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States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

States and Capitals

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO State Capital CM Governor
1 Andhra Pradesh Amaravati Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu S. Abdul Nazer
2 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Pema Khandu Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3 Assam Dispur Himanta Biswa Sarma Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4 Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar Arif Mohammed Khan
5 Chhattisgarh Raipur Vishnu Deo Sai Ramen Deka
6 Goa Panaji Pramod Sawant P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7 Gujarat Gandhinagar Bhupendra Patel Acharya Dev Vrat
8 Haryana Chandigarh Nayab Singh Saini Bandaru Dattatraya
9 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu Shiv Pratap Shukla
10 Jharkhand Ranchi Hemant Soren Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11 Karnataka Bengaluru Siddaramaiah Thaawarchand Gehlot
12 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Pinarayi Vijayan Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Mohan Yadav Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14 Maharashtra Mumbai Devendra Fadnavis C.P. Radhakrishnan
15 Manipur Imphal N. Biren Singh
Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16 Meghalaya Shillong Conrad Kongkal Sangma
C H Vijayashankar
17 Mizoram Aizawl Lalduhoma General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18 Nagaland Kohima Neiphiu Rio
La. Ganesan
19 Odisha Bhubaneswar Mohan Charan Majhi
Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20 Punjab Chandigarh Bhagwant Singh Mann Gulab Chand Kataria
21 Rajasthan Jaipur Bhajan Lal Sharma Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22 Sikkim Gangtok PS Golay Om Prakash Mathur
23 Tamil Nadu Chennai M. K. Stalin R. N. Ravi
24 Telangana Hyderabad Anumula Revanth Reddy Jishnu Dev Varma
25 Tripura Agartala Dr. Manik Saha Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Yogi Aditya Nath Anandiben Patel
27 Uttarakhand Dehradun Pushkar Singh Dhami Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28 West Bengal Kolkata Mamata Banerjee Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO Union Territories Capital CM Lt. Governor
1 Andaman and Nicobar Island Port Blair NA D K Joshi
2 Chandigarh Chandigarh NA Banwarilal Purohit
3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Daman NA Praful Patel
4 Delhi Delhi Rekha Gupta Vinai Kumar Saxena
5 Ladakh NA NA B. D. Mishra
6 Lakshadweep Kavaratti NA Praful Patel
7 Jammu and Kashmir NA Omar Abdullah Manoj Sinha
8 Puducherry Pondicherry N. Rangaswamy C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference States Union Territories
Head of Administration Governor Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type Elected by the People Managed by the central government
Powers Shares power with the central government. Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No. States Language
1 Andhra Pradesh Telugu and Urdu
2 Arunachal Pradesh Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3 Assam Assamese
4 Bihar Hindi
5 Chhattisgarh Hindi
6 Goa Marathi Konkani
7 Gujarat Gujarati
8 Haryana Hindi
9 Himachal Pradesh Hindi and Pahari
10 Jharkhand Hindi
11 Karnataka Kannada
12 Kerala Malayalam
13 Madhya Pradesh Hindi
14 Maharashtra Marathi
15 Manipur Manipuri
16 Meghalaya Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17 Mizoram Mizo and English
18 Nagaland Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19 Odisha Oriya
20 Punjab Punjabi
21 Rajasthan Rajasthani and Hindi
22 Sikkim Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23 Tamil Nadu Tamil
24 Telangana Telugu
25 Tripura Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26 Uttar Pradesh Hindi
27 Uttarakhand Hindi
28 West Bengal Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

  • Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
  • Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
  • Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
  • Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
  • Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
  • Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
  • Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
  • Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

India Celebrates 125 Years of Solar Research with Kodaikanal Observatory Stamp

In a proud tribute to one of India’s oldest and most prestigious solar research institutions, the Department of Posts released a commemorative stamp honouring the 125th anniversary of the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory. The release was held at the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) in Bengaluru on May 17, 2025, recognizing the observatory’s historical and scientific significance in solar astrophysics research since its establishment in 1899.

Why in News?

The 125th anniversary (Quasquicentennial) of the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory was celebrated starting from April 1, 2024. To commemorate this milestone, the Department of Posts issued a special stamp on May 17, 2025, celebrating the observatory’s monumental legacy in solar science and astronomy.

About Kodaikanal Solar Observatory

  • Established: 1 April 1899.
  • Located in: Tamil Nadu, India.
  • Institutional Affiliation: Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA).
  • Legacy: Cradle of Indian research in solar astrophysics for over a century.

Features of the Commemorative Stamp

  • Displays the historic twin-domed building of the observatory.
  • Right Dome: Hosts a 6-inch telescope (originally from Madras Observatory, 1850; installed at Kodaikanal in 1900).
  • Left Dome: Contains an 8-inch telescope (from 1866; brought to Kodaikanal in 1930).
  • Includes a recent H-alpha image of the Sun taken on May 6, 2024.
  • Shows the IIA logo and a ‘Butterfly Diagram’, charting sunspot positions from 1904 to 2020.

Objective of the Stamp

  • Celebrate and honour 125 years of India’s pioneering solar observations.
  • Promote awareness about the contributions of Indian science to global solar research.
  • Provide a philatelic tribute for collectors and space science enthusiasts.

Key Personalities Involved

  • A.S. Kiran Kumar – Former ISRO Chairman and Chairperson of the Governing Council of IIA.
  • S. Rajendra Kumar – Chief Post Master General, Karnataka Circle.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? India Celebrates 125 Years of Solar Research with Kodaikanal Observatory Stamp
Event Release of Commemorative Stamp
Occasion 125th Anniversary of Kodaikanal Solar Observatory
Released by Department of Posts
Key Figures A.S. Kiran Kumar, S. Rajendra Kumar
Location Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), Bengaluru
Featured on Stamp Twin-domed building, Sun image, IIA logo, Butterfly Diagram
Importance Marks India’s contributions in solar astrophysics

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_5.1

Which District of Jammu and Kashmir is Known as the City of Temples?

Jammu and Kashmir is a beautiful place in northern India, known for its natural beauty, rivers and culture. It also has many districts with special names because of their history and importance. One such district is very famous for having many old and beautiful temples. This district attracts many visitors every year who come to see its religious places and enjoy its peaceful atmosphere.

An Overview of Jammu and Kashmir

Jammu and Kashmir is a region in northern India. It is now a union territory managed by India. It covers the southern part of the larger Kashmir area. This region has been in dispute for many years – between India and Pakistan since 1947 and between India and China since 1959. The Line of Control divides J&K from the parts controlled by Pakistan. Jammu and Kashmir is located above the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab, and to the west of Ladakh, which is also a union territory of India.

City of Temples in Jammu and Kashmir

The Jammu district, located in the Indian Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, is famously called the ”City of Temples.” This title is given because the city of Jammu, which is the mian city in the district, is filled with many temples and holy places that are important to people of different faiths.

Why is Jammu Known as the City of Temples?

Jammu has many old and new temples. These temples show the city’s strong religious roots and the faith of the people who live there. Some temples are very famous across India. One well-known temple is the Maha Kali Temple, also called Bahu or Bawey Wali Mata Mandir. This temple is located near the Bahu Fort and many pilgrims visit it every year.

The city’s skyline is filled with temple tops and everywhere you go, you can feel a peaceful and holy atmosphere. This is why Jammu is lovingly called the City of Temples.

Spiritual and Religious Significance

Jammu is not only important for Hindu devotees. The city also has shrines of other religions, showing unity and religious harmony. This makes Jammu a special and peaceful place where people of different faiths come together.

History of Temples in Jammu

The temples in Jammu are not just places of worship. They also tell the history of the city. The roots of Jammu go back to Raja Jambu Lochan, who is believed to have founded the city. Later, Maharaja Gulab Singh and other rulers helped in building and protecting many temples.

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_7.1

NASA’s GRAIL Mission Solves Lunar Mystery of Moon’s Asymmetry

In a major breakthrough, a new NASA study based on data from the GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory) mission has finally resolved a decades-old mystery about why the Moon’s nearside looks dramatically different from its farside. The findings provide crucial insights into the Moon’s internal structure, volcanic history, and thermal evolution.

Why in News?

NASA researchers, using GRAIL mission data, have revealed that gravitational and thermal differences caused by Earth’s pull and internal heat sources are responsible for the asymmetrical appearance of the Moon’s two hemispheres. The study sheds light on the contrasting features of the Moon’s volcanically active nearside and the crater-rich farside.

About GRAIL Mission

  • Full Form: Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory
  • Launched by: NASA in 2011 from Cape Canaveral via Delta II rocket
  • Managed by: Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), with MIT as scientific lead
  • Components: Two spacecraft — Ebb and Flow, flew in tandem
  • Objective: To map the Moon’s gravity field with high precision

Key Objectives and Discoveries

Gravitational Field Mapping

Detected minute changes in lunar gravity to infer internal composition

Crustal Differences

  • Nearside: Thinner crust; allowed lava eruptions forming basaltic plains (mare)
  • Farside: Thicker crust; rugged and heavily cratered due to less volcanic activity

Heat Flow and Radioactive Elements

  • Nearside has higher levels of thorium and titanium
  • Mantle temperature up to 200°C warmer than farside

Tidal Effects

  • Nearside experiences greater tidal flexing due to Earth’s gravity
  • Confirms internal asymmetry between the hemispheres

Significance

  • Solves a long-standing lunar geological puzzle
  • Enhances our understanding of planetary formation and evolution
  • Supports future lunar exploration missions and landing site selections
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? NASA’s GRAIL Mission Solves Lunar Mystery of Moon’s Asymmetry
Mission Name GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory)
Launched 2011 by NASA using Delta II rocket
Managed by NASA’s JPL in collaboration with MIT
Key Spacecraft Ebb and Flow (dual satellites)
Objective Map Moon’s gravity and study internal structure
Major Discovery Asymmetry due to gravitational and thermal differences
Scientific Impact Solved mystery of different appearances of nearside and farside
Mission Status Successfully completed with controlled impact on lunar surface

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_9.1

Scorpene vs Type 209 Submarines: Modern Submarine Warfare

Submarines play a critical role in modern naval warfare, offering stealth, strategic strike capability, and deterrence. Two well-known classes of conventional diesel-electric submarines are the Scorpene-class, developed by France, and the Type 209-class, developed by Germany.

Both are widely exported and used by multiple navies, including India and Pakistan. While they serve similar roles, these submarines differ in design, technology, capabilities, and strategic value.

This comparison highlights the differences between Scorpene and Type 209 submarines, with a focus on stealth, endurance, weapon systems, and deployment.

Origin and Development

Scorpene-Class Submarines:

  • Developed by Naval Group (formerly DCNS) of France.
  • First launched in the early 2000s.
  • Built under technology transfer agreements with countries like India (INS Kalvari-class) and Brazil.
  • Designed for operations in both shallow and deep waters.

Type 209-Class Submarines:

  • Developed by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (HDW) of Germany.
  • In service since the 1970s, with several variants (Type 209/1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, and 1500).
  • Exported to more than 13 countries, including Pakistan, Turkey, South Korea, and Indonesia.

Design and Stealth

Scorpene-Class:

  • Modern hydrodynamic shape designed for low acoustic signature.
  • Incorporates advanced noise suppression, non-magnetic hull, and radiated noise control.
  • Compact design with high stealth features suitable for littoral warfare.

Type 209-Class:

  • Traditional submarine shape with relatively higher acoustic signature.
  • Less stealthy compared to newer-generation designs like Scorpene.
  • Later variants (Type 209/1400 and 1500) improved in stealth and propulsion but still behind Scorpene-class.

Propulsion and Endurance

Scorpene-Class:

  • Diesel-electric propulsion with the option for Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP) systems (like DRDO’s AIP in India).
  • AIP-equipped Scorpenes can stay submerged for 2–3 weeks, improving stealth.
  • Operational endurance of about 50 days.

Type 209-Class:

  • Primarily diesel-electric propulsion, with AIP optional only in upgraded variants.
  • Lower submerged endurance compared to AIP-enabled Scorpene.
  • Operational endurance ranges from 30–45 days, depending on the variant.

Armament and Combat Systems

Scorpene-Class:

  • Equipped with torpedoes, anti-ship missiles, and mines.
  • Capable of launching SM39 Exocet anti-ship missiles (depending on user configuration).
  • Advanced combat management systems and integrated sonar suites.
  • Indian Scorpene submarines use C303 anti-torpedo countermeasure systems.

Type 209-Class:

  • Armed with 8 torpedo tubes, capable of launching heavyweight torpedoes and anti-ship missiles (like Harpoon or Exocet in some configurations).
  • Less advanced combat systems in older versions.
  • Newer upgraded models (like Type 209/1500) include modern sensors and weapon integration.

Crew Comfort and Automation

Scorpene-Class:

  • Smaller crew size (~35–40), thanks to high automation.
  • Better habitability features and ergonomics for extended missions.
  • Focus on crew endurance and multi-day submerged operations.

Type 209-Class:

  • Larger crew size (up to 50), with less automation.
  • Older models may lack advanced life-support features.
  • Upgrades improve efficiency but still lag behind modern Scorpene ergonomics.

Strategic Deployment

India’s Use of Scorpene:

  • Indian Navy operates INS Kalvari, Khanderi, Karanj, Vela, Vagir, and Vagsheer under Project-75.
  • Built by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd (MDL) in collaboration with Naval Group.
  • Will be upgraded with indigenous AIP systems by DRDO in coming years.

Pakistan’s Use of Type 209:

  • Pakistan Navy operates Agosta-90B and Type 209 submarines.
  • Type 209s form the backbone of its underwater fleet.
  • Pakistan is transitioning to newer Hangor-class submarines (from China), but 209s remain in service.

Key Differences at a Glance

Feature Scorpene-Class Type 209-Class
Developer Naval Group (France) HDW (Germany)
Stealth High (modern design) Moderate (older design)
Propulsion Diesel-electric + AIP Diesel-electric (AIP optional)
Endurance Up to 50 days 30–45 days
Armament Torpedoes, missiles, mines Torpedoes, missiles
Combat Systems Modern, integrated Basic to modern (upgrades)
Crew Size 35–40 (automated) 40–50
Countries Using India, Brazil, Malaysia Pakistan, Turkey, others

Archaeological Survey of India restores 16th-century stepwell in Delhi’s Mehrauli

In a major heritage conservation effort, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has completed the restoration of Rajon Ki Baoli, a 16th-century stepwell located in Mehrauli, Delhi. The project is being hailed as a key step toward preserving India’s architectural and environmental legacy, blending historical revival with sustainable water management practices.

Why in News?

The ASI, in collaboration with World Monuments Fund India and the TCS Foundation, has successfully restored the Lodi-era Rajon Ki Baoli as part of a ₹125 crore initiative under the Historic Water Systems of India programme. The restoration, completed in May 2025, is being celebrated for both its cultural significance and environmental impact.

Key Objectives of the Project

  • Preserve and restore a significant example of Lodi-era architecture.
  • Reinstate the historical and functional value of traditional water systems.
  • Promote sustainable water practices through heritage conservation.
  • Engage local communities in environmental and cultural awareness.

Highlights of the Restoration Work

  • Cleaning & Desilting: Removal of debris to improve water storage.
  • Structural Repairs: Using traditional materials like lime mortar and plaster.
  • Drainage Connection: Improved water flow and sanitation.
  • Water Quality Enhancement: Introduction of fish to maintain ecological balance.
  • Authenticity Maintained: Restoration followed historical records to preserve Lodi-era aesthetics.

About Rajon Ki Baoli

  • Built: Circa 1506, during the Lodi dynasty.
  • Structure: Four-tiered stepwell with arched colonnades, stucco medallions, and carved stonework.
  • Dimensions: Covers 1,610 sq. m.; descends 13.4 m deep with the tank measuring 23 x 10 m.
  • Purpose: Traditionally served as a water reservoir and a resting place for travellers.

Significance of the Project

  • Cultural Heritage: A rare surviving example of Indo-Islamic stepwell architecture.
  • Environmental Impact: Promotes traditional water conservation in the era of climate change.
  • Community Engagement: Awareness programs involving locals ensure sustainable upkeep.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Archaeological Survey of India restores 16th-century stepwell in Delhi’s Mehrauli
Project Restoration of Rajon Ki Baoli by ASI
Location Mehrauli, Delhi
Period Built Circa 1506, Lodi Dynasty
Collaborators ASI, World Monuments Fund India (WMFI), TCS Foundation
Objective Heritage preservation, water sustainability, community awareness
Materials Used Lime plaster, traditional mortar
Dimensions of Stepwell 1,610 sq. m. area; 13.4 m depth; 23 x 10 m tank
Cultural Role Indo-Islamic architecture, rest stop for travellers
Environmental Role Revived water system, introduced fish for water quality

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_12.1

World Telecommunication and Information Society Day 2025

World Telecommunication and Information Society Day (WTISD) is observed every year on May 17 to spotlight the critical role of communication and information technologies in modern society. As we navigate an era defined by digital connectivity, the observance promotes awareness about how these technologies can drive inclusive development, close digital gaps, and empower communities. In 2025, the focus is aligned with using digital innovation for sustainable development, emphasizing the global push to harness technology for climate action, education, and equitable growth.

Origin and Historical Background

  • WTISD commemorates the foundation of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) on May 17, 1865, marked by the signing of the first International Telegraph Convention in Paris.
  • Initially observed as World Telecommunication Day, it merged in 2005 with World Information Society Day, following a resolution by the United Nations General Assembly during the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS).
  • This amalgamation recognized the growing convergence of telecom infrastructure and digital information systems.

Significance of WTISD

The significance of WTISD lies in its emphasis on the transformative impact of digital technologies across sectors such as,

  • Education: Digital classrooms, remote learning, and AI-based tutoring systems.
  • Healthcare: Telemedicine, AI diagnostics, and health information systems.
  • Governance: E-governance platforms, digital identity systems.
  • Business: E-commerce, fintech, and global digital markets.
  • Social Connectivity: Social media, messaging apps, and cloud communication tools.

It also shines a light on digital inequality, urging stakeholders to focus on inclusivity, especially for rural, remote, and vulnerable populations lacking access to internet and ICT infrastructure.

WTISD 2025 Theme: “Digital Innovation for Sustainable Development”

In 2025, WTISD is themed around “Digital Innovation for Sustainable Development”. This theme supports the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by promoting,

  • Climate Resilience: Through digital monitoring of environmental conditions and clean tech.
  • Educational Access: Expanding digital learning platforms and content.
  • Economic Equity: Encouraging digital entrepreneurship and job creation in marginalized regions.
  • Healthcare Equity: Enhancing remote access to quality medical services.

The theme reinforces that access to digital innovation is a basic necessity, not a privilege, for achieving a sustainable future.

Global Observance and Activities

Across the world, ITU and its member states organize events such as,

  • Tech Conferences & Forums: Deliberating on telecom policy, 5G deployment, and AI governance.
  • Innovation Showcases: Demonstrating smart tech, IoT applications, and inclusive tools.
  • Workshops & Campaigns: Addressing internet safety, digital literacy, and affordable access.
  • Policy Dialogues: Collaborations between governments, tech companies, and civil society.

WTISD 2025 encourages public-private partnerships to ensure digital inclusion for all age groups, regions, and economic backgrounds.

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_14.1

India Clinches SAFF U-19 Title After Penalty Shootout Thriller Against Bangladesh

In a thrilling finale held at the Golden Jubilee Stadium in Yupia, Arunachal Pradesh, India’s U-19 football team edged past Bangladesh 4-3 in a tense penalty shootout to win the SAFF U-19 Championship 2025. After a 1-1 stalemate in regulation time, the Blue Colts showed composure under pressure to claim their second regional title, having previously won the tournament in 2023. With this victory, India reaffirmed its rising prominence in South Asian youth football.

Why in News?

India defeated Bangladesh 4-3 on penalties in the final of the SAFF U-19 Championship 2025, held on May 18, 2025. The match ended 1-1 in regulation time, and this win marks India’s second SAFF U-19 title, highlighting the growing strength of the country’s youth football infrastructure.

Match Highlights

  • Venue: Golden Jubilee Stadium, Yupia, Arunachal Pradesh
  • Final Score (Regulation Time): India 1 – 1 Bangladesh
  • Result: India won 4-3 on penalties
  • Title: India’s 2nd SAFF U-19 Championship title (after 2023)

Key Moments

  • 2nd Minute: Captain Shami Singamayum scored a direct free-kick, giving India an early lead.
  • 61st Minute: Bangladesh equalized via Md Joy Ahamed.
  • Penalty Shootout: India held nerves better, winning 4-3.

Background & Significance

  • The South Asian Football Federation (SAFF) organizes the U-19 Championship to promote football among youth in South Asia.
  • The 2025 edition saw participation from regional teams including India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and Maldives.
  • India had earlier won the 2023 edition by defeating Pakistan in the final.
  • The tournament serves as a platform for scouting and nurturing young football talent.

Objectives of the Tournament

  • Promote youth football in the South Asian region.
  • Provide international exposure to young players.
  • Build a strong pipeline for senior national teams.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? India Clinches SAFF U-19 Title After Penalty Shootout Thriller Against Bangladesh
Event SAFF U-19 Championship 2025 Final
Venue Golden Jubilee Stadium, Yupia
Final Result India 1 – 1 Bangladesh (India won 4-3 on penalties)
Indian Goal Scorer Shami Singamayum (2nd minute)
Bangladesh Goal Scorer Md Joy Ahamed (61st minute)
India’s Title Count 2 (2023, 2025)
Organizer South Asian Football Federation (SAFF)

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_16.1

India’s Semiconductor Mission: Why Chips Are the New Oil

Semiconductors are now at the center of the digital economy, powering everything from smartphones and satellites to electric vehicles and defense systems. Like oil in the industrial era, chips are considered the “new oil” of the 21st century.

India has recognized the strategic and economic importance of semiconductors and launched the India Semiconductor Mission to establish itself as a global manufacturing and innovation hub.

What Is India’s Semiconductor Mission?

India’s Semiconductor Mission (ISM) was launched in December 2021 under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY). It aims to develop a sustainable semiconductor and display ecosystem in India.

Key Features:

  • ₹76,000 crore incentive scheme for semiconductor and display fabs.
  • Focus on semiconductor design with the Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme.
  • Establishment of Centres of Excellence for research and talent development.
  • Target to build fabs, ATMP units (Assembly, Testing, Marking, Packaging), and design capabilities.

Why Are Semiconductors Called the “New Oil”?

Semiconductors are vital to nearly all modern technologies, making them as strategically important as oil was in the past century.

Reasons:

  • Essential for electronics, AI, 5G, IoT, medical devices, and defense systems.
  • A single chip shortage can halt global supply chains, as seen during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • Nations are now securing chip supplies as a matter of national security and economic resilience.

India’s Global Semiconductor Strategy

India aims to reduce its dependence on chip imports and become a key player in the global value chain.

Major Investments:

  • Micron Technology: Building an ATMP facility in Gujarat with a ₹22,500 crore investment.
  • Foxconn: Initially partnered with Vedanta; now independently exploring fabs.
  • Tata Electronics: Planning a major fab in Gujarat.
  • ISMC (Israel): Proposed fab project in Karnataka.

International Partnerships:

  • Collaboration with the US under the India-US iCET initiative.
  • Agreements with Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea for technology transfer.
  • Member of the Quad’s semiconductor supply chain partnership.

Key Benefits for India

Economic Growth:

  • Reduces the import bill for electronic components.
  • Boosts the domestic electronics manufacturing target of $300 billion by 2026.
  • Positions India as a hub for global supply chains.

Employment Generation:

  • Expected to create over 85,000 direct and 2.5 lakh indirect jobs.

Strategic and Technological Sovereignty:

  • Reduces reliance on global supply chains, particularly in defense and telecom.
  • Enhances India’s national security posture.

Challenges Facing the Semiconductor Mission

Despite high ambitions, India faces significant hurdles in becoming a semiconductor powerhouse.

Key Challenges:

  • High capital investment and long setup time (3–5 years).
  • Shortage of skilled professionals in chip design and fabrication.
  • Need for stable power, clean water, and advanced logistics infrastructure.
  • Intense global competition from established players like Taiwan, China, and South Korea.

Miss Estonia Creates History by Winning Miss World 2025 Sports Challenge in Hyderabad

In a spectacular showcase of athleticism and global camaraderie, Miss Estonia Eliise Randmaa created history by clinching the gold medal at the Miss World 2025 Sports Challenge held at the Gachibowli Indoor Stadium in Hyderabad. Competing against 107 delegates from around the world, Randmaa’s victory marked Estonia’s first advancement to the next round of the Miss World pageant in over two decades. The event blended cultural elegance with competitive spirit, featuring intense sports challenges alongside vibrant Indian performances, highlighting Hyderabad’s growing stature as a host of prestigious international events.

Why in News?

On May 17, 2025, Miss Estonia Eliise Randmaa made history by securing gold in the Miss World 2025 Sports Challenge held at Gachibowli Indoor Stadium, Hyderabad. Her victory marked Estonia’s first progression to the quarter-final stage of the Miss World pageant since 1999. The event is significant as it is one of the fast-track competitions, granting direct entry into the Top 40 contestants for the final crown.

Key Highlights of the Event

  • Gold Winner: Eliise Randmaa (Estonia)
  • Silver Winner: Aurélie Joachim (Martinique)
  • Bronze Winner: Emma Morrison (Canada)
  • 4th Place: Anna-Lise Nanton (Trinidad and Tobago)

Event Overview

  • Held on: May 17, 2025
  • Venue: Gachibowli Indoor Stadium, Hyderabad
  • Contestants: 108 participants from 108 countries
  • Regional Teams: Divided into Americas & Caribbean, Africa, Europe, and Asia & Oceania

Sports Challenge Activities

The challenge was designed to assess,

  • Physical fitness
  • Mental agility
  • Sportsmanship and resilience

Events included

  • Badminton knockouts
  • Shot put
  • Chess
  • Basketball
  • Football penalty shootouts
  • Shuttle runs
  • Sprints
  • Zumba sessions

Cultural and Artistic Showcase

The day commenced with a cultural welcome, including,

  • Mallakhamb performances by National Games winners Rishabh Ulhas Ghubde & Sanavi Vaibhav Desai
  • Yoga demonstration led by Guru K. Dattatreya
  • Martial arts by Guru Sapam Inaobi Singh (Manipur)
  • Skating performance by Arjuna Awardee Anup Kumar Yama and team
  • Gymnastics routines by Nishka Agarwal & P. Surabhi Prasanna

Guests and Dignitaries

  • Ceremony inaugurated by Telangana Tourism Minister Jupally Krishna Rao
  • BCCI Vice-President Rajeev Shukla was the chief guest
  • The event began with a ceremonial torch lighting

Significance of the Sports Challenge

  • Fast-track competition under Miss World
  • Winner earns automatic placement in Top 40 quarter-finalists
  • Recognizes athleticism, teamwork, and character of contestants
  • Promotes global cultural exchange through sport and tradition
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Miss Estonia Creates History by Winning Miss World 2025 Sports Challenge in Hyderabad
Event Name Miss World 2025 Sports Challenge
Date & Venue May 17, 2025 – Gachibowli Indoor Stadium, Hyderabad
Gold Winner Eliise Randmaa (Estonia)
Fast-track Advantage Direct entry to Top 40 quarter-finals
Cultural Displays Mallakhamb, Yoga, Martial Arts, Skating, Gymnastics
Dignitaries Present Jupally Krishna Rao, Rajeev Shukla
Total Contestants 108 (from 108 countries)

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IPL Winners List (2008 to 2025): Year-Wise Champions, Runner-Ups & Final Match Highlights

The IPL 2025 season, which kicked off on March 22, 2025, has been nothing short of exhilarating. From unexpected upsets and intense rivalries to game-changing performances from rising stars, the tournament continues to keep cricket fans glued to their screens. With teams evolving, strategies intensifying, and competition at an all-time high, this season could go down as the most competitive IPL edition ever.

IPL Winners List (2008 to 2025): Champions, Runner-Ups & Venues

This year-wise IPL winners list includes the champions, runner-up teams, and the venue of each IPL final match:

Year Winner Runner-Up Venue
2008 Rajasthan Royals Chennai Super Kings Mumbai
2009 Deccan Chargers Royal Challengers Bangalore Johannesburg
2010 Chennai Super Kings Mumbai Indians Mumbai
2011 Chennai Super Kings Royal Challengers Bangalore Chennai
2012 Kolkata Knight Riders Chennai Super Kings Chennai
2013 Mumbai Indians Chennai Super Kings Kolkata
2014 Kolkata Knight Riders Kings XI Punjab Bangalore
2015 Mumbai Indians Chennai Super Kings Kolkata
2016 Sunrisers Hyderabad Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore
2017 Mumbai Indians Rising Pune Supergiant Hyderabad
2018 Chennai Super Kings Sunrisers Hyderabad Mumbai
2019 Mumbai Indians Chennai Super Kings Hyderabad
2020 Mumbai Indians Delhi Capitals Dubai
2021 Chennai Super Kings Kolkata Knight Riders Dubai
2022 Gujarat Titans Rajasthan Royals Ahmedabad
2023 Chennai Super Kings Gujarat Titans Ahmedabad
2024 Kolkata Knight Riders Sunrisers Hyderabad Chennai
2025 To Be Updated To Be Updated To Be Updated

Most IPL Trophy Wins by Teams (2008–2025)

Here’s a quick summary of the most successful IPL franchises based on titles won:

Team Titles Won Winning Years
Mumbai Indians (MI) 5 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2020
Chennai Super Kings (CSK) 5 2010, 2011, 2018, 2021, 2023
Kolkata Knight Riders (KKR) 3 2012, 2014, 2024
Sunrisers Hyderabad (SRH) 1 2016
Rajasthan Royals (RR) 1 2008
Deccan Chargers (DC) 1 2009
Gujarat Titans (GT) 1 2022

IPL Finals: Captains, Man of the Match & Player of the Series (2008–2024)

This table provides valuable insights into each season’s final performance highlights:

Year Winner Captain Final MOM Player of the Series
2008 Rajasthan Royals Shane Warne Yusuf Pathan Shane Watson
2009 Deccan Chargers Adam Gilchrist Anil Kumble Adam Gilchrist
2010 Chennai Super Kings MS Dhoni Suresh Raina Sachin Tendulkar
2011 Chennai Super Kings MS Dhoni Murali Vijay Chris Gayle
2012 Kolkata Knight Riders Gautam Gambhir Manvinder Bisla Sunil Narine
2013 Mumbai Indians Rohit Sharma Kieron Pollard Shane Watson
2014 Kolkata Knight Riders Gautam Gambhir Manish Pandey Glenn Maxwell
2015 Mumbai Indians Rohit Sharma Rohit Sharma Andre Russell
2016 Sunrisers Hyderabad David Warner Ben Cutting Virat Kohli
2017 Mumbai Indians Rohit Sharma Krunal Pandya Ben Stokes
2018 Chennai Super Kings MS Dhoni Shane Watson Sunil Narine
2019 Mumbai Indians Rohit Sharma Jasprit Bumrah Andre Russell
2020 Mumbai Indians Rohit Sharma Trent Boult Jofra Archer
2021 Chennai Super Kings MS Dhoni Faf du Plessis Harshal Patel
2022 Gujarat Titans Hardik Pandya Hardik Pandya Jos Buttler
2023 Chennai Super Kings MS Dhoni Devon Conway Shubman Gill
2024 Kolkata Knight Riders Shreyas Iyer Mitchell Starc Sunil Narine

Orange Cap Winners List (2008–2024)

The Orange Cap is awarded to the highest run-scorer of each season. Here are some notable winners:

  • 2016 – Virat Kohli (RCB) – 973 Runs
  • 2022 – Jos Buttler (RR) – 863 Runs
  • 2023 – Shubman Gill (GT) – 890 Runs
  • 2024 – Virat Kohli (RCB) – 741 Runs

Purple Cap Winners List (2008–2024)

The Purple Cap honors the leading wicket-taker in a season. Some standout performances include:

  • 2013 & 2015 – Dwayne Bravo (CSK)
  • 2021 – Harshal Patel (RCB) – 32 Wickets
  • 2023 – Mohammed Shami (GT) – 28 Wickets
  • 2024 – Harshal Patel (PBKS) – 24 Wickets

IPL Team Performance Summary (2008–2025)

Team Best Result Titles Seasons Played Playoff Appearances
CSK 1st (5 times) 5 15 12
MI 1st (5 times) 5 17 10
KKR 1st (3 times) 3 17 8
RCB 2nd (3 times) 0 17 9
DC 2nd (2020) 0 17 6
PBKS 2nd (2014) 0 17 2

Who Won IPL 2024?

Kolkata Knight Riders (KKR) won their third IPL title in 2024 by defeating Sunrisers Hyderabad at the MA Chidambaram Stadium in Chennai. SRH were dismissed for just 113 runs — the lowest total in any IPL final — as KKR delivered a dominant all-round performance.

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