What Is Driving the Sharp Fall in NPAs and Rise in Bank Profits in India?

India’s banking and financial system is showing its strongest fundamentals in decades. The Economic Survey 2025-26, tabled in Parliament, paints a picture of healthier banks, faster NPA recovery, expanding credit to MSMEs, rising rural profitability, and deeper financial inclusion. Together, these trends signal a structural strengthening of India’s financial ecosystem.

Sharp Improvement in Asset Quality of Banks

India’s Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs) have witnessed a major turnaround in asset quality.
Both Gross NPA (GNPA) and Net NPA ratios have fallen to multi-decadal and record-low levels.
At the same time, banks remain well-capitalised, with the Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets Ratio (CRAR) standing at a healthy 17.2% as of September 2025.
Most notably, the recovery rate in NPAs has nearly doubled, rising from 13.2% in FY18 to 26.2% in FY25, reflecting stronger credit discipline and more effective resolution mechanisms.

IBC Delivers Better Recovery Outcomes

The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code has emerged as a cornerstone of banking reform.
From around 1,300 resolved cases, creditors recovered ₹3.99 lakh crore, amounting to 94% of the fair value of resolved businesses and 170% of liquidation value.
The IBC has replaced fragmented earlier laws with a unified framework, improving predictability and timelines. Resolution periods have fallen from 6–8 years to about 2 years.
Reflecting this success, S&P Global Ratings upgraded India’s insolvency regime from Group C to Group B in December 2025.

Regional Rural Banks Post Record Profits

The financial health of Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) has improved sharply following consolidation and technology integration.
Under the One-State-One-RRB policy, their number was reduced from 196 to 28 by May 2025.
As a result, RRBs achieved a record consolidated net profit of ₹7.6 thousand crore in FY24, followed by the second-highest profit of ₹6.8 thousand crore in FY25.
Importantly, RRBs have consistently exceeded the 75% priority sector lending target, reaffirming their role in rural and agricultural credit delivery.

Microfinance Sector Shows Sustained Growth

India’s microfinance sector continues to expand its reach among underserved communities.
Active borrowers nearly doubled from 330 lakh in FY14 to 627 lakh in FY25, while the gross loan portfolio increased sevenfold to ₹2.38 lakh crore.
The sector remains strongly inclusive, with 95% women borrowers and 80% rural clients.
Branch networks expanded from 11,687 to 37,380, strengthening last-mile credit delivery. Going forward, responsible lending and robust credit assessment will be key to managing cyclical risks.

Question

Q. As per Economic Survey 2025–26, the recovery rate in NPAs of SCBs in FY25 was approximately:

A. 13%
B. 18%
C. 26%
D. 40%

How many Countries are there in the European Union? Check the List of Member Countries

The European Union is a group of countries in Europe that have agreed to work together for common goals. These countries cooperate in areas like trade, travel, education, and economic growth. By sharing rules and policies, the EU helps make life easier for citizens and strengthens relations between nations. Understanding this union helps explain how European countries stay connected and support each other.

An Overview of European Union

The European Union was formed to strengthen cooperation among European countries after World War II. It allows free movement of people, goods, services, and capital among member nations.

Parameter	Details
Name	European Union
Year of Establishment	1952
Total Member Countries (2026)	27
Combined GDP (2026)	$22.52 trillion
Official Currency	Euro

How many Countries are there in the European Union?

As of 2026, the European Union has 27 member countries. It began with six founding nations in 1952 and expanded gradually. The latest country to join the EU was Croatia in 2013.

Although the United Kingdom joined in 1973, it officially left the EU in 2020 due to Brexit, so it is no longer a member.

List of European Union Countries and Year of Joining

Below is the updated list of all 27 EU member countries, along with the year they became part of the European Union.

Country	Year of Joining the EU
Belgium	1952
France	1952
Germany	1952
Italy	1952
Luxembourg	1952
Netherlands	1952
Ireland	1973
Denmark	1973
Greece	1981
Spain	1986
Portugal	1986
Austria	1995
Finland	1995
Sweden	1995
Cyprus	2004
Czechia	2004
Estonia	2004
Hungary	2004
Latvia	2004
Lithuania	2004
Malta	2004
Poland	2004
Slovakia	2004
Slovenia	2004
Bulgaria	2007
Romania	2007
Croatia	2013

Founding Members of the European Union

The European Union was originally formed by six countries in 1952. These nations laid the foundation for European cooperation.

The founding members are:

Belgium
France
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
West Germany (now Germany)

These countries signed early treaties that promoted economic cooperation and peace in Europe.

Important Treaties Behind the European Union

Treaty of Paris (1952): This treaty marked the beginning of European cooperation and led to the creation of early European institutions.

Maastricht Treaty (1992): The Maastricht Treaty formally established the European Union and introduced the concept of EU citizenship. It also set the path for the common currency, the Euro.

Youngest Member of the EU

Croatia is the newest member of the European Union. It officially joined the EU in 2013, becoming the 28th member at that time (before the UK’s exit).

Which Country Left the European Union?

The United Kingdom left the European Union in 2020, following a public vote known as Brexit. It remains the only country to have exited the EU so far.

Official Currency of the European Union

The Euro (€) is the official currency of the European Union. Currently, 21 out of 27 EU countries use the Euro as their main currency, while others still use their national currencies.

Michael Nobbs Former Coach Of Indian Hockey Team Passed Away

What Michael Nobbs Did for Indian Hockey Before He Passed Away

Former Australian hockey player and former India men’s hockey coach Michael Nobbs passed away at the age of 72 after a prolonged illness. The news was confirmed today, bringing sadness to the global hockey community. Nobbs is remembered not only for his international playing career with Australia but also for his role in rebuilding the Indian men’s hockey team during a challenging phase, including leading India at the 2012 London Olympics.

Michael Nobbs Playing Career

Michael Nobbs was a respected figure in Australian hockey long before his coaching journey.
He earned 76 international caps for Australia between 1979 and 1985.
During this period, he was part of strong Australian sides that competed at the 1981 Hockey World Cup in Bombay and the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics.
Known for his tactical understanding and discipline, Nobbs contributed to Australia’s growing reputation as a competitive hockey nation.
His experience at the highest level later shaped his coaching philosophy and approach to developing teams.

Coaching Role with Indian Men’s Hockey Team

Nobbs took over as head coach of the India men’s national field hockey team in 2011, a difficult phase after India failed to qualify for the 2008 Beijing Olympics. His appointment was seen as part of a rebuilding effort.
Under his guidance, India qualified for and competed in the 2012 London Olympics.
Although results were mixed, his tenure focused on fitness, structure and international exposure, helping Indian hockey transition towards a more modern and competitive style.

International Coaching Experience

Apart from India, Michael Nobbs also served as head coach of Japan’s national hockey team.
His international coaching career reflected his ability to work across cultures and hockey systems.
Nobbs was known for emphasizing discipline, physical conditioning and tactical awareness.
His experience as both a former international player and a global coach allowed him to contribute to the development of hockey beyond Australia.
Many players and administrators remember him as a mentor who focused on long-term growth rather than short-term success.

Key Summary at a Glance

Aspect	Details
Why in News?	Michael Nobbs passed away at age 72
Nationality	Australian
Playing Career	76 caps for Australia (1979–1985)
India Coaching Role	Head coach at 2012 London Olympics
Other Teams Coached	Japan
Legacy	Player, global coach, hockey mentor

Question

Q. Michael Nobbs coached the Indian men’s hockey team at which Olympics?

A. Beijing 2008
B. London 2012
C. Rio 2016
D. Tokyo 2020

What is Bombardier Learjet 45? Specification and Company details

The Bombardier Learjet 45 is a mid-size business jet aircraft. It is mainly used by corporate leaders, private companies, and government officials for short and medium-distance travel. The aircraft is known for its speed, comfort, and reliability.

The Learjet 45 was developed by Bombardier Aerospace under its Learjet division. It first flew in 1995 and entered service in 1998. The aircraft can carry 6 to 9 passengers, depending on the seating layout.

Bombardier Learjet 45: Key Specifications

Aircraft Type: Mid-size business jet
Manufacturer: Bombardier Aerospace (Learjet Division)
Passenger Capacity: 6–9 passengers
Crew: 2 pilots
Maximum Speed: Around 860 km/h
Range: About 3,700 km
Engines: Two Honeywell TFE731 turbofan engines
Cruising Altitude: Up to 45,000 feet
Cabin Features: Comfortable seating, low noise, and modern avionics

The Learjet 45 is designed for fast and smooth travel, even on long routes. Its high cruising altitude helps avoid bad weather and turbulence.

Manufacturer of Learjet 45

The Learjet 45 was manufactured by Bombardier Aerospace through its Learjet Division. Bombardier is a Canadian aerospace company known for making business jets, regional aircraft, and rail systems. The Learjet 45 was produced as part of Bombardier’s effort to modernize the Learjet brand with a new, efficient, and high-performance business jet.

Design and Cabin Features of Learjet 45

The Learjet 45 fits between smaller Learjets like the Model 31 and larger ones like the Model 60. It offers the operating cost of a light jet but the comfort and performance of a mid-size jet.

The aircraft has a flat-floor cabin with extra headroom. A typical layout includes eight passenger seats arranged in a double-club style. There is also a fully enclosed toilet that can be used as an extra seat and a baggage area inside the cabin. An additional external baggage compartment is also available.

Major Variants of the Learjet 45

Learjet 45XR: Introduced in 2004, the 45XR is a more powerful version with upgraded engines. It offers better takeoff performance, higher payload, faster climb rates, and shorter runway requirements.
Learjet 40: The Learjet 40 is a shorter version of the 45, with less cabin space. It was designed for fewer passengers and did not include an auxiliary power unit.
Learjet 40XR: This is an upgraded version of the Learjet 40, featuring engine improvements similar to the 45XR.
Learjet 75: Launched in 2012, the Learjet 75 is an advanced version of the 45XR. It includes stronger engines, modern Garmin avionics, improved winglets, and better overall efficiency. It replaced the Learjet 45XR as the main product.
Learjet 70: The Learjet 70 is a shorter version of the Learjet 75. It was less popular and discontinued in 2015.

Fuel Capacity of Learjet 45

The Learjet 45 can carry about 6,062 pounds of usable fuel, which is a little over 900 gallons. With this fuel, the aircraft can fly roughly 2,000 to 2,100 nautical miles when carrying four passengers. During normal flight, it uses around 200 to 205 gallons of fuel per hour. Its maximum takeoff weight ranges between 20,500 and 21,499 pounds, depending on the model.

About the Aircraft Owner: VSR Ventures Pvt. Ltd.

The Bombardier Learjet 45 involved in the recent incident was owned by VSR Ventures Pvt. Ltd., a Delhi-based aviation company. The firm has been operating for more than 15 years and provides services such as:

Aircraft management
Maintenance and operations
Aviation consulting
Regulatory coordination with DGCA and other authorities

According to its website, VSR Ventures focuses on safe, reliable, and efficient air travel for corporate and special-purpose travel.

What Makes Aadhaar a Valid Proof for SIR Voter List Revision?

The Supreme Court of India has once again stepped into the heated debate around Aadhaar and voter identity, triggering fresh discussions ahead of upcoming elections. In a recent hearing, the court firmly defended the acceptance of Aadhaar as an identity document during the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls. The case has raised important constitutional questions about citizenship, migration, deletion of voters, and the powers of the Election Commission of India (ECI). For millions of voters and exam aspirants alike, this ruling carries serious legal and democratic significance that cannot be ignored.

Supreme Court’s Stand on Aadhaar as Identity Proof

The Supreme Court made it clear that Aadhaar is not proof of citizenship, but it can still be used as a valid identity document under election laws.
The bench observed that even passport services are outsourced to private agencies, yet their validity is never questioned.
According to the court, when a private entity performs a public duty under statutory backing, the document cannot be automatically rejected.
The judges clarified that Aadhaar is only one among 11 documents prescribed by the ECI for SIR.
Its purpose is to help verify identity and avoid duplication, not to decide nationality or domicile of a person.

What is Special Intensive Revision (SIR)?

Special Intensive Revision is a detailed exercise conducted by the Election Commission of India to clean and update electoral rolls.
Unlike annual revisions, SIR focuses on large-scale verification to identify duplicate, migrated, deceased, or wrongly included voters.
The Supreme Court highlighted that migration within and across states has increased significantly over the years, making such an exercise necessary.
SIR allows Electoral Registration Officers (EROs) to verify documents and ensure that voter lists reflect current realities.
The court said that additions and deletions are both part of correction and are essential for free and fair elections.

Debate Over Citizenship and Aadhaar

Senior advocates opposing Aadhaar argued that the Aadhaar Act itself states Aadhaar is not proof of citizenship.
They warned that Aadhaar can be obtained by residents staying in India for over 182 days, raising fears of non-citizens entering voter lists.
The Supreme Court responded by stating that none of the documents prescribed by ECI directly prove citizenship, including land records.
What matters is whether the document helps achieve the purpose of electoral integrity.
The court emphasized that Aadhaar’s role is limited to identity verification and does not override existing citizenship laws.

Role and Powers of Election Commission

The Supreme Court strongly backed the constitutional powers of the Election Commission under Article 324.
It clarified that the Electoral Registration Officer (ERO) has the authority to decide on inclusion or deletion of names during SIR.
While concerns about misuse were acknowledged, the bench stressed that such powers cannot be unbridled and must be exercised with transparency and accountability.
The court rejected the argument that only the Central Government can decide citizenship issues for voter deletion, stating that ERO decisions are subject to legal safeguards and judicial review.

Key Summary at a Glance

Aspect	Details
Why in News?	Supreme Court defended Aadhaar as identity proof in SIR
Main Issue	Validity of Aadhaar in electoral roll verification
Court’s View	Aadhaar is identity proof, not citizenship proof
Authority Involved	Election Commission of India
Legal Basis	Article 324, Representation of People Act
Concern Areas	Migration, deletion of voters, transparency

Question

Q. The Supreme Court clarified that Aadhaar can be used in elections primarily as:

A) Proof of citizenship
B) Proof of domicile
C) Proof of identity
D) Proof of nationality

Important Days in February 2026, Check the List of National and International Days

February may be the shortest month of the year, but it holds many important national and international days. These days help us remember great events, honor important causes, and spread awareness about health, education, culture, science, and social issues. From celebrating science and languages to focusing on equality and environmental protection, the important days of February are useful for students, competitive exam preparation, and general knowledge, making this month meaningful and informative.

Important Days in February 2026

February 2026 is the second month of the year and marks the end of the winter season in India. This month is filled with many important national and international days, festivals, and awareness events. These special days help people understand social issues, history, health, culture, and national development. Knowing these dates is very useful for exams like Banking, SSC, UPSC, and other competitive tests.

List of Important Days in February 2026, National and International Days

February 2026 is an important month filled with several national and international days. These occasions highlight history, culture, health, science, and social awareness, making them useful for general knowledge and competitive exam preparation.

Here is the list of important days in February 2026:

Date	Important Events
February 1, 2026	Union Budget
	Indian Coast Guard Day
	Guru Ravidas Jayanti
February 1 – 7 2026	International Development Week
February 2, 2026	World Wetlands Day
February 2, 2026	RA Awareness Day
February 3, 2026	National Golden Retriever Day
February 4, 2026	World Cancer Day
February 4, 2026	National Day of Sri Lanka
February 6, 2026	International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation
February 7 – 14, 2026	Valentine’s Week
February 8, 2026	National Opera Day
February 9, 2026	Baba Amte’s Death Anniversary
February 10, 2026	National Deworming Day
	World Pulses Day
	International Epilepsy Day
February 11, 2026	World Day of the Sick
	International Day of Women and Girls in Science
	Safer Internet Day
February 12, 2026	Darwin Day
	Abraham Lincoln’s Birthday
	National Productivity Day
February 13, 2026	World Radio Day
February 13, 2026	Sarojini Naidu Birth Anniversary
February 14, 2026	Valentine’s Day
February 14, 2026	World Congenital Heart Defect Awareness Day
February 15, 2026	Mahashivratri
February 17-27, 2026	Taj Mahotsav
February 17, 2026	Ramadan Begins
February 19, 2026	World Anthropology Day
February 20, 2026	Arunachal Pradesh Foundation Day
	Mizoram Foundation Day
	World Day of Social Justice
February 21, 2026	International Mother Language Day
February 22, 2026	World Thinking Day
February 23, 2026	World Peace and Understanding Day
February 24, 2026	Central Excise Day
February 26, 2026	Veer Savarkar’s Death Anniversary
February 27, 2026	World NGO Day
February 28, 2026	National Science Day
February 28, 2026	Rare Disease Day

Important Days in February 2026

1 February – Union Budget

The Union Budget is presented by India’s Finance Minister every year on 1 February. It shows the government’s plans for income, spending, taxes, and development for the coming financial year. This event plays a major role in shaping the country’s economy.

1 February – Indian Coast Guard Day

Indian Coast Guard Day celebrates the establishment of the Indian Coast Guard. It honors the force for protecting India’s coastal borders, preventing smuggling, and ensuring maritime safety. The day highlights the importance of sea security and national defense.

1 February – Guru Ravidas Jayanti

Guru Ravidas Jayanti marks the birth of the great saint and reformer Guru Ravidas. He preached equality, love, and unity among people. His teachings encouraged a society free from caste discrimination and promoted harmony and respect for all.

1–7 February – International Development Week

International Development Week focuses on global efforts to reduce poverty and support sustainable growth. It highlights careers and projects that help improve education, health, and living conditions in developing countries through international cooperation.

2 February – World Wetlands Day

World Wetlands Day spreads awareness about the importance of wetlands like lakes, marshes, and rivers. These ecosystems help control floods, support wildlife, and maintain water balance. The day reminds people to protect and conserve wetlands.

2 February – RA Awareness Day

Rheumatoid Arthritis Awareness Day educates people about this long-term joint disease. It focuses on early diagnosis, proper treatment, and improving the quality of life for patients suffering from pain, swelling, and mobility problems.

3 February – National Golden Retriever Day

This day celebrates the Golden Retriever dog breed, known for its friendly nature and intelligence. The day appreciates their role as family pets, service dogs, and companions, highlighting their loyalty and loving behavior.

4 February – World Cancer Day

World Cancer Day encourages people to learn about cancer prevention, early detection, and treatment. It spreads hope and support for patients and survivors while promoting healthy lifestyles and stronger healthcare systems worldwide.

4 February – National Day of Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka celebrates its Independence Day on 4 February. The day marks freedom from British rule in 1948 and honors the country’s history, culture, and struggle for independence.

6 February – International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation

This day raises awareness about the harmful practice of female genital mutilation. It focuses on protecting human rights, educating communities, and supporting the health and dignity of girls and women across the world.

7–14 February – Valentine’s Week

Valentine’s Week includes several days dedicated to love and relationships, ending on Valentine’s Day. It celebrates emotions like friendship, care, and affection through special days such as Rose Day, Propose Day, and Chocolate Day.

8 February – National Opera Day

National Opera Day celebrates the art of opera, which combines music, acting, and storytelling. It honors performers and composers while encouraging people to explore this rich and expressive form of musical theatre.

9 February – Baba Amte’s Death Anniversary

This day remembers Baba Amte, a great social worker who devoted his life to helping leprosy patients. His work promoted dignity, rehabilitation, and social acceptance for marginalized communities in India.

10 February – National Deworming Day

National Deworming Day aims to protect children from worm infections. The government provides free medicine to improve nutrition, health, and school attendance among children across the country.

10 February – World Pulses Day

World Pulses Day highlights the benefits of pulses like lentils and beans. Pulses are rich in protein, affordable, and environmentally friendly, making them important for healthy diets and sustainable farming.

10 February – International Epilepsy Day

This day spreads awareness about epilepsy, a neurological condition. It promotes understanding, removes social stigma, and encourages better medical care and research for people living with epilepsy.

11 February – World Day of the Sick

World Day of the Sick focuses on showing care and compassion for people suffering from illness. It encourages prayers, support, and better healthcare facilities for patients around the world.

11 February – International Day of Women and Girls in Science

This day recognizes the achievements of women and girls in science and technology. It encourages equal opportunities, education, and participation in scientific fields to build a more inclusive future.

11 February – Safer Internet Day

Safer Internet Day promotes responsible and safe use of the internet. It focuses on protecting children and young people from online risks and encouraging digital awareness and cybersecurity.

12 February – Darwin Day

Darwin Day celebrates the birth of Charles Darwin, who introduced the theory of evolution. The day honors scientific thinking, curiosity, and the importance of understanding life through evidence-based research.

12 February – Abraham Lincoln’s Birthday

This day honors Abraham Lincoln, one of the most respected U.S. Presidents. He is remembered for leading the nation during the Civil War and working to end slavery in America.

12 February – National Productivity Day

National Productivity Day promotes efficient work culture and better use of resources. It encourages industries and organizations to improve performance, innovation, and economic growth.

13 February – World Radio Day

World Radio Day celebrates radio as a powerful communication tool. It highlights radio’s role in spreading information, education, and entertainment, especially in remote and rural areas.

13 February – Sarojini Naidu Birth Anniversary

This day remembers Sarojini Naidu, a freedom fighter and poet. She played a key role in India’s independence movement and became the first woman governor of an Indian state.

14 February – Valentine’s Day

Valentine’s Day celebrates love and affection between people. Couples, friends, and families express their feelings through gifts, messages, and quality time together.

14 February – World Congenital Heart Defect Awareness Day

This day spreads awareness about heart defects present at birth. It educates people about early diagnosis, treatment options, and support for children and families affected by the condition.

15 February – Mahashivratri

Mahashivratri is a major Hindu festival dedicated to Lord Shiva. Devotees observe fasting, prayers, and night-long worship to seek spiritual growth, strength, and inner peace.

17–27 February – Taj Mahotsav

Taj Mahotsav is a cultural festival held in Agra. It showcases India’s rich heritage through music, dance, crafts, and food, celebrating traditional art forms near the Taj Mahal.

17 February – Ramadan Begins

Ramadan marks the beginning of a holy month for Muslims. During this period, believers fast from dawn to sunset, practice self-discipline, and focus on prayer, charity, and compassion.

19 February – World Anthropology Day

World Anthropology Day highlights the study of human cultures and societies. It helps people understand human behavior, traditions, and social development across different communities.

20 February – Arunachal Pradesh Foundation Day

This day celebrates the formation of Arunachal Pradesh. It marks its journey as a Union Territory and later as a state, honoring its culture, history, and people.

20 February – Mizoram Foundation Day

Mizoram Foundation Day marks the state’s formation in 1987. It celebrates the unique traditions, culture, and progress of the state and its people.

20 February – World Day of Social Justice

This day focuses on fairness and equality in society. It highlights issues like poverty, unemployment, and social exclusion while promoting equal rights and opportunities for all.

21 February – International Mother Language Day

International Mother Language Day promotes language diversity and cultural heritage. It encourages people to respect and preserve their native languages around the world.

22 February – World Thinking Day

World Thinking Day is celebrated by Girl Guides and Girl Scouts. It promotes global friendship, leadership, and awareness of social issues faced by girls worldwide.

23 February – World Peace and Understanding Day

This day encourages peace and harmony among nations. It highlights the importance of mutual understanding and cooperation to build a peaceful global society.

24 February – Central Excise Day

Central Excise Day honors the work of excise officials in India. It promotes transparency, honesty, and efficient tax collection in the manufacturing sector.

26 February – Veer Savarkar’s Death Anniversary

This day remembers Veer Savarkar, a freedom fighter and thinker. He played a significant role in India’s independence movement and contributed to nationalist ideas.

27 February – World NGO Day

World NGO Day recognizes the efforts of non-governmental organizations. It appreciates their work in education, health, environment, and social welfare across the globe.

28 February – National Science Day

National Science Day celebrates the discovery of the Raman Effect by C. V. Raman. It promotes scientific thinking and encourages students to pursue science and innovation.

28 February – Rare Disease Day

Rare Disease Day raises awareness about uncommon medical conditions. It supports patients, families, and researchers working toward better diagnosis, treatment, and care.

Which State has made Aadhaar authentication mandatory for property registration?

Which State Will Be Required Aadhaar Authentication for Property Registration?

Uttar Pradesh has announced that Aadhaar authentication will be mandatory for property registration. The new rule will be effective from 1 February 2026, makes biometric verification compulsory for all parties involved in property transactions, marking a shift towards more transparent and secure land administration.

About Uttar Pradesh Government Decision

From 1 February 2026, property registration in Uttar Pradesh will require mandatory Aadhaar authentication.
This means that at the time of registration, buyers, sellers, and witnesses must undergo biometric verification using Aadhaar.
Without successful authentication, registration will not be completed.
This measure applies to all property transactions, including sale deeds and other land-related documents.

Why Aadhaar Authentication Is Being Introduced

According to Ravindra Jaiswal, Minister of State for Stamps and Registration, Aadhaar-based verification will bring transparency and credibility to the registration process.
Land and property fraud such as impersonation, forged identities, and multiple registrations has been a persistent issue.
Biometric Aadhaar verification ensures that the real individuals involved are physically present, reducing chances of identity misuse and fraudulent transfers.

How the New System Will Work

Under the new system, biometric devices at registration offices will authenticate Aadhaar details of all parties involved.
The process links identity verification directly with the registration record, creating a tamper-proof digital trail.
This also strengthens integration with land records and registration databases, supporting faster verification and easier audits in case of disputes.

Impact on Land Governance

This decision aligns with India’s broader push towards digital governance and transparent public services.
Aadhaar-based authentication has already been adopted in welfare delivery, banking, and other public services.
Extending it to property registration strengthens land record modernisation, improves trust in transactions and supports long-term reforms under Digital India and ease of living initiatives.

Key Summary at a Glance

Aspect	Details
Why in News?	Aadhaar made mandatory for property registration
State	Uttar Pradesh
Authentication Type	Biometric Aadhaar verification
Effective Date	1 February 2026
Applies To	Buyers, sellers, and witnesses
Objective	Prevent land fraud, enhance transparency

Question

Q. From which date will Aadhaar authentication become mandatory for property registration in Uttar Pradesh?

A. 1 January 2026
B. 1 February 2026
C. 15 February 2026
D. 1 March 2026

What Is Martyrs’ Day and Why Is It Observed on January 30?

On January 30 every year, India pauses to remember the immense sacrifices made for its freedom. Martyrs Day 2026 holds special significance as it marks the death anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, whose life and ideals shaped India’s non-violent freedom struggle and continue to inspire the nation. Martyrs Day, also known as Shaheed Diwas, is unique because it is marked on two important dates. 30 January commemorates the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi in 1948. 23 March remembers the execution of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev in 1931 by the British colonial government.

History of Martyrs Day

Martyrs Day, also known as Shaheed Diwas, commemorates the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi on January 30, 1948.
Gandhi was shot by Nathuram Godse while on his way to a prayer meeting at Birla Bhavan in Delhi. His death was a defining moment in independent India’s history, occurring just months after freedom was achieved.
Since then, the day has been dedicated to remembering not only Gandhi but also countless freedom fighters who sacrificed their lives for the nation.

Significance of Martyrs Day

The observance of Martyrs’ Day serves as a reminder that India’s independence was achieved at a great human cost.
It reinforces the values of non-violence, truth, courage, and patriotism that Gandhi stood for.
By honouring martyrs, the nation reflects on its moral responsibilities and the need to uphold democratic ideals.
The day also encourages citizens, especially the youth, to appreciate freedom and contribute positively to society.

How Martyrs Day Is Observed

On January 30, prayer meetings and tribute ceremonies are held at Raj Ghat in Delhi, the memorial of Mahatma Gandhi.
National leaders, government officials, and citizens pay floral tributes and observe moments of silence.
Across India, schools and institutions organise remembrance programmes, speeches, and discussions to educate students about the freedom struggle and the ideals of Gandhi.

Mahatma Gandhi’s Enduring Legacy

Mahatma Gandhi led India’s freedom movement through non-violent resistance (Ahimsa) and civil disobedience, influencing global leaders and movements.
His philosophy extended beyond politics, focusing on social harmony, self-reliance, and ethical living.
Even decades after his death, Gandhi’s thoughts remain relevant in addressing issues like conflict resolution, social justice, and peaceful coexistence.

10 Inspirational Quotes by Mahatma Gandhi

“Be the change that you wish to see in the world.”
“Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony.”
“The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others.”
“The future depends on what you do today.”
“In a gentle way, you can shake the world.”
“First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win.”
“The weak can never forgive. Forgiveness is the attribute of the strong.”
“An eye for an eye only ends up making the whole world blind.”
“Live as if you were to die tomorrow; learn as if you were to live forever.”
“You must be the change you want to see in the world.”

Key Summary at a Glance

Aspect	Details
Why in News?	Martyrs Day 2026 observed
Date	30 January Every Year
Occasion	Death anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi
Also Known As	Shaheed Diwas
Place of Assassination	Birla Bhavan, Delhi
Core Values	Remembered Non-violence, sacrifice, patriotism

Question

Q1. Martyrs Day in India is observed on which date?

A. 26 January
B. 15 August
C. 30 January
D. 2 October

Which Country Presented the First Budget in the World?

A budget is an important financial plan that shows how a government will collect money and how it will spend it in a year. Every country today presents a budget to manage its expenses and future goals. But this system did not always exist. Long ago, one country first introduced the idea of a proper budget, which later became a model for the whole world.

What is the Meaning of Budget?

A budget is a financial plan prepared by the government for a fixed period, usually one year. It gives a clear picture of government income, expenditure, savings, and future economic priorities. Through the budget, the government decides spending on sectors like education, health, defense, infrastructure, and welfare schemes.

Origin of the World ”Budget”

The word budget has an interesting history rooted in different languages.

It comes from the Latin word “Bulga”, which means a leather bag.
Later, in French, it became “Bougette”, referring to a small bag used to carry money papers.
In English, the word evolved into “Budget”, symbolizing a financial statement carried in a bag and presented in Parliament.

Which Country Presented the First Budget in the World?

England was the first country in the world to present a budget. In 1760, the British government introduced the world’s first official budget. This historic step created a formal system of presenting government income and expenditure to lawmakers. England’s budget system later became a model for many countries across the globe.

Budget Presented by Other Countries

After England, several nations adopted the budget system over time. France presented its first budget in 1817, following modern administrative reforms. The United States introduced its first federal budget in 1921, after the Budget and Accounting Act was passed. These developments helped strengthen transparency and financial planning in governments.

First Budget in India During British Rule

In India, the budget system began during British rule. The first budget in India was presented in 1860 by James Wilson, the first Finance Member of the Viceroy’s Council. This budget mainly focused on managing colonial revenues and expenditures.

First Budget of Independent India

After independence, India presented its first budget in 1947. The first Interim Budget of independent India was presented on 26 November 1947 by R. K. Shanmukham Chetty, the country’s first Finance Minister. This budget laid the foundation of India’s modern economic system.

When is the Union Budget Presented in India?

In India, the Union Budget is presented every year on 1 February in Parliament. It outlines the financial roadmap for the upcoming financial year, which runs from April to March. The budget speech is delivered by the Finance Minister in the Lok Sabha.

How is the Budget Prepared in India?

The budget-making process is detailed and systematic.

Initial Preparation Stage: The process begins months in advance. The Finance Ministry collects data, estimates revenue, and reviews past financial performance.
Consultation with Stakeholders: Experts, economists, industry leaders, state governments, and various ministries share suggestions. This helps the government understand economic needs and challenges.
Drafting the Budget: The Finance Ministry prepares the draft budget, including tax proposals, spending plans, and new schemes.
Cabinet Approval: The draft budget is reviewed by the Prime Minister and the Union Cabinet. After final changes, approval is given.

Presentation and Approval of the Budget

The Finance Minister presents the budget speech in Parliament. The budget has two main parts:

Revenue – Government income, taxes, and receipts
Expenditure – Spending on development, welfare, defense, education, health, and subsidies

After presentation, Parliament debates the budget. Standing Committees examine ministry-wise allocations. Finally, after discussions and voting, the budget gets approved.

What is Economic Survey? Why it is Presented Before the Union Budget?

The Economic Survey for FY26 is being presented in Parliament by Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman. This important document works like a yearly report card of the Indian economy. It explains how the economy performed in the past year and what lies ahead in the near and long term. At a time when global uncertainty is high and markets are volatile, the Economic Survey becomes even more meaningful for policymakers, investors and common citizens.

What is Economic Survey?

The Economic Survey is an official government document that gives a detailed review of India’s economic condition. It analyses major areas such as economic growth, inflation, employment, government finances, agriculture, industry, services and external trade. The survey uses data, trends and expert analysis to explain how the economy has performed and what challenges and opportunities may arise in the future. It acts as a guiding document for understanding India’s economic direction.

Why is it Presented Before the Union Budget?

The Economic Survey is presented just before the Union Budget because it sets the foundation for budget decisions. It highlights economic strengths, weaknesses and priority areas that need government support. Based on the findings of the survey, the government plans taxes, spending and reforms in the Union Budget. In simple terms, the Economic Survey explains “where the economy stands,” while the Budget explains “what the government plans to do next.”

Who Prepares the Economic Survey?

The Economic Survey is prepared by the Economic Division of the Department of Economic Affairs under the Ministry of Finance. It is written under the leadership of the Chief Economic Adviser (CEA), who is currently Dr. V. Anantha Nageswaran. A team of economists and experts contribute data analysis and insights to ensure the survey reflects accurate economic conditions and future risks.

Why the Economic Survey Matters So Much?

The Economic Survey is important because it signals the government’s thinking on economic policy. Investors, businesses, economists and global institutions closely study the survey to understand India’s growth outlook. It also helps students and researchers gain a clear picture of how different sectors of the economy are performing and what reforms may be introduced in the coming year.

Key Themes Expected in the FY26 Economic Survey

The FY26 Economic Survey is expected to focus on several important areas. These include India’s real GDP growth outlook, inflation trends, performance of the banking sector, agriculture growth, export performance and the role of the services sector. Special attention may also be given to global risks, currency movements and commodity prices, especially with rising gold and silver rates and a weaker rupee.

Market Movements and Global Uncertainty

Ahead of the Economic Survey, financial markets have shown sharp movements. The Indian rupee has fallen to record lows against the US dollar, while gold and silver prices have reached historic highs. These developments highlight global uncertainty and rising risk perceptions. The survey is expected to address how such global trends may impact India’s economic stability and growth.

Where to Watch and Access the Economic Survey?

The presentation of the Economic Survey can be watched live on Sansad TV and Doordarshan. After it is tabled in Parliament, the full document will be available on the official Union Budget website, indiabudget.gov.in. A media briefing by senior finance ministry officials and the Chief Economic Adviser will also explain the key findings in detail.