Featured

States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

States and Capitals

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO State Capital CM Governor
1 Andhra Pradesh Amaravati Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu S. Abdul Nazer
2 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Pema Khandu Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3 Assam Dispur Himanta Biswa Sarma Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4 Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar Arif Mohammed Khan
5 Chhattisgarh Raipur Vishnu Deo Sai Ramen Deka
6 Goa Panaji Pramod Sawant P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7 Gujarat Gandhinagar Bhupendra Patel Acharya Dev Vrat
8 Haryana Chandigarh Nayab Singh Saini Bandaru Dattatraya
9 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu Shiv Pratap Shukla
10 Jharkhand Ranchi Hemant Soren Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11 Karnataka Bengaluru Siddaramaiah Thaawarchand Gehlot
12 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Pinarayi Vijayan Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Mohan Yadav Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14 Maharashtra Mumbai Devendra Fadnavis C.P. Radhakrishnan
15 Manipur Imphal N. Biren Singh
Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16 Meghalaya Shillong Conrad Kongkal Sangma
C H Vijayashankar
17 Mizoram Aizawl Lalduhoma General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18 Nagaland Kohima Neiphiu Rio
La. Ganesan
19 Odisha Bhubaneswar Mohan Charan Majhi
Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20 Punjab Chandigarh Bhagwant Singh Mann Gulab Chand Kataria
21 Rajasthan Jaipur Bhajan Lal Sharma Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22 Sikkim Gangtok PS Golay Om Prakash Mathur
23 Tamil Nadu Chennai M. K. Stalin R. N. Ravi
24 Telangana Hyderabad Anumula Revanth Reddy Jishnu Dev Varma
25 Tripura Agartala Dr. Manik Saha Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Yogi Aditya Nath Anandiben Patel
27 Uttarakhand Dehradun Pushkar Singh Dhami Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28 West Bengal Kolkata Mamata Banerjee Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO Union Territories Capital CM Lt. Governor
1 Andaman and Nicobar Island Port Blair NA D K Joshi
2 Chandigarh Chandigarh NA Banwarilal Purohit
3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Daman NA Praful Patel
4 Delhi Delhi Rekha Gupta Vinai Kumar Saxena
5 Ladakh NA NA B. D. Mishra
6 Lakshadweep Kavaratti NA Praful Patel
7 Jammu and Kashmir NA Omar Abdullah Manoj Sinha
8 Puducherry Pondicherry N. Rangaswamy C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference States Union Territories
Head of Administration Governor Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type Elected by the People Managed by the central government
Powers Shares power with the central government. Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No. States Language
1 Andhra Pradesh Telugu and Urdu
2 Arunachal Pradesh Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3 Assam Assamese
4 Bihar Hindi
5 Chhattisgarh Hindi
6 Goa Marathi Konkani
7 Gujarat Gujarati
8 Haryana Hindi
9 Himachal Pradesh Hindi and Pahari
10 Jharkhand Hindi
11 Karnataka Kannada
12 Kerala Malayalam
13 Madhya Pradesh Hindi
14 Maharashtra Marathi
15 Manipur Manipuri
16 Meghalaya Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17 Mizoram Mizo and English
18 Nagaland Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19 Odisha Oriya
20 Punjab Punjabi
21 Rajasthan Rajasthani and Hindi
22 Sikkim Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23 Tamil Nadu Tamil
24 Telangana Telugu
25 Tripura Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26 Uttar Pradesh Hindi
27 Uttarakhand Hindi
28 West Bengal Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

  • Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
  • Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
  • Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
  • Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
  • Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
  • Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
  • Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
  • Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

Top-5 Indian Forts that the British Could Never Conquer, Know About Them

India is home to many forts that tell stories of courage, strength and smart planning. Some of these forts were so strong and well-protected that even the powerful British army could not capture them. These forts stands as proud symbols of India’s rich history. In this article, we will learn about five such amazing forts that the British could never conquer during their rule.

Top-5 Indian Forts that the British Could Never Conquer

India has many strong forts, but only a few were never conquered by the British. These forts stayed safe because of smart design, strong walls and brave soldiers. They tell proud stories of India’s history and are now popular places for visitors and history lovers.

Here are the names of top-5 Indian forts that the British could never conquer:

  • Janjira Fort
  • Mehrangarh Fort
  • Kumbhalgarh Fort
  • Jaisalmer Fort
  • Bhainsrorgarh Fort

Janjira Fort, Maharashtra

Janjira Fort stands in the Arabian Sea, surrounded by water. It was built by the Siddis and is one of the strongest sea forts in India. The British tried many times to capture it but failed. Its thick walls, secret paths and hidden freshwater ponds made it very hard to attack. You can only reach the fort by boat, making the visit feel like an adventure into the past.

Mehrangarh Fort, Rajasthan

Mehrangarh Fort is located high above the city of Jodhpur. Its steep cliffs and strong walls made it impossible to attack directly. The British didn’t even try to fight here; instead, they signed a peace treaty. Today, the fort is full of beautiful palaces, museums and views of the ”Blue City” below. It is a true example of Rajput strength and architecture.

Kumbhalgarh Fort, Rajasthan

Kumbhalgarh Fort is known for its huge wall, which is over 36 kilometers long – second only to the Great Wall of China. Hidden in the Aravalli hills, it was used as a safe place for the rulers of Mewar. The British never tried to capture it because of its tough location and thick forest cover. The evening light and sound show here tells its brave history in a magical way.

Jaisalmer Fort, Rajasthan

Jaisalmer Fort is built with golden sandstone and shines in the sunlight. It is not just a fort – it is a whole city with homes, temples and shops inside. Located deep in the Thar Desert, it was protected by its surroundings and local support. The British could not break through. Walking through the fort feels like stepping back in time.

Bhainsrorgarh Fort, Rajasthan

Bhainsrorgarh Fort is built on top of a cliff, overlooking the Chambal River. Its natural position and strong soldiers made it very difficult to attack. The British never conquered it. Today, the fort is a heritage hotel where visitors can stay and enjoy beautiful views of the river and forests. The sunset here is breathtaking and full of history.

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_5.1

Which Indian District is Known as the Copper City? Know About It

India is a land full of natural resources, including many including many valuable metals. One such metal is copper, which is used in wires, coins and machines. Some parts of India are rich in copper and play a big role in its mining. Among them, one district is especially famous for its copper production and is often called the ”Copper City” of India. Let’s learn more about this special place.

An Overview of India

India is a large and diverse country in South Asia, known for its rich history, culture and growing economy. It is the world’s most populated democracy and the seventh-largest country by land area. India is surrounded by oceans on the south and shares borders with countries like Pakistan, China, Nepal and Bangladesh. Its unique location and heritage make it an important country in the world.

Number of Districts in India

India has around 780 to 806 districts across its 28 states and 8 Union Territories. This number keeps growing as new districts are created for better governance and development. The exact number can change over time, depending on how the government plans and manages different regions of the country.

Copper City in India

Balaghat is a district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is famous across the country as the ‘‘Copper City of India.” This name is given because it has the largest copper mine in the country, known as the Malanjkhand Copper Project. Along with copper, Balaghat is also a leading producer of manganese, contributing around 80% of India’s manganese production.

Why is Balaghat Called the Copper City?

Balaghat is called the ”Copper City” because it has the largest copper mine in India. The district produces a large amount of copper, which is very important for the country’s metal industry.

Home to Malanjkhand Copper Mine

The Malanjkhand Copper Project is located in the Balaghat district. It is the largest copper mine in India. This mine is also the biggest base metal mine in the country. Because of this, Balaghat became famous for copper mining.

High Copper Production

Balaghat produces a large amount of copper. It supplies a major part of India’s total copper. This makes the district very important in India’s metal industry.

Boost to Local Economy

The copper mines in Balaghat provide jobs and income to thousands of people. This helps the local economy grow. It also supports the economy of Madhya Pradesh as a whole.

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_7.1

World Day for Cultural Diversity: Fostering Unity in Diversity

World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development, observed every year on May 21, is a global celebration recognizing the richness of the world’s cultures and the vital role intercultural dialogue plays in achieving peace and sustainable development. Established by the United Nations following the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity (2001), the day emphasizes the importance of embracing cultural differences and working together to promote inclusion, understanding, and global cooperation.

Origin and Establishment

The United Nations proclaimed this day in 2002 after adopting the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity in 2001. The day was created to deepen our understanding of the values of cultural diversity and to highlight the need for international dialogue to support peace and sustainable development.

Objectives of the Day

The celebration is rooted in the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (2005). The four main goals of this convention are,

  • Support sustainable systems of governance for culture – Encourage strong institutional and policy frameworks that support the cultural sector.
  • Achieve a balanced flow of cultural goods and services and promote artist mobility – Strengthen the global exchange of artistic ideas, practices, and professionals.
  • Integrate culture in sustainable development frameworks – Recognize culture as an essential component of social and economic development.
  • Promote human rights and fundamental freedoms – Ensure that cultural expression is free, inclusive, and respects all identities.

Ways to Celebrate Cultural Diversity

Organizations and communities worldwide are encouraged to celebrate and recognize cultural differences through a range of activities that promote inclusivity,

  • Sharing cultural resources: Companies can share country-specific guides or information to enhance intercultural understanding.
  • Showcasing staff diversity: Highlighting and celebrating cultural backgrounds of employees through storytelling or events.
  • Cultural awareness training: Hosting workshops or training sessions that explore cultural norms, values, and work styles.
  • Interactive team-building exercises: Using tools like GlobeSmart® Profiles or team cards to understand culturally influenced collaboration styles.
  • Leadership messaging: Leaders can use the day to reaffirm their commitment to a respectful, inclusive work culture.
  • Global Diversity Toolkits: Use structured toolkits with exercises and tips to engage teams and enhance cultural competence.

Helpful Resources

To support organizations and individuals in celebrating this day, several tools and guides are available,

  • Global Diversity Toolkit
  • Collaboration Catalysts
  • Team Breakthrough Cards
  • Guide to Giving Feedback Across Cultures
  • Overcoming Bias in Multicultural Teams
  • Common Workplace Micro-Inequities
  • Exploring Identity in the Workplace
  • These resources promote empathy, awareness, and practical strategies for navigating multicultural environments effectively.

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_9.1

Top 10 Crypto-Friendly Countries for Investment and Living in 2025

In 2025, global interest in cryptocurrencies has surged to unprecedented levels. With the rise of blockchain innovation, decentralized finance (DeFi), and crypto-based entrepreneurship, nations are racing to attract investors, developers, and businesses. But not all countries are created equal when it comes to crypto.

This article explores the top 10 crypto-friendly countries in 2025, offering the best environments for crypto investment, taxation, regulation, and innovation.

What Makes a Country Crypto-Friendly?

A crypto-friendly country is one that promotes the adoption and integration of digital assets by ensuring:

  • Clear regulatory frameworks for digital currencies
  • Low or zero capital gains tax on cryptocurrency profits
  • Access to crypto-friendly banking infrastructure
  • High crypto adoption and ownership rates
  • A supportive ecosystem for blockchain startups and R&D

These nations not only legalize crypto transactions but also foster a climate of innovation, economic inclusivity, and financial modernization.

Top 10 Crypto-Friendly Countries in 2025

Rank Country Capital Gains Tax Regulatory Clarity Crypto-Friendly Banks Adoption Level Notable Highlights
1 Switzerland No tax for individuals Very high (DLT Act, FINMA) Yes (SEBA, Sygnum) High Home to Crypto Valley, integrated CBDC pilot
2 Singapore No capital gains tax High (MAS licensing) Yes (DBS, Sygnum) Very high Stablecoin rules, high startup support
3 Germany Tax-free after 1 year hold High (BaFin regulation) Yes (Solarisbank, Nuri) High Crypto custody regulated, tokenized securities
4 Portugal No tax on long-term gains Moderate (EU MiCA aligned) Limited but improving Growing Crypto-friendly expat hub, blockchain education
5 El Salvador No tax on crypto income Bitcoin Legal Tender Law Yes (state-supported wallets) Increasing First Bitcoin-legal nation, geothermal mining
6 United States Taxed (tiered short/long-term) Mixed (federal/state split) Yes (Anchorage, Silvergate) Very high ETFs approved, leading in innovation and mining
7 UAE (Dubai/Abu Dhabi) No capital gains or VAT High (VARA, ADGM) Yes (Emirates NBD, DIB) Very high VASP licenses, crypto zones, public sector interest
8 Estonia Flat 20% income tax High (VASPs licensed) Yes (LHV Bank, TBB) Medium Blockchain used in governance, skilled workforce
9 Malta No long-term capital gains Very high (Blockchain laws) Some banks support crypto Growing Clear crypto laws, known as Blockchain Island
10 Australia Taxed, but exemptions apply Clear (AUSTRAC guidelines) Yes (ING, UBank) High High adoption in cities, blockchain use in real sectors

1. Switzerland

Switzerland remains the undisputed leader in the global crypto space in 2025. The country’s Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA) has implemented one of the most transparent and mature regulatory structures.

Why it’s crypto-friendly:

  • Zero capital gains tax on long-term crypto holdings for individuals
  • Home to “Crypto Valley” in Zug, where over 1,000 blockchain firms operate
  • Licensed crypto banks like Sygnum and SEBA Bank offer custody, tokenization, and trading
  • Swiss cities like Lugano accept Bitcoin and stablecoins for tax payments

Switzerland’s DLT Act and forward-thinking legislation ensure it continues to set the standard for legal certainty and ecosystem strength in crypto.

2. Singapore

With a balanced regulatory approach, Singapore ranks among the best places to live and build in crypto. The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) provides clarity through licensing and stablecoin guidelines.

Key benefits:

  • No capital gains tax on crypto investments
  • Thriving exchange ecosystem with firms like Crypto.com and DBS
  • Government grants for blockchain startups engaged in R&D
  • Strong crypto adoption and education levels

Though Binance exited due to compliance tightening, Singapore still boasts a tech-centric and highly sustainable crypto economy.

3. Germany

Germany is one of the few EU countries to formally regulate crypto custody through BaFin, offering tax-friendly conditions for long-term holders.

What makes Germany stand out:

  • Zero tax on crypto profits held for over one year
  • Licensed crypto banks (e.g., Solarisbank) provide custody and lending services
  • BaFin allows fund managers to allocate up to 20% of portfolios to digital assets
  • Strong infrastructure for crypto ATMs and payment solutions

With Frankfurt as a financial hub and Berlin as a startup magnet, Germany is fast becoming a central crypto powerhouse in Europe.

4. Portugal

Portugal is a favorite for crypto expats and digital nomads due to its lenient tax regime and open blockchain ecosystem.

Highlights:

  • No capital gains tax on crypto held over 12 months (for non-primary income)
  • Flat 28% tax on short-term gains, but no VAT
  • Blockchain-friendly cities like Lisbon have vibrant communities and meetups
  • No licensing requirement for basic crypto activities

Portugal’s Digital Transitional Action Plan aims to integrate blockchain across government services, making it one of the most livable crypto-friendly nations in 2025.

5. El Salvador

El Salvador made history by making Bitcoin legal tender, and in 2025, it continues to be a bold and unique experiment in crypto governance.

Key advantages:

  • No tax on crypto gains or transactions
  • Government-sponsored residency and business incentives for crypto entrepreneurs
  • Public wallet system for fee-free Bitcoin transactions
  • Geothermal-powered Bitcoin mining projects

Despite IMF criticism, El Salvador’s Bitcoin-first economy has attracted businesses and crypto tourism, showing how national adoption impacts ecosystem growth.

6. United States

The U.S. remains a global crypto leader, not only due to its innovation but also the sheer volume of crypto users, exchanges, and blockchain projects.

Current status:

  • ETFs for Bitcoin and Ethereum approved by the SEC
  • State-level crypto havens: Wyoming, Texas, Florida
  • Tiered taxation: 10–37% on short-term gains; 0–20% on long-term, depending on income
  • Massive institutional involvement (Fidelity, BlackRock, Coinbase)

While federal regulation is still evolving, the U.S. crypto infrastructure is unmatched, from mining to venture capital to developer activity.

7. United Arab Emirates (UAE)

The UAE has emerged as a Middle Eastern crypto hub, especially with Dubai and Abu Dhabi leading in regulation and infrastructure.

UAE strengths:

  • No capital gains or corporate tax for crypto companies in free zones
  • Regulatory authorities like VARA and ADGM offer clear licensing for VASPs
  • Banks like Emirates NBD offer crypto services
  • Hosting major blockchain events like the Future Blockchain Summit

With a high adoption rate and government-led innovation, the UAE is well-positioned to become a global Web3 hub.

8. Estonia

Estonia combines e-governance, digital literacy, and blockchain adoption to create a supportive environment for crypto businesses.

Key advantages:

  • Registered crypto licenses for VASPs
  • 20% flat tax rate with favorable corporate exemptions
  • Blockchain used in public services, including voting and identity
  • Banks like LHV support crypto transactions

Estonia is ideal for entrepreneurs looking for digital integration and government-supported blockchain tools.

9. Malta

Often dubbed the “Blockchain Island”, Malta was one of the first countries to draft a comprehensive crypto regulatory framework.

Why Malta?

  • Zero capital gains tax for long-term crypto gains
  • Corporate tax starts at 35% but drops with deductions
  • Open banking and partnerships with major exchanges like Binance and OKX
  • Active promotion of Web3 initiatives

Malta’s crypto-friendly laws and transparent licensing structure keep it in the top 10 year after year.

10. Australia

Australia’s clear tax guidance, educational institutions, and blockchain integration in real-world sectors make it a growing crypto hub.

Australian highlights:

  • Capital gains tax applies, but exempt for purchases under AUD 10,000
  • Banks like ING and UBank support crypto users
  • Government grants for blockchain-based startups
  • Active communities in Sydney and Melbourne

Although compliance can be complex, Australia’s pro-innovation stance and active fintech scene make it one of the most promising crypto-friendly countries.

Bonus: Emerging Crypto Hubs to Watch

Hong Kong

  • Clear licensing for VASPs
  • Crypto ETFs now available
  • High adoption and fintech investment

Kazakhstan

  • Crypto mining powered by renewable energy
  • No capital gains tax for personal investors
  • Clear framework by AFSA

Panama

  • Minimal regulation encourages organic crypto growth
  • No capital gains tax
  • Increasing business acceptance of Bitcoin and Ethereum

Top 10 Strongest Currencies in the World in 2025 (Highest Valued in INR)

The United Nations recognizes 180 official currencies across 195 countries, yet only a handful of them qualify as the strongest currencies based on their actual value, not just popularity. While the United States Dollar and Euro dominate global transactions, their real exchange rate strength is often outshined by lesser-known but more valuable currencies.

This article ranks the top 10 highest-valued currencies in the world, measured against the Indian Rupee (INR) in 2025, and explores the economic and geopolitical factors that contribute to their high value.

Understanding Currency Strength

A currency’s value is determined by its purchasing power—the ability to buy goods and services or to be exchanged for other currencies. Key factors that influence a currency’s strength include:

  • Foreign exchange reserves
  • Oil exports and trade surpluses
  • Inflation and interest rates
  • Central bank policies
  • Economic and political stability

Top 10 Highest Valued Currencies in the World (2025)

Rank Currency Name Value in INR Value in USD
1 Kuwaiti Dinar 278.41 3.26
2 Bahraini Dinar 226.43 2.65
3 Omani Rial 221.65 2.60
4 Jordanian Dinar 120.33 1.41
5 Gibraltar Pound 113.53 1.33
6 British Pound Sterling 113.53 1.33
7 Cayman Islands Dollar 102.49 1.20
8 Swiss Franc 103.34 1.21
9 Euro 97.01 1.14
10 United States Dollar 85.34 1.00

1. Kuwaiti Dinar

The Kuwaiti Dinar is the strongest currency in the world by exchange rate. Introduced in 1961, it benefits from Kuwait’s massive oil reserves, low inflation, and stable governance.

  • Why it’s strong: Oil wealth, limited circulation, and strong sovereign economy
  • INR value: 278.41
  • USD value: 3.26

2. Bahraini Dinar

Issued by the Kingdom of Bahrain since 1965, the Bahraini Dinar holds second place globally. It is pegged to the US Dollar and enjoys robust support from Bahrain’s energy exports and expatriate economy.

  • Why it’s strong: Pegged to the dollar, controlled supply, high foreign reserves
  • INR value: 226.43
  • USD value: 2.65

3. Omani Rial

The Omani Rial is a high-value currency backed by Oman’s oil-dependent economy and fixed exchange rate to the dollar. Oman previously used the Indian Rupee before shifting to its own currency.

  • Why it’s strong: Oil exports, monetary stability, peg to US Dollar
  • INR value: 221.65
  • USD value: 2.60

4. Jordanian Dinar

Despite lacking abundant natural resources, Jordan maintains one of the most stable and high-valued currencies due to a fixed exchange rate system and sound fiscal management.

  • Why it’s strong: Pegged system, foreign aid, economic reforms
  • INR value: 120.33
  • USD value: 1.41

5. Gibraltar Pound

The Gibraltar Pound is used exclusively in Gibraltar and maintains a 1:1 peg with the British Pound. Though limited in reach, it ranks high in value.

  • Why it’s strong: Peg to GBP, UK economic backing, tight issuance
  • INR value: 113.53
  • USD value: 1.33

6. British Pound Sterling

The British Pound is one of the world’s most widely traded currencies and is known for its historical legacy and global financial role.

  • Why it’s strong: Financial services, London as a banking hub, economic strength
  • INR value: 113.53
  • USD value: 1.33

7. Cayman Islands Dollar

The Cayman Islands Dollar benefits from the territory’s status as a global offshore financial center and its peg to the US Dollar.

  • Why it’s strong: Financial services, low taxation, high income economy
  • INR value: 102.49
  • USD value: 1.20

8. Swiss Franc

Renowned for financial stability and neutrality, the Swiss Franc is a preferred safe haven currency in global markets.

  • Why it’s strong: Strong central banking, low inflation, high investor trust
  • INR value: 103.34
  • USD value: 1.21

9. Euro

Used by 20 countries across the European Union, the Euro is the second-most traded and held reserve currency globally.

  • Why it’s strong: Unified economies, strong trade networks, European Central Bank support
  • INR value: 97.01
  • USD value: 1.14

10. United States Dollar

The US Dollar is the world’s most dominant currency in international trade, investment, and reserves, but ranks 10th in pure valuation.

  • Why it’s strong: Global reserve status, petro-dollar dominance, trust in US economy
  • INR value: 85.34
  • USD value: 1.00

National Anti-Terrorism Day 2025: Promoting Unity Against Violence

India observes National Anti-Terrorism Day every year on May 21 to commemorate the death anniversary of former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. This day serves as a reminder of the catastrophic consequences of terrorism and violence, urging people to maintain peace, harmony, and unity in society. The observance also reflects India’s unwavering commitment to fighting terrorism and honoring the memory of all those who have lost their lives to such acts of violence.

History and Origin of National Anti-Terrorism Day

The origin of National Anti-Terrorism Day dates back to May 21, 1991, the day Rajiv Gandhi, India’s youngest Prime Minister, was assassinated in Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu, by a suicide bomber associated with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). In the wake of this tragic incident, the then Prime Minister V.P. Singh’s government officially declared May 21 as National Anti-Terrorism Day. This observance was meant not only to honor Rajiv Gandhi but also to raise awareness about the growing menace of terrorism in India and around the world.

Objectives and Significance

The key objectives of National Anti-Terrorism Day include,

  • Educating citizens, especially the youth, about the dangers of terrorism and extremism.
  • Promoting a spirit of peace, non-violence, and national integration.
  • Commemorating the victims of terrorism and extending solidarity to their families.
  • Highlighting the destructive impact of terrorism on society, both economically and emotionally.
  • Discouraging radicalization and the glorification of violent ideologies.
  • Through these efforts, the day reinforces the nation’s stand against all forms of violence and encourages collective responsibility in maintaining internal security and social harmony.

Observance Across the Country

On this day, government offices, public sector undertakings (PSUs), and educational institutions across India organize various activities to mark the occasion. These include,

  • Anti-terrorism pledges administered to reaffirm commitment to non-violence.
  • Lectures, debates, seminars, and symposia held in schools and colleges to educate youth about the threat of terrorism.
  • NGOs and civil society groups host awareness campaigns, peace marches, and cultural programs to promote unity and discourage hate-driven ideologies.
  • Discussions are also held to reflect on past terrorist incidents and to analyze the steps taken to strengthen national security and counter-terrorism strategies.

The Anti-Terrorism Day Pledge

  • A key ritual on this day is the national pledge taken by citizens, particularly in public institutions.
  • “We, the people of India, having abiding faith in our country’s tradition of non-violence and tolerance, hereby solemnly affirm to oppose with our strength all forms of terrorism and violence. We pledge to uphold and promote peace, social harmony and understanding among all fellow human beings and fight the forces of disruption threatening human lives and values.”
  • This pledge reinforces India’s historical values rooted in non-violence, as exemplified by leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, and calls upon citizens to act against terrorism in both spirit and action.

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_13.1

Rajiv Gandhi Biography, Know About His Early Life, Career and Contributions

Rajiv Gandhi was the 7th Prime Minister of India and the youngest person to hold this post. He became Prime Minister in 1984 after the tragic death of his mother, Indira Gandhi. Before entering politics, he worked as a pilot. Rajiv Gandhi is known for bringing modern technology and computers to India and for trying to make the country stronger and more developed.

Early Life and Education of Rajiv Gandhi

Rajiv Gandhi was born on August 20, 1944, in Bombay (now Mumbai). He was the son of Indira Gandhi and Feroze Gandhi. He studied in different schools including Welham Boys’ School and Doon School in Dehradun.

In 1961, he went to London for his higher studies. He joined Trinity College and later Imperial College, but he didn’t complete his engineering degrees. He came back to India in 1966 and joined a flying club in Delhi. In 1970, he became a pilot with Air India.

Rajiv Gandhi – Family and Personal Life

In 1968, Rajiv Gandhi married Edvige Antonia Albina Maino, who later became known as Sonia Gandhi. They had two children – Rahul Gandhi (born in 1970) and Priyanka Gandhi (born in 1972).

Entry into Politics

Rajiv Gandhi was not interested in politics at first. But after the death of his younger brother Sanjay Gandhi in a plane crash in 1980, many Congress Party leaders requested him to join politics. He finally agreed, saying it would help his mother.

He gave his first political speech in 1981 and contested from Amethi, winning by a big margin. That same year, he became a Member of Parliament.

Becoming Prime Minister

After his mother, Indira Gandhi, was assassinated on October 31, 1984, Rajiv Gandhi became the youngest Prime Minister of India at the age of 40. He led the Congress Party to a huge win in the elections and officially became the President of the party.

Works as Prime Minister

Rajiv Gandhi brought many changes during his time as Prime Minister:

  • In 1985, he passed the anti-defection law to stop party switching.
  • He launched the National Policy on Education in 1986 to improve schools and colleges.
  • He started Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas, which are free boarding schools in rural areas.
  • He helped improve telephone services by starting MTNL and PCOs.
  • He supported Operation Bank Thunder in Punjab to remove terrorists from the Golden Temple.
  • He signed the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord in 1987 to bring peace in Sri Lanka.
  • He sent Indian troops to help in Seychelles and Maldives to stop coups.
  • He played an important role in re-capturing the Siachen Glacier area from Pakistan.

Controversies

One of the biggest controversies during his time was the Shah Bano case. The Supreme Court gave justice to a divorces Muslim woman, but Rajiv Gandhi’s government passed a law that went against the court’s decision. Many people criticized this.

He also made changes in his Cabinet and removed some minor senior ministers who didn’t meet his expectations.

Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi

On May 21, 1991, Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated during a political rally at Sriperumbudur, near Chennai. A woman with a bomb hidden under her dress touched his feet and blew herself up. Rajiv Gandhi and 25 others died in the blast. He was only 46 years old.

His body was flown to AIIMS, Delhi, for post-mortem. A state funeral was held on May 24, 1991, at Veer Bhumi, near the memorials of Nehru, Indira Gandhi and Sanjay Gandhi. Leaders from over 60 centuries attended the ceremony.

After his Death

After his death, Rajiv Gandhi was given India’s highest civilian award – Bharat Ratna. His legacy is remembered every year through Sadbhavana Diwas, which promotes peace and harmony.

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_15.1

Spain and Liverpool Legend Pepe Reina to Retire at 42

Former Spain and Liverpool goalkeeper Pepe Reina has officially announced that he will retire from professional football at the end of the 2024–25 season. Currently playing for Como in Serie A, the 42-year-old will conclude a remarkable career that has spanned over two decades and included over 1,000 competitive appearances across some of Europe’s top clubs. Reina, known for his consistency and leadership, will play his final match against Inter Milan.

Why in News?

Pepe Reina’s decision to retire after a career lasting more than 25 years has brought attention to his significant contributions to football, both at the club and international levels. His final appearance for Como in Serie A marks the end of an era in European goalkeeping.

Career Highlights and Achievements

Spain National Team

  • 2010 FIFA World Cup Winner
  • UEFA Euro Champion in 2008 and 2012

Club Career

  • Barcelona (Youth & Early Career)
  • Villarreal

Liverpool (2005–2014)

  • 394 appearances
  • FA Cup & League Cup Winner
  • Premier League Golden Glove: 3 consecutive seasons (2005–06 to 2007–08)
  • Later played for: Bayern Munich, Napoli, AC Milan, Aston Villa, Lazio, Villarreal, and Como
  • 1,000th Competitive Match: Played in 2023 for Villarreal

Significance of His Career

  • Reina was renowned for his reflexes, distribution, and commanding presence in the penalty area.
  • Played under top managers and contributed to multiple title-winning campaigns.
  • Regarded as a locker room leader, even when not always the first-choice keeper.

Retirement Statement

  • “A very beautiful career is coming to an end, a very full life,” Reina said.
  • Added that he felt “fortunate” and that “the time has come” to conclude his journey in football.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Spain and Liverpool Legend Pepe Reina to Retire at 42
Full Name José Manuel “Pepe” Reina Páez
Age at Retirement 42
Final Club Como (Serie A, Italy)
Notable International Wins 2010 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euros 2008 & 2012
Liverpool Achievements FA Cup, League Cup, 3x Golden Glove
Total Competitive Matches Over 1,000
Retirement Announcement 20 May 2025

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_17.1

S-500 vs Arrow 3: Hypersonic Threat Interceptor Comparison

As the threat of hypersonic missiles, ballistic warheads, and next-generation aerial threats grows, nations are racing to develop interceptor systems that can detect, track, and destroy targets traveling at extreme speeds and altitudes. Two of the most advanced systems in this arena are Russia’s S-500 Prometey and the Israeli-American Arrow 3 system.

While both aim to counter some of the most dangerous weapons on the battlefield, their design philosophies, operational goals, and technological features differ significantly. This article offers a deep comparative analysis of the S-500 vs Arrow 3, focusing on their capabilities to confront emerging hypersonic and ballistic threats.

1. Introduction: Defending Against Hypersonic and Ballistic Menace

Modern warfare is being reshaped by the emergence of hypersonic glide vehicles (HGVs), maneuverable reentry vehicles (MaRVs), and long-range ballistic missiles. Unlike traditional threats, these weapons move at speeds exceeding Mach 5, with unpredictable flight paths, making them hard to intercept.

Enter the S-500 Prometey and Arrow 3—two elite, high-altitude, anti-ballistic missile systems designed to neutralize advanced missile threats before they reach their targets.

2. S-500 Prometey (Russia)

Overview

The S-500 ‘Prometey’ (Prometheus), developed by Almaz-Antey, is Russia’s next-generation surface-to-air missile (SAM) and anti-ballistic system. It is intended to complement the S-400 Triumf, but with extended capabilities against ballistic missiles, low-orbit satellites, and hypersonic targets.

Key Capabilities

  • Target Engagement Range: Up to 600 km for air-breathing targets, 500–600 km for ballistic missiles.
  • Altitude Interception: Capable of engaging targets at altitudes of up to 200 km—reaching near-space.
  • Interceptors: Incorporates 77N6-N and 77N6-N1 missiles, which can reportedly destroy hypersonic and ICBM-class threats.
  • Radar: Multi-band phased array radar system capable of tracking stealth aircraft, low-earth orbit satellites, and multiple targets simultaneously.
  • Mobility: Road-mobile, allowing flexible deployment across Russia’s vast territory.

Strategic Role

The S-500 is envisioned as the apex of Russia’s layered air defense, sitting above S-400, Buk, and Pantsir systems. Its mission is to protect strategic assets, military infrastructure, and national command centers from intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and hypersonic glide vehicles.

3. Arrow 3 (Israel/USA)

Overview

The Arrow 3 is part of Israel’s multi-tiered missile defense system, developed jointly by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) and the U.S. Missile Defense Agency (MDA). Operational since 2017, it is designed to intercept ballistic missiles in space, outside Earth’s atmosphere.

Arrow 3 is specifically tailored to counter threats like Iranian Shahab missiles, future hypersonic weapons, and ICBM-class projectiles.

Key Capabilities

  • Target Engagement Range: Estimated at 2,400 km or more, though actual figures are classified.
  • Altitude Interception: Exo-atmospheric—intercepts occur in space, at altitudes >100 km.
  • Kill Vehicle: Uses a hit-to-kill kinetic interceptor (non-explosive), colliding directly with the target at extreme speeds.
  • Radar Integration: Works with the EL/M-2080 Green Pine radar and Super Green Pine, capable of long-range threat detection.
  • Mobility: Mobile launch platforms integrated with Israel’s layered defense architecture (with Iron Dome, David’s Sling, and Arrow 2).

Strategic Role

Arrow 3 is designed to provide strategic national defense against long-range missile threats, especially from regional adversaries. It acts as a pre-emptive shield, destroying missiles before they reenter the atmosphere.

4. Technology and Design Philosophy

S-500: Multi-role, Multi-domain

The S-500 is designed as a multi-domain air defense system, combining space defense, ballistic missile interception, and aerial threat neutralization in a single platform. It merges the capability of both SAM systems and ABM systems, allowing it to engage fighter aircraft, UAVs, hypersonic weapons, and even satellites.

The use of solid-fuel interceptors, anti-missile seekers, and multi-band tracking radars puts it among the most versatile air defense systems in the world.

Arrow 3: Pure Space-Based Interception

Arrow 3 focuses entirely on exo-atmospheric interception, using kinetic energy collisions to destroy missiles in the midcourse phase. Its design philosophy is not about versatility, but specialization—offering maximum kill probability against ICBMs before atmospheric reentry.

It is a strategic defense weapon, not intended for tactical use or against aircraft, but for homeland defense against WMD-class ballistic threats.

5. Real-World Deployment and Interoperability

S-500 Status

As of 2024, the S-500 has entered limited service with the Russian Aerospace Forces. Serial production is underway, with planned deployment to Moscow, strategic nuclear facilities, and key military installations. Russia has also discussed export versions, but these would likely be downgraded.

Arrow 3 Status

Arrow 3 is fully operational in Israel and has been exported to Germany as part of Europe’s evolving missile defense posture (notably under the Sky Shield initiative). It is integrated into U.S.-Israel joint defense systems and can link with NATO-compatible radars and command structures.

6. Strengths and Weaknesses

S-500 Prometey

Strengths:

  • Can counter multiple threat types: stealth aircraft, hypersonics, ballistic missiles.
  • High-altitude engagement near space.
  • Fully mobile, with strong battlefield versatility.

Weaknesses:

  • Unproven in combat.
  • Less specialized in space-only engagements.
  • High production cost and limited availability.

Arrow 3

Strengths:

  • Exo-atmospheric kill capability against ICBMs.
  • Precision hit-to-kill technology reduces debris and collateral risk.
  • Operationally tested, backed by U.S. funding and tech.

Weaknesses:

  • Designed only for space-based ballistic threats.
  • Not suitable for aircraft, cruise missiles, or low-altitude targets.
  • Costly, with limited battlefield versatility.

Banu Mushtaq Makes History with International Booker Prize Win

Indian author, lawyer, and activist Banu Mushtaq has made literary history by winning the International Booker Prize 2025 for her short story anthology, Heart Lamp. The award marks the first time a Kannada-language work has received this prestigious international honor. Translated into English by Deepa Bhasthi, the book highlights the nuanced struggles and resilience of Muslim women in southern India.

Why in News?

Banu Mushtaq’s Heart Lamp was awarded the International Booker Prize on May 20, 2025, in London. This is the first Kannada-language book to win the award. The recognition shines a light on the intersection of literature, gender, and cultural identity in regional Indian languages.

About the Book: Heart Lamp

  • A compilation of 12 short stories written from 1990 to 2023.
  • Translated into English by Deepa Bhasthi.
  • Focuses on the hardships, resistance, and resilience of Muslim women in Karnataka.
  • Reflects the personal experiences and sociocultural observations of the author.

About Banu Mushtaq

  • Grew up in Karnataka; studied in both Urdu and Kannada.
  • Married by choice at age 26, faced domestic conflict and postpartum depression.
  • Former journalist, later became a lawyer.
  • Associated with the Bandaya Movement that promotes literature-based social activism.

Themes & Impact

  • Challenges religious orthodoxy and patriarchy.
  • Depicts inner strength of women pushing against societal constraints.
  • Praised for portraying women as active agents rather than passive victims.

Awards & Recognition

  • International Booker Prize 2025
  • Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award
  • Daana Chintamani Attimabbe Award
  • PEN Translation Prize 2024 for Haseena and Other Stories

Significance

  • Highlights the global literary relevance of regional Indian languages.
  • Inspires greater representation of marginalized voices in mainstream literature.
  • Demonstrates the power of translation in making regional narratives globally accessible.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Banu Mushtaq Makes History with International Booker Prize Win
Award International Booker Prize 2025
Winner Banu Mushtaq
Work Heart Lamp (Short stories)
Language Originally in Kannada
Translated by Deepa Bhasthi
Main Theme Lives of Muslim women in southern India
Significance First Kannada-language book to win the prize
Previous Related Win Geetanjali Shree’s Tomb of Sand (2022)

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_20.1

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_21.1

Monthly Current Affairs