan	Rajasthani and Hindi
22	Sikkim	Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23	Tamil Nadu	Tamil
24	Telangana	Telugu
25	Tripura	Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26	Uttar Pradesh	Hindi
27	Uttarakhand	Hindi
28	West Bengal	Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

India Plans Integration of Mission LiFE with National Action Plan on Climate Change

In a significant policy move, the Government of India is considering integrating Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) with the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). This potential merger aims to bring individual and community behavioural changes to the forefront of climate action, reinforcing India’s commitment to a sustainable and participatory approach to environmental protection.

Why in News?

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) is evaluating the inclusion of Mission LiFE in the NAPCC, which was originally launched in 2008. The integration seeks to mainstream lifestyle-based climate action within the national framework to accelerate India’s progress towards its climate goals.

About Mission LiFE

Launched at COP26 (UNFCCC, 2021) by India.
Aims to transition from a “use-and-dispose” economy to a circular economy.
Focuses on behavioural change at the individual and community levels.
Coordinated nationally by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC).

Approach of Mission LiFE

Jan Andolan (People’s Movement): Encouraging sustainable daily practices.
Global Collaboration: Involves ideas from global academia and think tanks.
Cultural Integration: Promotes climate-friendly practices rooted in local traditions.

About the NAPCC

Launched in 2008 as India’s climate change mitigation and adaptation strategy.

Consists of 8 Core Missions,

National Solar Mission
National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency
National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
National Water Mission
National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem
National Mission for a Green India
National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change

Need for Integration

Quantifiable Impact: Tracks individual and corporate contributions.
Wider Outreach: Uses NAPCC’s structure to spread Mission LiFE messages.
Behavioural Change: Promotes low-cost, sustainable actions like waste reduction and energy conservation.
Bridging Awareness-Action Gap: Converts knowledge into tangible climate action.

Challenges

Self-Motivation Required: Unlike incentive-driven schemes, Mission LiFE depends on voluntary participation.
Lack of Tools: No clear framework for measuring behaviour-led impacts.
Climate Literacy Gaps: Low public awareness can hinder meaningful engagement.

Way Forward

Policy Alignment: Integrate with schemes like Ujjwala, FAME, and National Electric Mobility Mission.
Funding Support: Allocate budget for awareness and implementation.
Action-Oriented Campaigns: Disseminate practical, everyday steps to promote sustainability.

Summary/Static	Details
Why in the news?	India Plans Integration of Mission LiFE with National Action Plan on Climate Change
Launched At	COP26, UNFCCC, 2021
Mission LiFE Focus	Individual behaviour change, circular economy
NAPCC Missions	8 core missions including Solar, Water, Green India, Agriculture, etc.
Need for Integration	Improve outreach, encourage behavioural change, bridge awareness-action gap
Challenges	Measurement issues, voluntary nature, lack of climate literacy

World Turtle Day 2025: A Global Call to Protect Ancient Reptiles

World Turtle Day, observed annually on May 23, is a global initiative aimed at raising awareness about the conservation of turtles and tortoises. These ancient reptiles, which have graced the Earth for over 200 million years, are now among the most threatened species due to various human-induced activities. World Turtle Day not only celebrates their unique ecological roles but also highlights the urgent need for their protection from environmental threats, habitat destruction, illegal pet trade, and climate change.

The Origins: How World Turtle Day Began

World Turtle Day was first celebrated in 2000, founded by Susan Tellem and Marshall Thompson, who established the American Tortoise Rescue (ATR) in 1990.
This non-profit organization, based in California, was created to rescue and rehabilitate turtles and tortoises and to spread awareness of their declining numbers.
The inception of World Turtle Day turned their local mission into a global conservation movement, now embraced by schools, environmentalists, and animal lovers worldwide.

Why World Turtle Day Matters: Environmental and Cultural Significance

Turtles and tortoises are not only charismatic creatures but also vital to maintaining ecological balance. Sea turtles help control jellyfish populations and maintain healthy seagrass beds, which are essential for many marine species.
Land tortoises aerate the soil and disperse seeds through their burrowing and grazing behaviors.
Beyond their ecological value, these reptiles hold symbolic importance in many cultures, representing longevity, wisdom, and resilience.

Alarming Threats: Why Turtles Are at Risk

Despite their long history of survival, turtles today face numerous dangers. Their habitats are shrinking due to urban development, climate change, and pollution. Plastic waste, often mistaken for food, causes severe health issues and fatalities among marine turtles.
Additionally, poaching and illegal trade for their shells, meat, or as exotic pets have pushed many species to the brink of extinction.
According to global conservation reports, 129 out of 300 turtle species are currently endangered.

Educational Impact: Raising Awareness and Action

World Turtle Day is a platform to educate the public about the importance of turtle conservation.
Many schools, zoos, and conservation centers organize events like workshops, exhibitions, and turtle-themed activities for children.
The day also encourages individuals to share facts on social media, wear green attire, and use hashtags such as #WorldTurtleDay to promote awareness and inspire action globally.

Ways to Celebrate and Contribute

There are numerous ways individuals can participate meaningfully,

Adopt a turtle or tortoise from a rescue center.
Volunteer or donate to conservation organizations like ATR.
Join beach cleanup drives to protect turtle nesting sites.
Support legislation and community projects focused on environmental conservation.
These activities serve as reminders that every small effort counts in the global mission to protect turtles.

Fascinating Turtle Facts to Remember

Turtles predate dinosaurs, having existed for over 200 million years.
Tortoises can live up to 300 years, while turtles usually live 40–70 years.
Some turtles can breathe through their cloaca, enabling them to stay underwater longer.
They help in cleaning ecosystems by eating dead fish and decaying plant matter.

Important Days in May 2025, List of National and International Events

The month of May 2025 is filled with a series of significant national and international observances. These important days commemorate historic events, raise awareness about critical global issues, and celebrate cultural, scientific, and humanitarian achievements. For aspirants preparing for competitive examinations, knowing these days is essential as they often appear in the General Awareness and Current Affairs sections.

Important Days and Dates in May 2025

Date	Day/Event
1 May	International Labour Day / May Day, Maharashtra Day, Gujarat Day
2 May	World Tuna Day
3 May	World Press Freedom Day
4 May	World Portuguese Language Day
6 May	International No Diet Day, World Asthma Day (First Tuesday of May)
7 May	World Athletics Day
8 May	World Red Cross Day, World Thalassaemia Day
9 May	Rabindranath Tagore Jayanti, Maharana Pratap Jayanti
10 May	World Lupus Day
11 May	National Technology Day, Mother’s Day (Second Sunday of May)
12 May	International Nurses Day, Buddha Purnima (Buddha Jayanti)
15 May	International Day of Families
16 May	National Dengue Day, International Day of Light, National Endangered Species Day (Third Friday)
17 May	World Telecommunication Day, World Hypertension Day, Armed Forces Day (Third Saturday)
18 May	World AIDS Vaccine Day (HIV Vaccine Awareness Day), International Museum Day
20 May	International HR Day
21 May	National Anti-Terrorism Day, International Tea Day
22 May	International Day for Biological Diversity
23 May	World Turtle Day
24 May	National Brother’s Day
25 May	Africa Day
26 May	National Memorial Day (Last Monday of May)
30 May	International Day of Potato, Goa Statehood Day, Hindi Journalism Day
31 May	World No Tobacco Day (Anti-Tobacco Day)

List of Important Days and Events in May 2025

1 May – International Labour Day / May Day

Also known as Antarrashtriya Shramik Diwas or Kamgar Din in India, this day honors the contributions of workers and the labor movement. It is celebrated worldwide to advocate for fair labor practices and workers’ rights.

1 May – Maharashtra Day and Gujarat Day

On 1 May 1960, the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat were formed following the bifurcation of the Bombay State. Both states observe a state holiday and organize parades and cultural programs.

2 May – World Tuna Day

Designated by the United Nations, this day raises awareness about the importance of tuna fish in global food security and the need for sustainable fishing practices.

3 May – World Press Freedom Day

This day emphasizes the importance of free and independent media. It also serves as a tribute to journalists who have lost their lives while performing their duties.

4 May – Coal Miners Day and International Firefighter’s Day

Coal Miners Day is observed to recognize the sacrifices and hard work of coal miners in one of the most dangerous professions.
International Firefighter’s Day was initiated following the tragic deaths of five firefighters in Australia. It honors the bravery and service of firefighters worldwide.

4 May (First Sunday) – World Laughter Day

Founded by Dr. Madan Kataria in Mumbai in 1998, this day promotes world peace and wellness through laughter, under the Laughter Yoga Movement.

6 May – International No Diet Day and World Asthma Day

No Diet Day promotes body acceptance and raises awareness about eating disorders and weight discrimination.
World Asthma Day, observed on the first Tuesday of May, spreads awareness about asthma, its management, and treatment.

7 May – World Athletics Day

Initiated by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), this day promotes participation in athletics, especially among youth.

8 May – World Red Cross Day and World Thalassaemia Day

World Red Cross Day marks the birth anniversary of Henry Dunant, the founder of the Red Cross.
World Thalassaemia Day raises awareness about the genetic blood disorder and encourages support for patients and families.

9 May – Rabindranath Tagore Jayanti and Maharana Pratap Jayanti

Celebrates the birth of Rabindranath Tagore, Nobel Laureate, poet, and national icon.
Maharana Pratap Jayanti honors the legendary warrior and Rajput king of Mewar, known for his valour and resistance against Mughal rule.

10 May – World Lupus Day

Dedicated to spreading awareness about Lupus, a chronic autoimmune disease affecting millions worldwide.

11 May – National Technology Day and Mother’s Day (Second Sunday)

National Technology Day commemorates India’s nuclear tests at Pokhran in 1998, marking a major stride in technological advancement.
Mother’s Day celebrates the love and contribution of mothers and is observed globally on the second Sunday of May.

12 May – International Nurses Day and Buddha Purnima

International Nurses Day marks the birth anniversary of Florence Nightingale and recognizes the contributions of nurses.
Buddha Purnima, also known as Vesak, celebrates the birth, enlightenment, and death of Gautama Buddha.

15 May – International Day of Families

A day to reflect on the importance of family structures and promote policies that support families around the world.

16 May – National Dengue Day, International Day of Light, and National Endangered Species Day (Third Friday)

Raises awareness about dengue fever and its prevention.
Celebrates the invention of the laser and the role of light in science and culture.
Highlights the importance of conserving endangered species.

17 May – World Telecommunication Day, World Hypertension Day, and Armed Forces Day (Third Saturday)

Telecommunication Day marks the founding of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
Hypertension Day encourages regular blood pressure screening and healthy living.
Armed Forces Day in the United States honors active-duty military personnel.

18 May – World AIDS Vaccine Day and International Museum Day

AIDS Vaccine Day recognizes ongoing efforts in HIV vaccine research.
Museum Day, organized by ICOM, aims to promote the importance of museums in preserving heritage.

20 May – International HR Day

Celebrates the evolving role of Human Resource professionals and the value they bring to modern workplaces.

21 May – National Anti-Terrorism Day and International Tea Day

Anti-Terrorism Day commemorates the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi and promotes peace and unity.
Tea Day recognizes the economic and cultural significance of tea production and workers.

22 May – International Day for Biological Diversity

Established to promote awareness of the importance of biodiversity and its protection amid increasing threats.

23 May – World Turtle Day

Aims to protect turtles and tortoises and their habitats through education and advocacy.

24 May – National Brother’s Day

Celebrates the unique and enduring bond between brothers and siblings.

25 May – Africa Day

Marks the founding of the Organisation of African Unity (now African Union) and celebrates African unity and liberation.

26 May – National Memorial Day (Last Monday of May)

Observed in the United States, it honors fallen military personnel who died in service to the nation.

30 May – International Day of Potato, Goa Statehood Day, and Hindi Journalism Day

Recognizes the role of potatoes in combating hunger and supporting rural livelihoods.
Goa Statehood Day marks Goa becoming India’s 25th state on 30 May 1987.
Hindi Journalism Day commemorates the publication of India’s first Hindi newspaper, Udant Martand, in 1826.

31 May – World No Tobacco Day

Organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) to highlight the harmful effects of tobacco consumption and encourage cessation efforts globally.

Where is Karni Mata Temple Located in India?

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_9.1

The Karni Mata Temple is one of the most unique and fascinating temples in India. Known for its holy rats and deep spiritual importance, it attracts thousands of devotees and tourists every year. The temple in connected to many interesting stories, customs and beliefs that make it truly special. It is a sacred place where tradition, faith and culture come together in a very unusual way.

Location of Karni Mata Temple

Karni Mata Temple is in the town of Deshnoke, about 30 kilometers south of Bikaner, in the state of Rajasthan, India. It is one of the most famous temples in the country, especially known for the thousands of rats that live inside.

Who is Karni Mata?

Karni Mata was a Hindu woman saint, believed to be an incarnation of Goddess Durga (Shakti). She lived a simple and spiritual life and is worshipped by many people, especially the Charan community. She remained celibate and gave her husband permission to marry her younger sister to continue his family line.

The Story Behind the Temple

Karni Mata’s stepson Lakshman once drowned in a pond. Her younger sister asked Karni Maat to bring him back. Karni Mata went to Yamraj (the god of death) and requested his life back. She also said that her family would not go to Yamraj anymore. Instead, they would be reborn as rats (called Kaba) and live in the temple with her.

These rats are believed to be the reborn souls of Charan people and when the rats die, they are again born as humans in the same community.

Why is it Called the Temple of Rats?

Inside the temple, there are around 20,000 rats, known as Kaba. These rats are not harmed. In fact, they are respected, loved and fed by the temple staff and visitors. People believe that feeding the rats brings good luck and blessings.

Special White Rats

Among the thousands of black and brown rats, there are a few white rats. These white rats are believed to be Karni Mata herself and her four sons. Seeing them is considered very lucky and holy.

Daily Life in the Temple

The temple opens at 04:00 AM everyday. Special prayers and food offerings (like milk, sweets, grains) are made for the rats. People come from all over India and the world to see the rats, get blessings and even eat food touched by the rats, which is thought to be very sacred.

Temple and Management and Rituals

The temple is managed by Shri Karani Mandir Nij Pranyas, a trust. The temple has a head priest called Baridari, who comes from the family line of Karni Mata. Only he is allowed to enter the innermost part of the temple where the main idol (murti) of Karni Mata is kept.

Beautiful Temple Design

The current temple was built in the early 1990s by Maharaja Ganga Singh of Bikaner. It is made in Rajput style and has beautiful white marble carvings and silver doors that show stories of Karni Mata’s life.

Dr. Saroj Ghose, Pioneer of India’s Science Museums, Passes Away at 89

India has lost one of its most visionary minds in the field of science communication and education. Dr. Saroj Ghose, widely hailed as the father of India’s science museum movement, passed away on May 17, 2025, at the age of 89 in Seattle, USA. As the founding Director General of the National Council of Science Museums (NCSM), Dr. Ghose revolutionized informal science learning in India, laying the foundation for a robust network of science centres across the country.

Why in News?

Dr. Saroj Ghose’s demise on May 17, 2025, has brought national attention back to his immense contributions to science education and communication. His passing marks the end of a chapter in India’s history of promoting scientific temper through museums and informal education systems. The NCSM has officially announced his death and paid tribute to his groundbreaking work.

Key Contributions

Founder Director General of NCSM (1979–1997).
Pioneered the decentralised model for science centres across India.

Post-retirement contributions include,

Town Hall Museum, Kolkata
Parliament Museum, New Delhi
Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum, New Delhi

Background

The National Council of Science Museums (NCSM) was established in 1978 as an autonomous society under the Ministry of Culture.
Headquartered in Kolkata, it oversees 26 science centres and museums across India.

Objectives and Vision

Democratizing science by making it accessible, interactive, and inspiring.
Cultivating scientific temper in Indian society through informal science education.
Promoting STEM learning beyond textbooks.

Legacy

Recognized globally for promoting science communication.
Helped India align with UNESCO goals on science education.
Inspired generations of educators, curators, and policymakers.

Summary/Static	Details
Why in the news?	Dr. Saroj Ghose, Pioneer of India’s Science Museums, Passes Away at 89
Title	Father of India’s Science Museum Movement
Death	May 17, 2025, in Seattle, USA (aged 89)
Role	Founding Director General of NCSM (1979–1997)
Post-Retirement Work	Parliament Museum, Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum, etc.
Organization	Organization National Council of Science Museums (NCSM)
NCSM HQ	Kolkata
NCSM Under	Ministry of Culture, Government of India

Trump Unveils $175 Billion ‘Golden Dome’: A Space-Age Missile Shield for the US

In a bold step toward futuristic defense capabilities, US President Donald Trump has announced the development of a revolutionary missile defense system dubbed the ‘Golden Dome’. Estimated at an initial cost of $175 billion, with long-term projections crossing $500 billion, the Golden Dome aims to provide a multi-layered shield against missile threats, including those originating from space. Drawing inspiration from Ronald Reagan’s 1980s ‘Star Wars’ programme, the Golden Dome introduces space-based interceptors and lasers as part of the most comprehensive defense initiative in American history.

Why in News?

On May 20, 2025, President Trump officially unveiled the Golden Dome missile defense concept at the White House. This marks the first formal move toward space-based missile defense, involving orbital lasers and interceptors. The announcement comes amid rising global threats, including hypersonic and space-launched missile technologies being developed by Russia and China.

Objectives and Purpose

To protect the US homeland from ballistic, hypersonic, and space-based missile threats.

To build a multi-layered defense system with the ability to neutralize missiles during all phases of flight,

Pre-launch
Boost phase
Midcourse
Terminal phase

Features and Components

Space-based Interceptors: The defining innovation, possibly including directed-energy weapons (e.g., orbital lasers).
Multi-tier Capability: System envisioned at three levels — medium, high, and extra-high capacity, based on satellite density.

Integration of Existing Systems

Patriot Missiles
THAAD
Aegis BMD
Ground-based Midcourse Defence (GMD)

Budget and Timeline

Initial allocation request: $25 billion
Estimated long-term cost (especially for space-based elements): $542 billion
Trump expects the system to be operational before January 2029

Geopolitical Implications

China and Russia have condemned the plan as “deeply destabilising” and a militarisation of outer space.
The move risks sparking a new arms race in space and shifts US policy from deterrence against rogue states to countering major powers.

Challenges and Criticisms

Technological hurdles in deploying and maintaining space-based lasers.
Coordination complexity among US defence agencies — Space Force, MDA, Navy, Army, and Air Force.
Experts warn of a massive financial burden and limited effectiveness in neutralizing a full-scale nuclear strike.

Summary/Static	Details
Why in the news?	Trump Unveils $175 Billion ‘Golden Dome’: A Space-Age Missile Shield for the US
Project Name	Golden Dome
Announced by	President Donald Trump
Objective	Space-based, multi-layered missile shield
Technologies Used	Orbital interceptors, lasers, Patriot, THAAD, Aegis, GMD
Initial Cost Estimate	$175 billion
Long-term Projection	Up to $542 billion
Target Operational Year	By end of Trump’s term – January 2029
Geopolitical Response	Criticized by China and Russia as destabilizing
Lead Official	Gen. Michael Guetlein (Vice Chief of Space Operations)

Spurs Beat Manchester United to Clinch Europa League Title

In a historic night at Estadio de San Mamés in Bilbao, Tottenham Hotspur defeated Manchester United 1-0 in the UEFA Europa League final, clinching their first major trophy in 17 years. The win marks Spurs’ first continental title since the 1983–84 UEFA Cup, breaking a long-standing reputation of underachievement in crucial matches. With captain Son Heung-min lifting the trophy, the north London club has renewed hope and pride after a disappointing domestic season.

Why in News?

The match on May 21, 2025, marked a turning point for Tottenham Hotspur, who: Secured a European title after nearly two decades. Qualified for the 2025–26 UEFA Champions League, despite a poor Premier League campaign. Delivered a win that may revive team morale, managerial credibility, and fan faith.

Key Highlights of the Match

Final Score: Tottenham 1 – 0 Manchester United
Venue: Estadio de San Mamés, Bilbao, Spain
Match-winning Goal: Brennan Johnson (42nd minute)
Crucial Defense: Micky van de Ven’s acrobatic clearance

Important Facts and Background

Last trophy won by Tottenham: 2008 League Cup
Last European trophy: 1983–84 UEFA Cup
Manager: Ange Postecoglou, in his 2nd season
Key players: Son Heung-min (captain), Brennan Johnson, Pape Sarr, Micky van de Ven

Objectives and Significance

Restore Club Prestige: Spurs have long been mocked for not converting big-match opportunities.
Secure European Qualification: Victory guarantees Champions League participation next season.
Boost Morale: Spurs finished 17th in the Premier League, facing criticism throughout the season.
Managerial Redemption: Postecoglou’s strategy validated despite domestic struggles.

Summary/Static	Details
Why in the news?	Spurs Beat Manchester United to Clinch Europa League Title
Event	UEFA Europa League Final 2025
Winner	Tottenham Hotspur
Score	1–0 (vs Manchester United)
Match Date	May 21, 2025
Venue	Estadio de San Mamés, Bilbao, Spain
Key Goal Scorer	Brennan Johnson (42’)
Spurs’ Last Trophy	2008 League Cup

Gujarat’s Lion Population Grows by 32% Since 2020

In a landmark development for wildlife conservation in India, the Gujarat Forest Department has reported a 32% increase in the Asiatic lion population over the last five years, reaching 891 lions in 2025. This positive trend reflects the success of ongoing conservation efforts and habitat management under initiatives like Project Lion. However, the expanding lion territory now includes non-forested and human-populated areas, raising concerns about human-wildlife conflict.

Why in News?

On May 21, 2025, the Gujarat Forest Department released the 16th Asiatic Lion Census, highlighting a 32% increase in population since 2020. The update is significant as it underscores both conservation success and emerging challenges, particularly in human-wildlife coexistence. This follows the approval of Project Lion by PM Modi in March 2025, with a ₹2,900 crore outlay to improve lion habitats.

Background & Conservation Success

The Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica) is found only in India, primarily in Gir National Park and its surroundings.
From 2020 to 2025, lion numbers rose from 674 to 891, a 32% jump.
Adult females increased to 330, a 27% rise, indicating strong future growth potential.

Expansion of Territory

Lion range increased by 16.67% from 30,000 sq. km in 2020 to 35,000 sq. km in 2025.
Over 50% of lions now live outside protected areas, entering 11 districts of Saurashtra, including coastal and non-forested zones.

New Satellite Populations

Satellite populations include 497 lions across 9 regions such as,

Barda Wildlife Sanctuary
Jetpur region
Babra-Jasdan belt
Mityala Wildlife Sanctuary (doubled to 32 lions)
22 lions now recorded in a corridor area for the first time.

Challenges and Human-Lion Conflicts

Increasing encounters with humans
10% annual rise in livestock attacks across villages.
15% annual rise in livestock killed per village.
Despite this, 61% of locals remain tolerant, but experts stress sustainable land-sharing strategies.

Summary/Static	Details
Why in the news?	Gujarat’s Lion Population Grows by 32% Since 2020
Total Lion Population (2025)	891 (32% rise from 2020)
Adult Females (2025)	330 (27% rise)
Lion Range Area (2025)	35,000 sq. km (16.67% growth)
No. of Satellite Populations	9 regions with 497 lions
Project Lion Budget	₹2,900 crore
Conflict Indicators	10% increase in livestock attacks/year
Local Tolerance	61% of villagers tolerant of lion presence

Top 5 Modern Tanks Compared: Armata vs Abrams vs Leclerc vs Merkava vs Type 99

In the era of high-tech warfare, the modern battlefield demands a new generation of main battle tanks (MBTs) that blend firepower, protection, and digital combat systems. While drones, satellites, and cyber capabilities are reshaping the future of conflict, the MBT remains a critical asset for ground dominance, particularly in high-intensity and urban warfare.

This article explores the top 5 modern tanks in service as of 2025 — Russia’s T-14 Armata, the M1A2 Abrams SEP v3 from the United States, France’s Leclerc XLR, Israel’s Merkava Mk 4 Barak, and China’s Type 99A. Each of these represents the technological peak of their nation’s armored forces, built for survivability, lethality, and networked warfare.

Absolutely! Here’s a simple comparison table summarizing the Top 5 Modern Tanks in 2025, based on firepower, protection, mobility, and technology:

Top 5 Modern Tanks in the World (2025)

Tank Model	Country	Main Gun	Key Features	Primary Role
T-14 Armata	Russia	125 mm smoothbore	Unmanned turret, AI fire control, active protection, armored crew capsule	Next-gen automation, strategic deterrent
M1A2 Abrams SEP v3	United States	120 mm smoothbore	Depleted uranium armor, Trophy APS, networked combat systems	Multi-role frontline battle tank
Leclerc XLR	France	120 mm GIAT gun	Autoloader, Scorpion battle network, lightweight and agile	Rapid deployment and NATO interoperability
Merkava Mk 4 Barak	Israel	120 mm smoothbore	Front-engine layout, AI-assisted targeting, troop-carrying capability	Urban warfare, high survivability
Type 99A	China	125 mm smoothbore	Beidou integration, laser defence, composite and ERA armour	High-tech mobility, regional deterrence

1. T-14 Armata (Russia): A Revolutionary Tank Concept

The T-14 Armata is Russia’s most advanced and ambitious tank design to date. Built on the Armata Universal Combat Platform, it is the first third-generation MBT developed post-Cold War and is designed for crew survivability and full automation.

Key Features and Firepower

The T-14 is equipped with a 125 mm smoothbore cannon capable of firing APFSDS rounds, anti-tank guided missiles, and airburst munitions. It also features autoloader technology, which allows for faster rate of fire and reduces crew workload.

Unmanned Turret and AI Integration

What sets the T-14 apart is its unmanned turret, with the entire three-person crew seated inside a heavily armored capsule in the hull. The tank incorporates advanced battlefield sensors, AI-powered fire control, and active protection systems (APS) like Afghanit, capable of intercepting incoming projectiles.

Operational Status

While the T-14 remains in limited production due to cost and logistical constraints, it is considered a prototype of next-generation armored warfare.

2. M1A2 Abrams SEP v3 (USA): Proven Power, Continually Upgraded

The M1A2 Abrams SEP v3 is the latest evolution of America’s iconic battle tank. Known for its combat-proven performance in multiple theaters, the SEP v3 focuses on survivability, electronics, and fuel efficiency without sacrificing the core firepower of the original platform.

Armor and Protection

The Abrams features Depleted Uranium composite armor, offering top-tier protection against both kinetic and chemical energy threats. The SEP v3 adds the Trophy active protection system, capable of detecting and neutralizing RPGs and ATGMs before impact.

Fire Control and Networking

Its 120 mm smoothbore gun is mated to a digital fire-control system, stabilized optics, and night-vision targeting, enabling long-range precision. The SEP v3 also integrates networked battle management, allowing real-time data sharing with drones, infantry, and other armored units.

Combat Role

The Abrams remains a frontline tank in NATO operations, offering both offensive punch and robust defense in symmetric and asymmetric conflicts.

3. Leclerc XLR (France): Light, Fast, Digitally Advanced

The Leclerc XLR is the latest version of the French Leclerc MBT, upgraded to meet NATO standards and better suited for modern warfare. The tank is renowned for its low weight, high speed, and cutting-edge electronics.

Agility and Firepower

Weighing significantly less than its Western counterparts, the Leclerc offers superior mobility and acceleration. It is armed with a 120 mm GIAT cannon, equipped with an autoloader, enabling a high rate of fire without increasing crew size.

Digital Systems and Crew Interface

The Leclerc XLR features a Scorpion battle network interface, allowing real-time communication, target sharing, and AI-assisted threat analysis. The tank includes a remote-controlled weapon station and upgraded passive and active protection systems.

European Edge

France has positioned the Leclerc as a key component of European rapid reaction forces, particularly in joint operations with Germany and other EU states.

4. Merkava Mk 4 Barak (Israel): Battlefield Integration and Crew Safety

Israel’s Merkava Mk 4 Barak is an evolution of its famed tank series, known for prioritizing crew survivability, asymmetric warfare capability, and real-time threat detection.

Design Philosophy

Unlike conventional MBTs, the Merkava places its engine in the front of the vehicle, adding an extra layer of protection for the crew compartment. Its rear section is designed to carry infantry or wounded soldiers, giving it multi-role utility in urban warfare.

Combat Systems and Sensors

The Mk 4 Barak incorporates the Trophy active protection system, which has proven effective in live combat. Its fire control system can track and engage multiple targets simultaneously, aided by AI-supported threat identification and 360-degree battlefield awareness.

Urban Warfare Dominance

The Merkava’s emphasis on survivability, maneuverability, and target acquisition makes it particularly effective in close-quarters and asymmetric environments, where threats like RPGs and IEDs are prevalent.

5. Type 99A (China): Indigenous Tech with Global Ambitions

The Type 99A is China’s most advanced operational MBT, representing its ambition to rival Western and Russian tank designs with indigenous capabilities and digital enhancements.

Firepower and Armor

The tank features a 125 mm smoothbore gun capable of firing armor-piercing rounds and anti-tank missiles. Its armor is a mix of composite plating and explosive reactive armor (ERA), offering protection against modern ATGMs and shells.

Electronics and Battlefield Integration

The Type 99A boasts laser warning receivers, GPS-based navigation, and an advanced fire-control system integrated with China’s Beidou satellite network. A built-in laser dazzler can disrupt enemy optics.

Strategic Importance

As China seeks to modernize its army and expand its influence, the Type 99A plays a central role in both continental defense and potential high-mobility deployments in Asia.

Which is the Highest Railway Station in India? Know About It

India is home to many beautiful and unique railway stations, especially in the hilly regions. Some of the stations are located at great heights and offer stunning views of the mountains and valleys. These high-altitude stations are important for both travel and tourism. In this article, we will learn about the railway station that stands at the highest point in the country and why it is so special.

Highest Railway Station in India

Ghum Railway Station, located in West Bengal, is the highest railway station in India. It stands at a height of 2,258 meters (7,407 feet) above sea level. It is a part of the famous Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, which is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Ghum is known for its scenic beauty, the nearby Ghum Monastery and the famous Batasia Loop.

History of Ghum Railway Station

The construction of the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway began in 1879. By April 4, 1881, the railway line had reached Ghum. Before the railway was built, it took people 5 to 6 days to travel from Kolkata to Darjeeling using steam trains, bullock carts and palanquins.

In 1878, a new railway line to Siliguri was opened, which shortened the journey to just two days. Today, people can reach New Jalpaiguri from Kolkata in about 10 hours by train. From there, it takes 3-4 hours by road or 6-7 hours by the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway to reach Ghum.

Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Ride

The train journey from Siliguri to Ghum is a slow but beautiful ride. After reaching Ghum, the train goes down about 1,000 feet to Darjeeling. On the way, it passes through the famous Batasia Loop – a spiral track built to help the train climb the steep hill. This loop offers stunning views of the mountains and the valley.

Tourists who don’t want to take the full journey can enjoy a shorter ride between Darjeeling and Ghum. This tourist train is very popular for its scenic route and historical charm.

Rail Museum at Ghum

There is also a small Rail Museum at Ghum Railway Station. It displays old photographs, models and items related to the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway. It gives visitors a glimpse into the rich history of this mountain railway.