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SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF

The SBI Clerk Mains Exam 2025 is expected to be conducted in April 2025, and the General Awareness (GA) section plays a crucial role in determining candidates’ overall performance. This section covers current affairs, banking awareness, and static GK, making it an essential part of the exam preparation.

To help candidates maximize their scores, we have compiled a comprehensive GA Capsule PDF covering all major topics required for the SBI Clerk Mains 2025.

Why is the GA Capsule Important for SBI Clerk Mains 2025?

The General Awareness section is one of the most scoring parts of the SBI Clerk Mains Exam. Unlike quantitative aptitude or reasoning, this section does not require calculations, allowing aspirants to answer questions quickly and accurately. A well-prepared candidate can boost their overall score significantly with proper GA preparation.

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025 – Download PDF

To assist candidates in their SBI Clerk Mains 2025 preparation, we are providing a free downloadable PDF covering all the important General Awareness topics.

Download SBI Clerk General Awareness PDF (Part-1 and 2): Click Here

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Topics Covered in the SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025

  • UNION BUDGET 2025-26
  • Economic Survey 2024-25
  • Padma Awards
  • Republic Day Parade 2025
  • RBI Monetary Policy- February 2025
  • Golden Globe Awards
  • 8th Pay Commission

How to Use the GA Capsule Effectively?

  • Revise Regularly: Read the PDF daily to stay updated with important events.
  • Make Notes: Write down key points for quick revision before the exam.
  • Attempt Quizzes: Solve daily quizzes on current affairs to strengthen your knowledge.
  • Focus on Banking & Economy: Since SBI Clerk is a banking exam, prioritize banking and financial awareness.
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States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

States and Capitals

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO State Capital CM Governor
1 Andhra Pradesh Amaravati Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu S. Abdul Nazer
2 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Pema Khandu Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3 Assam Dispur Himanta Biswa Sarma Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4 Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar Arif Mohammed Khan
5 Chhattisgarh Raipur Vishnu Deo Sai Ramen Deka
6 Goa Panaji Pramod Sawant P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7 Gujarat Gandhinagar Bhupendra Patel Acharya Dev Vrat
8 Haryana Chandigarh Nayab Singh Saini Bandaru Dattatraya
9 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu Shiv Pratap Shukla
10 Jharkhand Ranchi Hemant Soren Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11 Karnataka Bengaluru Siddaramaiah Thaawarchand Gehlot
12 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Pinarayi Vijayan Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Mohan Yadav Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14 Maharashtra Mumbai Devendra Fadnavis C.P. Radhakrishnan
15 Manipur Imphal N. Biren Singh
Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16 Meghalaya Shillong Conrad Kongkal Sangma
C H Vijayashankar
17 Mizoram Aizawl Lalduhoma General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18 Nagaland Kohima Neiphiu Rio
La. Ganesan
19 Odisha Bhubaneswar Mohan Charan Majhi
Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20 Punjab Chandigarh Bhagwant Singh Mann Gulab Chand Kataria
21 Rajasthan Jaipur Bhajan Lal Sharma Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22 Sikkim Gangtok PS Golay Om Prakash Mathur
23 Tamil Nadu Chennai M. K. Stalin R. N. Ravi
24 Telangana Hyderabad Anumula Revanth Reddy Jishnu Dev Varma
25 Tripura Agartala Dr. Manik Saha Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Yogi Aditya Nath Anandiben Patel
27 Uttarakhand Dehradun Pushkar Singh Dhami Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28 West Bengal Kolkata Mamata Banerjee Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO Union Territories Capital CM Lt. Governor
1 Andaman and Nicobar Island Port Blair NA D K Joshi
2 Chandigarh Chandigarh NA Banwarilal Purohit
3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Daman NA Praful Patel
4 Delhi Delhi Rekha Gupta Vinai Kumar Saxena
5 Ladakh NA NA B. D. Mishra
6 Lakshadweep Kavaratti NA Praful Patel
7 Jammu and Kashmir NA Omar Abdullah Manoj Sinha
8 Puducherry Pondicherry N. Rangaswamy C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference States Union Territories
Head of Administration Governor Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type Elected by the People Managed by the central government
Powers Shares power with the central government. Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No. States Language
1 Andhra Pradesh Telugu and Urdu
2 Arunachal Pradesh Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3 Assam Assamese
4 Bihar Hindi
5 Chhattisgarh Hindi
6 Goa Marathi Konkani
7 Gujarat Gujarati
8 Haryana Hindi
9 Himachal Pradesh Hindi and Pahari
10 Jharkhand Hindi
11 Karnataka Kannada
12 Kerala Malayalam
13 Madhya Pradesh Hindi
14 Maharashtra Marathi
15 Manipur Manipuri
16 Meghalaya Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17 Mizoram Mizo and English
18 Nagaland Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19 Odisha Oriya
20 Punjab Punjabi
21 Rajasthan Rajasthani and Hindi
22 Sikkim Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23 Tamil Nadu Tamil
24 Telangana Telugu
25 Tripura Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26 Uttar Pradesh Hindi
27 Uttarakhand Hindi
28 West Bengal Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

  • Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
  • Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
  • Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
  • Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
  • Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
  • Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
  • Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
  • Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

Important Days in May 2025, List of National and International Events

The month of May 2025 is filled with a series of significant national and international observances. These important days commemorate historic events, raise awareness about critical global issues, and celebrate cultural, scientific, and humanitarian achievements. For aspirants preparing for competitive examinations, knowing these days is essential as they often appear in the General Awareness and Current Affairs sections.

Important Days and Dates in May 2025

Date Day/Event
1 May International Labour Day / May Day, Maharashtra Day, Gujarat Day
2 May World Tuna Day
3 May World Press Freedom Day
4 May Coal Miners Day, International Firefighter’s Day, World Laughter Day (First Sunday of May)
6 May International No Diet Day, World Asthma Day (First Tuesday of May)
7 May World Athletics Day
8 May World Red Cross Day, World Thalassaemia Day
9 May Rabindranath Tagore Jayanti, Maharana Pratap Jayanti
10 May World Lupus Day
11 May National Technology Day, Mother’s Day (Second Sunday of May)
12 May International Nurses Day, Buddha Purnima (Buddha Jayanti)
15 May International Day of Families
16 May National Dengue Day, International Day of Light, National Endangered Species Day (Third Friday)
17 May World Telecommunication Day, World Hypertension Day, Armed Forces Day (Third Saturday)
18 May World AIDS Vaccine Day (HIV Vaccine Awareness Day), International Museum Day
20 May International HR Day
21 May National Anti-Terrorism Day, International Tea Day
22 May International Day for Biological Diversity
23 May World Turtle Day
24 May National Brother’s Day
25 May Africa Day
26 May National Memorial Day (Last Monday of May)
30 May International Day of Potato, Goa Statehood Day, Hindi Journalism Day
31 May World No Tobacco Day (Anti-Tobacco Day)

List of Important Days and Events in May 2025

1 May – International Labour Day / May Day

Also known as Antarrashtriya Shramik Diwas or Kamgar Din in India, this day honors the contributions of workers and the labor movement. It is celebrated worldwide to advocate for fair labor practices and workers’ rights.

1 May – Maharashtra Day and Gujarat Day

On 1 May 1960, the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat were formed following the bifurcation of the Bombay State. Both states observe a state holiday and organize parades and cultural programs.

2 May – World Tuna Day

Designated by the United Nations, this day raises awareness about the importance of tuna fish in global food security and the need for sustainable fishing practices.

3 May – World Press Freedom Day

This day emphasizes the importance of free and independent media. It also serves as a tribute to journalists who have lost their lives while performing their duties.

4 May – Coal Miners Day and International Firefighter’s Day

  • Coal Miners Day is observed to recognize the sacrifices and hard work of coal miners in one of the most dangerous professions.
  • International Firefighter’s Day was initiated following the tragic deaths of five firefighters in Australia. It honors the bravery and service of firefighters worldwide.

4 May (First Sunday) – World Laughter Day

Founded by Dr. Madan Kataria in Mumbai in 1998, this day promotes world peace and wellness through laughter, under the Laughter Yoga Movement.

6 May – International No Diet Day and World Asthma Day

  • No Diet Day promotes body acceptance and raises awareness about eating disorders and weight discrimination.
  • World Asthma Day, observed on the first Tuesday of May, spreads awareness about asthma, its management, and treatment.

7 May – World Athletics Day

Initiated by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), this day promotes participation in athletics, especially among youth.

8 May – World Red Cross Day and World Thalassaemia Day

  • World Red Cross Day marks the birth anniversary of Henry Dunant, the founder of the Red Cross.
  • World Thalassaemia Day raises awareness about the genetic blood disorder and encourages support for patients and families.

9 May – Rabindranath Tagore Jayanti and Maharana Pratap Jayanti

  • Celebrates the birth of Rabindranath Tagore, Nobel Laureate, poet, and national icon.
  • Maharana Pratap Jayanti honors the legendary warrior and Rajput king of Mewar, known for his valour and resistance against Mughal rule.

10 May – World Lupus Day

Dedicated to spreading awareness about Lupus, a chronic autoimmune disease affecting millions worldwide.

11 May – National Technology Day and Mother’s Day (Second Sunday)

  • National Technology Day commemorates India’s nuclear tests at Pokhran in 1998, marking a major stride in technological advancement.
  • Mother’s Day celebrates the love and contribution of mothers and is observed globally on the second Sunday of May.

12 May – International Nurses Day and Buddha Purnima

  • International Nurses Day marks the birth anniversary of Florence Nightingale and recognizes the contributions of nurses.
  • Buddha Purnima, also known as Vesak, celebrates the birth, enlightenment, and death of Gautama Buddha.

15 May – International Day of Families

A day to reflect on the importance of family structures and promote policies that support families around the world.

16 May – National Dengue Day, International Day of Light, and National Endangered Species Day (Third Friday)

  • Raises awareness about dengue fever and its prevention.
  • Celebrates the invention of the laser and the role of light in science and culture.
  • Highlights the importance of conserving endangered species.

17 May – World Telecommunication Day, World Hypertension Day, and Armed Forces Day (Third Saturday)

  • Telecommunication Day marks the founding of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
  • Hypertension Day encourages regular blood pressure screening and healthy living.
  • Armed Forces Day in the United States honors active-duty military personnel.

18 May – World AIDS Vaccine Day and International Museum Day

  • AIDS Vaccine Day recognizes ongoing efforts in HIV vaccine research.
  • Museum Day, organized by ICOM, aims to promote the importance of museums in preserving heritage.

20 May – International HR Day

Celebrates the evolving role of Human Resource professionals and the value they bring to modern workplaces.

21 May – National Anti-Terrorism Day and International Tea Day

  • Anti-Terrorism Day commemorates the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi and promotes peace and unity.
  • Tea Day recognizes the economic and cultural significance of tea production and workers.

22 May – International Day for Biological Diversity

Established to promote awareness of the importance of biodiversity and its protection amid increasing threats.

23 May – World Turtle Day

Aims to protect turtles and tortoises and their habitats through education and advocacy.

24 May – National Brother’s Day

Celebrates the unique and enduring bond between brothers and siblings.

25 May – Africa Day

Marks the founding of the Organisation of African Unity (now African Union) and celebrates African unity and liberation.

26 May – National Memorial Day (Last Monday of May)

Observed in the United States, it honors fallen military personnel who died in service to the nation.

30 May – International Day of Potato, Goa Statehood Day, and Hindi Journalism Day

  • Recognizes the role of potatoes in combating hunger and supporting rural livelihoods.
  • Goa Statehood Day marks Goa becoming India’s 25th state on 30 May 1987.
  • Hindi Journalism Day commemorates the publication of India’s first Hindi newspaper, Udant Martand, in 1826.

31 May – World No Tobacco Day

Organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) to highlight the harmful effects of tobacco consumption and encourage cessation efforts globally.

UK, Japan and Russia to Join Global Media Dialogue At WAVES 2025

India has taken a leading role in shaping the global media landscape by hosting the Global Media Dialogue (GMD) during the WAVES 2025 event in Mumbai. Organized by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (I&B), with support from the Ministry of External Affairs, this landmark event has attracted participation from over 60 countries, aiming to foster international collaboration in the media and entertainment sector.

Why in the News?

India is hosting the Global Media Dialogue (GMD) for the first time on the sidelines of WAVES 2025 in Mumbai on May 2, 2025. The event features participation from over 60 countries, including UK, Japan, and Russia, and is being organized by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, with support from the Ministry of External Affairs.

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_7.1

Objective of the Global Media Dialogue (GMD)

  • To promote international cooperation in the media and entertainment industry.
  • To facilitate policy alignment, talent exchange, and capacity building.
  • To discuss the evolving role of media in shaping global societies and fostering innovation.

Significance of the GMD 2025

  • Marks India’s first-time hosting of the Global Media Dialogue.
  • Launch of the ‘WAVES Declaration’, emphasizing global commitment to media cooperation.
  • Positions India as a global media hub with a rapidly growing entertainment sector.

Participating Nations and Organizations

  • Countries: UK, Japan, Russia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, among others.
  • International bodies: World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
  • Ministerial-level participation and senior officials involved.

India’s Bilateral Engagements

  • Bilateral talks with over 10 countries including Russia, UK, Indonesia, Bhutan, Kenya, and Egypt.
  • Focus areas: Media partnerships, innovation, content regulation, and intellectual property.

Background & Context

  • WAVES 2025 is a major global media and entertainment forum hosted by India.
  • India’s media industry is one of the largest and fastest-growing in the world.
  • The media sector plays a vital role in diplomacy, social dialogue, and economic growth.

Static GK Pointers

Topic Fact/Detail

  • Organizing Ministry/Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
  • Support Ministry/Ministry of External Affairs
  • Venue/Mumbai, India
  • Associated Event WAVES 2025
Summary/STatic Details
Why in the news? UK, Japan and Russia to Join Global Media Dialogue At WAVES 2025
Event Name Global Media Dialogue (GMD)
Associated Forum WAVES 2025
Host Country India
Host City Mumbai
Key Outcome  ‘WAVES Declaration’ for international media cooperation
Total Participating Countries Over 60
Organizers Ministry of I&B and Ministry of External Affairs

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_8.1

CCI Greenlights Major Stake Acquisition in Coca-Cola India Arm by Jubilant and Goldman Sachs

In a key move impacting India’s food and beverage sector, the Competition Commission of India (CCI) has cleared a deal involving the acquisition of a 40% stake in Hindustan Coca-Cola Holdings Pvt. Ltd. (HCCH) by Jubilant Beverages Limited (JBL). The deal also includes subscription to CCPS in JBL by Jubilant BevCo Ltd. and Singapore-based investors backed by Goldman Sachs Asset Management (GSAM). This strategic partnership marks a major collaboration between an Indian conglomerate and a global beverage giant.

Why in the News?

The Competition Commission of India (CCI) has approved a significant proposed combination involving the acquisition of a 40% stake in Hindustan Coca-Cola Holdings (HCCH) by Jubilant Beverages Limited (JBL) and a simultaneous subscription to compulsorily convertible preference shares (CCPS) in JBL by Jubilant BevCo Limited and Goldman Sachs-backed investors.

Aim of the Deal

  • Strengthen Jubilant Group’s footprint in the food and beverage distribution sector.
  • Create long-term investment opportunities by aligning with The Coca-Cola Company’s India operations.

Significance

  • Marks the entry of Jubilant Bhartia Group into India’s beverage manufacturing and distribution space.
  • Reflects foreign investor confidence in India’s FMCG and retail distribution sectors.
  • Opens avenues for private equity participation in established global beverage supply chains.

Background

  • JBL and BevCo are newly incorporated companies of the Jubilant Bhartia Group.
  • The Jubilant Bhartia Group operates in multiple sectors including pharmaceuticals, life sciences, food services, and agri-products.
  • HCCH is the holding company of Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages (HCCB), Coca-Cola’s bottling and distribution arm in India.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? CCI Greenlights Major Stake Acquisition in Coca-Cola India Arm by Jubilant and Goldman Sachs
Deal Approved By Competition Commission of India (CCI)
Acquirers Jubilant Beverages Limited (JBL), Jubilant BevCo Ltd., and GSAM-backed Investors
Target Company Hindustan Coca-Cola Holdings Pvt. Ltd. (HCCH)
Stake Acquisition 40% of HCCH by JBL
Additional Transaction Subscription to CCPS in JBL by BevCo and Investors
Parent Company of Target The Coca-Cola Company (TCCC)
Key Subsidiary Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages (HCCB)

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_10.1

CCI Approves KKR’s Acquisition of Majority Stake in HealthCare Global Enterprises

The Competition Commission of India (CCI) has greenlit the acquisition of a controlling stake in HealthCare Global Enterprises Limited (HCG) by KKR, a global investment firm, through its entities Hector Asia Holdings and KIA EBT II Scheme. This move reflects growing global interest in India’s healthcare sector and highlights the importance of regulatory oversight in major corporate deals.

Why in the News?

The Competition Commission of India (CCI) has approved a major acquisition proposal involving the purchase of a significant stake in HealthCare Global Enterprises Limited (HCG) by KKR through Hector Asia Holdings II Pte. Ltd. and KIA EBT II Scheme, as announced on 1st May 2025.

Aim of the Acquisition

  • To enable KKR, through Hector and KIA EBT II Scheme, to acquire up to 77% stake in HCG.
  • Strengthen KKR’s footprint in India’s cancer care and specialty healthcare sector.

Key Highlights

  • Hector Asia Holdings II Pte. Ltd. is a Singapore-based entity owned indirectly by KKR.
  • KIA EBT II Scheme is an employee benefit trust for KKR’s employees.

HCG is a publicly listed Indian company involved in,

  • Cancer care centres and multi-specialty hospitals
  • Fertility and reproductive medicine services
  • Life sciences research and diagnostics

Regulatory Aspects

  • Under SEBI’s Substantial Acquisition of Shares and Takeovers (SAST) Regulations, 2011, the acquisition triggers a mandatory tender offer.
  • The acquirers will offer to purchase up to 26% of the expanded voting share capital from public shareholders.
  • Post-open offer, KKR’s stake in HCG will range between 54% to 77%.

Significance

  • Reinforces global investor interest in India’s growing healthcare sector.
  • Highlights CCI’s role in facilitating fair and competitive market practices.
  • Signals consolidation in India’s oncology and specialty healthcare space.

Static GK Pointers

  • CCI Headquarters: New Delhi
  • Established: 2003 (under the Competition Act, 2002)
  • SEBI SAST Regulations: To protect shareholder rights during takeovers
  • KKR (Kohlberg Kravis Roberts): Global private equity firm founded in 1976
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? CCI Approves KKR’s Acquisition of Majority Stake in HealthCare Global Enterprises
Buyer KKR through Hector Asia Holdings & KIA EBT
Target HealthCare Global Enterprises Ltd. (HCG)
Sector Healthcare, Oncology, Fertility, Diagnostics
Stake Acquired 54%–77% of expanded voting share capital
Trigger Regulation SEBI (SAST) Regulations, 2011
CCI’s Role Approved the combination under Competition Act
Public Open Offer For up to 26% of the voting capital
Origin of Buyer  Singapore (Hector); Global HQ: USA (KKR)

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_12.1

India Champions Global Chemical & Waste Governance at BRS COPs 2025

India reaffirmed its leadership in environmental governance at the BRS COPs 2025 in Geneva. Led by Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav, the Indian delegation advocated for sound management of chemicals and wastes, access to finance and technology for developing countries, and pushed for action on plastic pollution. The conference theme, “Make visible the invisible”, highlights global concern over the unseen hazards of chemical mismanagement.

Why in the News?

India participated in the 2025 Conference of the Parties (COPs) to the Basel, Rotterdam, and Stockholm (BRS) Conventions, held in Geneva from 30th April to 1st May 2025. Union Environment Minister Shri Bhupender Yadav led the Indian delegation, emphasizing India’s commitment to global action on chemical and waste management.

Theme

  • “Make visible the invisible: Sound management of chemicals and wastes”

India’s Role at the BRS COPs 2025

  • Led by Union Minister Shri Bhupender Yadav.
  • Emphasized India’s regulatory framework and environmental legislation.
  • Stressed the need for technology transfer, capacity-building, and financial access for effective implementation.

India’s Interventions at the COPs

  • Reaffirmed commitment to multilateral environmental agreements.

Promoted national laws like,

  • Environment (Protection) Act
  • Hazardous and Other Wastes Rules
  • E-Waste Management Rules, 2016
  • Emphasized institutional investments and infrastructure support.

Bilateral Engagements

  • Participated in consultations hosted by Norway on the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) for plastic pollution.
  • Bilateral meeting with Switzerland’s environmental chief Ms. Katrin Schneeberger on the legally binding treaty on plastic pollution.

India’s Domestic Initiatives on Plastic Pollution

  • Ban on single-use plastic items.
  • Implementation of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for plastic packaging.
  • India introduced UNEA-4 resolution on single-use plastics—key moment in global negotiations.

Static Info

  • Basel Convention (1989): Control of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal.
  • Rotterdam Convention (1998): Prior informed consent for certain hazardous chemicals.
  • Stockholm Convention (2001): Eliminate/restrict production and use of persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
  • UNEA – United Nations Environment Assembly.
  • Venue: Geneva, Switzerland.

Challenges Ahead

  • Ensuring equity for developing countries.
  • Strengthening science-policy interface.
  • Need for global legal mechanisms on plastic and chemical pollution.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? India Champions Global Chemical & Waste Governance at BRS COPs 2025
Event BRS COPs 2025, Geneva
Indian Leader Bhupender Yadav, Union Minister for Environment
Theme “Make visible the invisible”
Key Focus Chemical and Waste Management, Plastic Pollution
India’s Domestic Actions EPR policy, Single-use plastic ban, National Waste Rules
India’s Global Initiative UNEA-4 Resolution on Single-use Plastics
Bilateral Partner in COPs 2025 Switzerland, Norway
Relevant Conventions Basel, Rotterdam, Stockholm

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_14.1

Sujata Chaturvedi Appointed As A UPSC Board Member

In a recent key administrative appointment, Ms. Sujata Chaturvedi, an accomplished civil servant with over three decades of experience, has joined the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) as a Member. With a rich professional background spanning both state and central government roles—including as Secretary in the Department of Sports—her appointment is seen as a significant addition to the Commission’s expertise.

Why in the News?

On 1st May 2025, Ms. Sujata Chaturvedi, a 1989-batch IAS officer of the Bihar cadre, assumed charge as a Member of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC). The oath of office and secrecy was administered by Lt. Gen. Raj Shukla (Retd.), the seniormost Member of the Commission.

Background & Career Highlights

  • Belongs to the 1989 batch of the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Bihar cadre.
  • Holds Postgraduate degree in History, M.Phil in Public Administration, and a Diploma in Russian language.
  • Graduated in English from Nagpur University.

Key Positions Held

At the State level (Bihar)

  • Principal Secretary, Department of Finance
  • Commercial Tax Commissioner
  • Secretary, Finance Department
  • Vice Chairman, Department of Urban Development

At the Central Government

  • Secretary, Department of Sports, Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports
  • Additional Secretary, Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT)
  • Regional Deputy Director General, UIDAI

Major Contributions in the Department of Sports

  • Hosted Khelo India Games, FIDE Chess Olympiad, and FIFA U-17 Women’s World Cup.
  • Spearheaded the creation of a National Sports Repository System.
  • Initiated nationwide mapping of sports facilities.
  • Played a key role in the enactment of the Anti-Doping Bill, strengthening India’s stance against doping.

Language Proficiency

  • Fluent in Hindi, English, Urdu, Russian, and Marathi.

Significance of Her UPSC Appointment

  • Brings diverse policy experience to the Commission.
  • Expected to enhance the examination system and recruitment policies for civil services.
  • Her sports and administrative background may bring fresh perspectives on youth and development sectors.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Sujata Chaturvedi Appointed As A UPSC Board Member
Name Ms. Sujata Chaturvedi
Batch & Cadre 1989 IAS Batch, Bihar Cadre
New Role Member, Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)
Oath Administered By Lt. Gen. Raj Shukla (Retd.), Senior-most UPSC Member
Academic Background English Graduate, History Postgraduate, M.Phil (Public Administration)
Notable Posts Secretary (Sports), Addl. Secy (DoPT), Principal Secretary (Finance)
Contributions Khelo India Games, Anti-Doping Bill, National Sports Repository
Language Proficiency Hindi, English, Urdu, Russian, Marathi

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_16.1

Top 10 Countries With the Highest Debt-To-GDP in 2025

Why in News

According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the world is facing a renewed surge in public debt, with projections for 2025 indicating that several nations are seeing debt levels surpass those recorded during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The IMF’s Fiscal Monitor report (April 2025) outlines that the global public debt-to-GDP ratio could once again approach critical levels, raising economic and fiscal sustainability concerns across both developing and advanced economies.

In a striking shift, Sudan has overtaken Japan to become the country with the highest debt-to-GDP ratio in the world in 2025, driven by internal conflict and economic instability. Simultaneously, the debt burden of major economies like the United States, France, and Canada remains alarmingly high, pointing to structural deficits and geopolitical challenges.

Background and Context

The COVID-19 pandemic triggered an unprecedented wave of government borrowing as nations scrambled to manage public health crises and implement large-scale stimulus programs. As a result, global public debt reached 98.9 percent of GDP in 2020.

Despite economic recovery in subsequent years, ongoing geopolitical instability, such as trade tensions—especially following recent U.S. tariff declarations—and inflationary pressures have led to a fresh increase in borrowing needs. These developments have significantly worsened fiscal outlooks worldwide, with the IMF warning that public debt levels could rise to 117 percent of global GDP by 2027 under worst-case conditions, and nearly 100 percent (99.6%) by 2030.

Key Insight: Top 10 Countries with the Highest Debt-to-GDP Ratio in 2025

One of the most alarming revelations from the IMF’s recent findings is the composition of the top 10 countries with the highest public debt in 2025. These nations face severe fiscal pressures due to either persistent budget deficits, economic mismanagement, or structural vulnerabilities such as demographic decline or high external debt.

Below is the detailed list of the ten most indebted countries based on their general government gross debt as a percentage of GDP:

Rank Country General Government Gross Debt (% of GDP)
1 Sudan 252%
2 Japan 234.9%
3 Singapore 174.9%
4 Greece 142.2%
5 Bahrain 141.4%
6 Maldives 140.8%
7 Italy 137.3%
8 United States 122.5%
9 France 116.3%
10 Canada 112.5%

Source: IMF – World Economic Forum, April 2025

Country Highlights and Analysis

Sudan Tops the List Amid Crisis

Sudan, battling prolonged internal conflict and facing major macroeconomic instability, has reached a debt-to-GDP ratio of 252 percent, the highest in the world. Years of political unrest, loss of oil revenues, and economic sanctions have crippled the country’s capacity to manage its fiscal responsibilities.

Japan: Debt Burden Persists Despite Economic Strength

Although Japan remains a developed and technologically advanced economy, its public debt level of 234.9 percent continues to be among the highest globally. Key contributors include persistent fiscal deficits, an ageing population, and years of low economic growth.

The United States and Other Developed Economies

The United States, ranked eighth, has a public debt ratio of 122.5 percent of GDP. Despite being the world’s largest economy, its rising federal deficit and spending on defence, healthcare, and interest payments have contributed to the ballooning debt. France and Canada follow closely at 116.3 percent and 112.5 percent, respectively, reflecting similar challenges in social welfare spending and economic recovery post-pandemic.

Where Do China and India Stand?

Unlike the top 10 debt-heavy nations, China and India are relatively better positioned in the global debt rankings:

  • China ranks 21st, with a debt-to-GDP ratio of 96 percent. While high, this is lower compared to most developed nations and reflects China’s controlled fiscal expansion model.
  • India holds the 31st position, with a debt-to-GDP ratio of 80 percent. The Indian government has set a long-term target to reduce this ratio to 50±1 percent by March 31, 2031, aiming for sustainable debt levels through fiscal consolidation and economic growth.

Future Outlook: Risk and Recovery

The IMF warns that unless corrective measures are adopted, global public debt could surpass levels last seen during World War II. Key risks include:

  • Continued geopolitical instability
  • High interest rates
  • Sluggish global growth
  • Elevated inflation and subsidy bills

In this scenario, even a temporary shock—such as another trade war, health crisis, or commodity spike—could accelerate debt vulnerabilities.

Nations are now being urged to adopt credible medium-term fiscal plans, enhance tax collection efficiency, curb unproductive subsidies, and invest in growth-driving sectors to prevent debt spirals.

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Amit Shah Unveiled Statue of Bodofa Upendranath Brahma

Bodofa Upendranath Brahma, a revered leader of the Bodo community, is widely recognized for his non-violent struggle for tribal identity, rights, and cultural preservation. On May 1, 2025, the Government of India paid tribute by unveiling his statue and naming a major road and rotary in New Delhi after him. This initiative highlights the government’s commitment to tribal empowerment, peacebuilding in the North East, and acknowledging grassroots leaders who shaped regional movements with national impact.

Why in the News?

On May 1, 2025, Union Home Minister Amit Shah unveiled a 9-feet-high statue of Bodofa Upendranath Brahma in New Delhi, and a road and rotary were named in his honor. This was done on the occasion of his 35th death anniversary, acknowledging his significant contributions to tribal rights, identity, and peaceful activism, especially for Bodoland and the Bodo community.

Aim of the Tribute

  • To commemorate Bodofa Upendranath Brahma’s contributions to the Bodo and wider tribal community.
  • To recognize his peaceful leadership and emphasize the importance of cultural identity in nation-building.
  • To strengthen national integration through acknowledgment of regional leaders.

Significance

  • Represents tribal self-respect and identity at the national level.
  • Encourages peaceful activism and dialogue-based resolutions.
  • Promotes awareness of North East India’s contribution to India’s socio-political fabric.

Background

  • Upendranath Brahma (1956–1990) was the President of the All Bodo Students’ Union (ABSU).
  • He led a peaceful movement demanding a separate Bodoland and rights for Bodo people.
  • Popularly known as “Bodofa”, meaning “Father of the Bodos”.

Static Points

  • Bodoland is a territorial region in Assam, governed by the Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR).
  • Bathou religion is the traditional belief system of the Bodo people, centered on Sijou plant worship.
  • The Bodo Accord 2020 is a peace agreement aimed at ending insurgency and bringing development to Bodo areas.

Key Government Initiatives Mentioned

  • 2020 Bodo Accord: 96% of its provisions already fulfilled.
  • Over 20 peace accords signed in the North East since 2014.
  • More than 10,000 militants surrendered, integrating into the mainstream.
  • 78% implementation rate of North East peace accords in last 3–4 years.

Wider Impact

  • Enhances the national visibility of tribal and North Eastern heroes.
  • Encourages youth to follow democratic and peaceful paths for change.
  • Reinforces India’s policy of “Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas” in tribal welfare.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Amit Shah Unveiled Statue of Bodofa Upendranath Brahma
Event Unveiling of Bodofa statue and naming of road/rotary
Venue New Delhi
Honoree Bodofa Upendranath Brahma
Significance Tribute to tribal pride, identity, and peaceful leadership
Government Claim 96% implementation complete; peace and development ongoing

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India Remains 4th Largest Economy In World, US at No. 1

India, poised to become the third-largest economy by 2030, is currently one of the most dynamic economies globally. The IMF’s latest World Economic Outlook highlights India’s growth trajectory and compares it with other leading economies. Despite a global economic slowdown, India continues to perform as the fastest-growing major economy. This article examines the global economic rankings, India’s current standing, and its future growth outlook.

Why in the News?

India is currently the fourth-largest economy in the world, on par with Japan, according to the latest data from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The country is expected to maintain its status as the fastest-growing major economy, with a projected growth rate of 6.2% in 2025.

Significance

  • The article provides insights into the current global economic landscape, with a special focus on India’s position.
  • It also offers information on economic growth projections, comparing India with other leading economies like the United States and China.

Background

  • Global Economic Growth: The IMF’s World Economic Outlook (April 2025) revised the global growth forecast for 2025 down to 2.8%, mainly due to trade conflicts and policy uncertainties.
  • India’s Economic Growth: India is projected to have a growth rate of 6.2% in 2025, continuing to lead global growth despite a downward revision from 6.5%.

Key Facts

Top 10 Economies (2025)

  • The United States is the largest economy at $30.34 trillion.
  • China follows at $19.53 trillion, with a projected growth of 4.6%.
  • India is in the fourth position with a GDP of $4.39 trillion and is expected to continue growing at 6.2%.

GDP Per Capita

  • India’s GDP per capita is estimated at $4.19 thousand, comparable to Japan.
  • United States has the highest GDP per capita at $30.51 thousand.

India’s Growth Outlook

  • India remains the fastest-growing major economy, with significant growth in private consumption, especially in rural areas.
  • Despite a downward revision in growth, India continues to be a key driver of global economic stability.
Rank Country GDP (USD) Projected Growth (2025) GDP Per Capita (USD)
1 United States $30.34 trillion 2.70% 30.51 thousand
2 China $19.53 trillion 4.60% 19.23 thousand
3 Germany $4.92 trillion 80% 4.74 thousand
4 India $4.39 trillion 6.20% 4.19 thousand
5 Japan $4.27 trillion 6.50% 4.19 thousand
6 United Kingdom $3.73 trillion 1.60% 3.84 thousand
7 France $3.28 trillion 0.80% 3.21 thousand
8 Italy $2.46 trillion 0.70% 2.42 thousand
9 Canada $2.33 trillion 2.00% 2.23 thousand
10 Brazil $2.31 trillion 2.20% 2.13 thousand

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CareEdge State Rankings 2025: Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Karnataka Lead the Way

In the latest CareEdge Ratings State Ranking 2025, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Karnataka have emerged as the top three states based on their overall performance across seven key pillars: economic, fiscal, infrastructure, financial development, social, governance, and environment. The rankings, which are based on a detailed evaluation of 50 indicators, shed light on the diverse strengths and challenges of Indian states.

Why in the News?

The CareEdge Ratings State Ranking 2025 has placed Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Karnataka as the top-performing states in India, based on their performance across multiple metrics.

Aim of the Rankings

  • Evaluate performance: The CareEdge Rankings aim to assess the overall development and sustainability of Indian states using a comprehensive set of indicators.
  • Focus on holistic growth: The rankings are based on seven pillars, offering a multi-dimensional view of each state’s progress.
  • Encourage informed decision-making: The rankings provide insights into the investment attractiveness of states, making them a valuable resource for businesses and policymakers.

Significance of the Report

  • Investment attractiveness: States with high rankings are likely to attract greater investment due to their favorable fiscal, economic, and governance conditions.
  • Regional development insights: The rankings highlight the regional disparities in development, showcasing the dominance of western and southern states in economic, fiscal, and environmental indicators.
  • Policy formulation: The rankings provide a foundation for policy-making, encouraging states to focus on areas where they lag, such as social development or environmental governance.

Key Findings

  • Maharashtra: Ranked first overall, benefiting from a strong performance across financial, economic, fiscal, and social metrics.
  • Gujarat: Excelled in economic performance, driven by high per capita GSDP, strong FDI inflows, and high gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) for industries.
  • Karnataka: Ranked third with significant achievements in industrial and environmental indicators.
  • Goa: Highest-ranked among small states, showing strong performance in fiscal, financial development, and infrastructure metrics.

Regional Patterns

  • Western States: States like Gujarat and Maharashtra dominate economic and fiscal parameters due to their strong industrial bases and investments.
  • Southern States: Karnataka, in particular, excels in governance and environmental indicators, reflecting its policies on sustainable growth and good governance.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? CareEdge State Rankings 2025: Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Karnataka Lead the Way
Maharashtra Strong performance in economic, fiscal, and social metrics
Gujarat Leading in economic performance with high GSDP and FDI
Karnataka Excels in industrial and environmental indicators
Goa Best among small states with strong fiscal and financial development performance

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