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States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

States and Capitals

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO State Capital CM Governor
1 Andhra Pradesh Amaravati Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu S. Abdul Nazer
2 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Pema Khandu Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3 Assam Dispur Himanta Biswa Sarma Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4 Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar Arif Mohammed Khan
5 Chhattisgarh Raipur Vishnu Deo Sai Ramen Deka
6 Goa Panaji Pramod Sawant P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7 Gujarat Gandhinagar Bhupendra Patel Acharya Dev Vrat
8 Haryana Chandigarh Nayab Singh Saini Bandaru Dattatraya
9 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu Shiv Pratap Shukla
10 Jharkhand Ranchi Hemant Soren Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11 Karnataka Bengaluru Siddaramaiah Thaawarchand Gehlot
12 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Pinarayi Vijayan Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Mohan Yadav Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14 Maharashtra Mumbai Devendra Fadnavis C.P. Radhakrishnan
15 Manipur Imphal N. Biren Singh
Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16 Meghalaya Shillong Conrad Kongkal Sangma
C H Vijayashankar
17 Mizoram Aizawl Lalduhoma General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18 Nagaland Kohima Neiphiu Rio
La. Ganesan
19 Odisha Bhubaneswar Mohan Charan Majhi
Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20 Punjab Chandigarh Bhagwant Singh Mann Gulab Chand Kataria
21 Rajasthan Jaipur Bhajan Lal Sharma Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22 Sikkim Gangtok PS Golay Om Prakash Mathur
23 Tamil Nadu Chennai M. K. Stalin R. N. Ravi
24 Telangana Hyderabad Anumula Revanth Reddy Jishnu Dev Varma
25 Tripura Agartala Dr. Manik Saha Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Yogi Aditya Nath Anandiben Patel
27 Uttarakhand Dehradun Pushkar Singh Dhami Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28 West Bengal Kolkata Mamata Banerjee Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO Union Territories Capital CM Lt. Governor
1 Andaman and Nicobar Island Port Blair NA D K Joshi
2 Chandigarh Chandigarh NA Banwarilal Purohit
3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Daman NA Praful Patel
4 Delhi Delhi Rekha Gupta Vinai Kumar Saxena
5 Ladakh NA NA B. D. Mishra
6 Lakshadweep Kavaratti NA Praful Patel
7 Jammu and Kashmir NA Omar Abdullah Manoj Sinha
8 Puducherry Pondicherry N. Rangaswamy C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference States Union Territories
Head of Administration Governor Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type Elected by the People Managed by the central government
Powers Shares power with the central government. Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No. States Language
1 Andhra Pradesh Telugu and Urdu
2 Arunachal Pradesh Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3 Assam Assamese
4 Bihar Hindi
5 Chhattisgarh Hindi
6 Goa Marathi Konkani
7 Gujarat Gujarati
8 Haryana Hindi
9 Himachal Pradesh Hindi and Pahari
10 Jharkhand Hindi
11 Karnataka Kannada
12 Kerala Malayalam
13 Madhya Pradesh Hindi
14 Maharashtra Marathi
15 Manipur Manipuri
16 Meghalaya Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17 Mizoram Mizo and English
18 Nagaland Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19 Odisha Oriya
20 Punjab Punjabi
21 Rajasthan Rajasthani and Hindi
22 Sikkim Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23 Tamil Nadu Tamil
24 Telangana Telugu
25 Tripura Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26 Uttar Pradesh Hindi
27 Uttarakhand Hindi
28 West Bengal Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

  • Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
  • Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
  • Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
  • Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
  • Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
  • Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
  • Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
  • Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

In Which State/ Union Territory is Kishtwar National Park Located?

India has many beautiful national parks that protect wildlife and nature. These parks are found in different parts of the country, often in forests, mountains or near rivers. They provide a safe home for many animals and birds, some of which are very rare. One such national park is known for its snow-covered mountains, rich forests and unique animals. Let’s learn more about where it is located.

Location of Kishtwar National Park

Kishtwar National Park is situated in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir in northern India. It is located about 40 kilometers from Kishtwar town in the Kishtwar district. The park lies in the Himalayan region and is known for its beautiful mountains, forests, rivers and rare wildlife like snow leopards and brown bear.

When was it Declared a National Park?

Kishtwar National Park was officially declared a national park on 4 February 1981. It was created to protect the forests, rivers, mountains and the animals that live there.

Area and Altitude of Kishtwar National Park

  • Total Area: 2,190.50 square kilometers
  • Altitude Range: From 1,700 meters to 4,800 meters above sea level.

The park has rugged terrain, deep valleys and steep ridges. It lies in the Great Himalayan region and includes glaciers, rivers and rocky mountain slopes.

Natural Features

Several rivers and streams, like Kiar, Nath and Kibar Nalas, flow through the park. These joint he Marwah River, which later meets the Chenab River. The land is made of strong rocks like granite and marble, and the soil is shallow and slightly alkaline.

Vegetation of the National Park

Kishtwar National Park has many types of forests depending on the height:

  • 2,400 – 3,000 m: Silver fir, spruce, deodar and blue pine.
  • 1,700 – 2,400 m: Cedar, blue pine, horse chestnut, walnut, maple, poplar and ash
  • 3,000 – 3,700 m: Silver fir and birch trees
  • Above 3,700 m: Alpine meadows and rhododendron bushes

Wildlife in the Kishtwar National Park

The park is home to many rare animals and birds, including:

  • Snow leopards
  • Brown bears
  • Himalayan snowcocks
  • Musk deer
  • Monals and wild goats

These animals live in the forests, grasslands and mountain slopes.

List of Countries Starting with Letter E, Know About Them

There are around 195 countries in the world, each with its own name, flag, language and culture. Some countries share the same starting letter. In this article, we will explore the countries that begin with the letter ‘E.’ These countries are located in different parts of the world and are known for their unique history, geography and traditions. Let’s take a closer look at them.

List of Countries Starting with Letter E

There are a few countries in the world whose names start with the letter E. These countries are found in different parts of the world, including Africa, Europe and Central America. Each of them has its own unique culture, language and natural beauty.

Here are the names of countries starting with the letter ‘E’:

  • Ecuador
  • Egypt
  • EI Salvador
  • (Republic of) Equatorial Guinea
  • Eritrea
  • Estonia
  • Eswatini
  • Ethiopia

Ecuador

  • Continent: South America
  • Capital: Quito
  • Currency:

Ecuador is a country in northwestern South America. It shares borders with Colombia to the north, Peru to the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It also includes the famous Galápagos Islands, located about 1,000 km from the mainland. The capital is Quito, and the largest city is Guayaquil.

Egypt

  • Continent: Transcontinental country
  • Capital: Cairo
  • Currency:

Egypt is a country located in both Africa and Asia, connected by the Sinai Peninsula. It borders the Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Israel, Sudan and Libya. Its capital and largest city is Cairo, while Alexandria is a major industrial and tourist center. Egypt has over 107 million people, making it Africa’s third-most populous country.

EI Salvador

  • Continent: North America
  • Capital: San Salvador
  • Currency:

Ethiopia is a country in the Horn of Africa, known for its ancient history, the famous rock-hewn churches of Lalibela, and as the birthplace of coffee. Its landscape features the Great Rift Valley and Ethiopian Highlands. Ethiopia shares borders with countries like Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan and Kenya.

Republic of Equatorial Guinea

  • Continent: Africa
  • Capital: Malabo
  • Currency:

Equatorial Guinea is a small country on the west coast of Central Africa, covering about 28,000 square kilometers. Once known as Spanish Guinea, it got its name from its location near the Equator and the Guinea region. Most of its people belong to the Fang ethnic group, followed by the Bubi of Bioko Island.

Eritrea

  • Continent: Africa
  • Capital: Asmara
  • Currency:

Eritrea is a country in East Africa’s Horn of Africa region, with its capital and largest city as Asmara. It shares borders with Ethiopia, Sudan and Djibouti, and has a long coastline along the Red Sea. The country covers around 117,600 square kilometers and includes islands like the Dahlak Archipelago and Hanish Islands.

Estonia

  • Continent: Europe
  • Capital: Tallinn
  • Currency:

Estonia is a country in Northern Europe, bordered by Finland, Sweden, Latvia and Russia. It includes the mainland and over 2,300 islands, including Saaremaa and Hiiumaa. The capital is Tallinn and Tartu is another major city. With around 1.4 million people, Estonia is one of the least populous EU and NATO members.

Eswatini

  • Continent: Africa
  • Capital: Has 2 Capitals (Mbabane and Lobamba)
  • Currency:

Eswatini, formerly known as Swaziland, is a small landlocked country in Southern Africa. It is surrounded by South Africa, except in the northeast where it borders Mozambique. Though small in size, Eswatini has a variety of landscapes, from cool mountains to hot lowlands, offering rich natural diversity.

Ethiopia

  • Continent: Africa
  • Capital: Addis Ababa
  • Currency:

Ethiopia is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa, covering about 1.1 million square kilometers. It borders countries like Eritrea, Somalia, Kenya and Sudan. With around 128 million people, it is Africa’s second-most populous country. The capital, Addis Ababa, lies near the East African Rift.

Top 10 Highest Paid Actors In The World

In the modern entertainment world, actors are no longer just performers—they are powerful global brands. With blockbuster films, exclusive streaming content, production houses, brand deals, and private business ventures, today’s top stars are raking in millions in ways that go far beyond just salaries.

The highest-paid actors of 2024 show how talent, strategic partnerships, and global reach can turn movie stars into business icons. Interestingly, this year’s list features only one woman, underlining the persistent gender gap in top-tier film earnings.

Let’s take a closer look at the world’s highest-earning actors and what contributed to their income over the past year.

Top 10 Highest Paid Actors in the World – 2024 Earnings

Rank Actor 2024 Earnings (USD in millions)
1 Dwayne Johnson 103
2 Kevin Hart 108
3 Ryan Reynolds 100
4 Jerry Seinfeld 70
5 Hugh Jackman 50
6 Brad Pitt 42
7 Nicole Kidman 41
8 George Clooney 31
9 Adam Sandler 35
10 Will Smith 30

Dwayne Johnson

Dwayne Johnson leads the global list with 103 million dollars in total earnings. His paycheck includes:

  • A record-setting 50 million dollar deal for Red One, the largest ever for a streaming film

  • Backend profits from Moana 2, which grossed over one billion dollars

  • Partnerships with top brands like Under Armour, Ford, and ZOA Energy

With nearly 400 million Instagram followers, he remains one of the most influential figures in the entertainment world.

Ryan Reynolds

Ryan Reynolds earned 100 million dollars, largely from his multiple roles in Deadpool & Wolverine as actor, producer, and co-writer. His company Maximum Effort contributed heavily to the film’s billion-dollar success. Reynolds also profits from investments in Mint Mobile, Aviation Gin, and various Hulu and Netflix projects.

Kevin Hart

With 108 million dollars in earnings, Kevin Hart ranked among the top. His diverse roles include:

  • Stand-up comedian and host

  • Star of multiple streaming projects

  • Brand ambassador for Chase and DraftKings

His entrepreneurial reach makes him one of the most marketable stars in Hollywood.

Jerry Seinfeld

Jerry Seinfeld made 70 million dollars, thanks to:

  • Continued royalties from the Seinfeld show

  • Netflix film Unfrosted

  • A busy global comedy tour

Despite being 70, Seinfeld remains a top draw in both television and live entertainment.

Hugh Jackman

Returning as Wolverine in Deadpool & Wolverine, Hugh Jackman earned 50 million dollars, his career-best. Alongside acting, he remains active in:

  • Broadway and film production

  • Brand deals with Montblanc and Micromax

Brad Pitt

Brad Pitt pulled in 42 million dollars, from:

  • His role in the F1 movie and Wolfs

  • Revenue from his production company Plan B

  • Endorsements with Chanel, Heineken, and De’Longhi

George Clooney

Known for selective projects, George Clooney earned 31 million dollars, mostly from Apple’s Wolfs. He continues to be one of the industry’s most consistent earners thanks to high-value film deals.

Nicole Kidman

The only woman on this list, Nicole Kidman, earned 41 million dollars. Her income includes:

  • Over one million dollars per episode across major streaming series

  • Lead roles in A Family Affair and Babygirl

  • Voice acting and production credits

Adam Sandler

Adam Sandler brought in 35 million dollars, mostly through:

  • Netflix deals (Spaceman, Happy Gilmore 2)

  • Campaigns with Pepsi and Subway

  • Long-term streaming popularity of his classic films

Will Smith

Will Smith rounded out the top 10 with 30 million dollars, fueled by the billion-dollar success of Bad Boys: Ride or Die. He also benefited from:

  • Brand endorsements with Adobe and Insta360

  • Continued earnings as a producer and entrepreneur

Top 10 Countries for Millionaire Migration in 2025

A major shift is underway in how global wealth is moving. In 2025, according to the Henley Private Wealth Migration Report, an estimated 142,000 millionaires are expected to migrate to new countries. This figure is projected to rise even further to 165,000 in 2026. This movement marks one of the largest voluntary shifts in private wealth in modern history.

These migrations are being driven by several factors: favorable tax regimes, safe and luxurious lifestyles, political stability, and access to global business hubs. In this context, countries are not only competing for skilled workers and investments, but also actively attracting high-net-worth individuals (HNWIs) to build stronger financial ecosystems.

Let’s explore the top 10 countries that are expected to receive the highest number of millionaire migrants in 2025.

Top 10 Countries for Millionaire Migration in 2025

Rank Country Millionaire Migration Wealth Inflow (USD) Millionaire Growth Percentage
1 United Arab Emirates 9,800 63 billion 98 percent
2 United States 7,500 43.7 billion 78 percent
3 Italy 3,600 20.7 billion 20 percent
4 Switzerland 3,000 16.8 billion 28 percent
5 Saudi Arabia 2,400 18.4 billion 55 percent
6 Singapore 1,600 8.9 billion 62 percent
7 Portugal 1,400 8.1 billion 38 percent
8 Greece 1,200 7.7 billion 24 percent
9 Canada 1,000 5.7 billion 26 percent
10 Australia 1,000 5.6 billion 30 percent

United Arab Emirates

The UAE remains the leading destination for millionaire migration, with a forecast of 9,800 new millionaires relocating there in 2025. Dubai and Abu Dhabi continue to attract wealthy individuals due to:

  • Business-friendly laws
  • World-class infrastructure
  • Safety and tax advantages
  • The highly successful golden visa program

The UAE is seeing strong interest from wealthy individuals in the UK, India, Russia, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Its projected wealth inflow for 2025 is valued at 63 billion US dollars, with a 98 percent increase in its millionaire population.

United States

The United States remains a top destination for wealth migration, expecting to attract 7,500 millionaires in 2025. It offers:

  • Access to the world’s largest economy
  • Renowned education and healthcare systems
  • Strong business and innovation environments

Its millionaire growth is projected at 78 percent, and the total wealth inflow is estimated to be 43.7 billion US dollars.

Italy

Italy has emerged as a surprising winner, ranking third globally with 3,600 millionaires expected to move there. This rise is credited to:

  • Lifestyle appeal in cities like Rome, Milan, and Florence
  • New tax incentives for wealthy foreigners
  • Rich cultural and historic value

Italy is projected to gain 20.7 billion US dollars in private wealth, with a 20 percent growth in millionaire population.

Switzerland

With its long-standing reputation for banking privacy and political neutrality, Switzerland continues to attract HNWIs. In 2025, it is set to welcome 3,000 millionaires, bringing in an estimated 16.8 billion US dollars in new wealth.

The country is experiencing a 28 percent rise in its millionaire population, reflecting strong global trust in its economic system.

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia is the fastest riser in this year’s ranking. It is projected to gain 2,400 new millionaires, many of whom are returning citizens or international investors drawn to:

  • Rapid economic reforms under Vision 2030
  • Mega-projects like NEOM
  • New lifestyle offerings in cities such as Riyadh and Jeddah

The country will see an inflow of around 18.4 billion US dollars, with a 55 percent surge in millionaire growth.

Singapore

A major Asian wealth hub, Singapore continues to attract entrepreneurs and investors, particularly from China, India, and Southeast Asia. With 1,600 millionaires expected to arrive in 2025, it offers:

  • A highly regulated but low-tax environment
  • Global connectivity
  • Political and social stability

Singapore’s projected wealth inflow is 8.9 billion US dollars, and millionaire growth is pegged at 62 percent.

Portugal

Portugal ranks seventh on the list, drawing in 1,400 new millionaires thanks to its:

  • Golden visa program
  • Quality of life
  • Coastal real estate and favorable climate

Portugal is expected to gain 8.1 billion US dollars in new wealth and record a 38 percent increase in its HNWI population.

Greece

Greece follows closely, with 1,200 millionaires projected to migrate there. The country has become attractive due to:

  • Low cost of living for Europe
  • Investment opportunities in tourism and property
  • The golden visa scheme

It will gain an estimated 7.7 billion US dollars, with a 24 percent increase in its millionaire count.

Canada

Canada continues to be a preferred destination for wealthy individuals looking for political stability, quality healthcare, and peaceful living. With 1,000 millionaire arrivals forecasted for 2025, Canada offers:

  • A strong passport
  • Safe investment opportunities
  • High education standards

Its expected wealth inflow is 5.7 billion US dollars, with a 26 percent millionaire growth rate.

Australia

Tied with Canada in net millionaire inflow, Australia will also welcome 1,000 millionaires in 2025. Although it has seen declining numbers compared to previous years, the country remains attractive for its:

  • Stable government
  • Strong real estate market
  • Access to Asia-Pacific business networks

Australia is expected to add 5.6 billion US dollars to its economy from this migration, with a 30 percent increase in HNWIs.

India’s Position in 2025

India is not among the top 10 destinations for millionaire migration in 2025. Instead, it ranks 57th globally, with a net outflow of around 3,500 millionaires. Many Indian HNWIs are relocating for:

  • Better lifestyle
  • Safer environments
  • Educational and financial advantages abroad

Despite this outflow, India’s millionaire population has grown by 72 percent in the last decade, indicating strong internal wealth creation.

Which District of Uttarakhand is Known as the Mini Kashmir? Know About It

Uttarakhand is a beautiful state in northern India, known for its peaceful mountains, rivers, forests and fresh air. It attracts nature lovers, trekkers and spiritual seekers from all over the country. Many places in Uttarakhand are famous for their stunning landscapes and rich culture. Among these, one district is often compared to Kashmir because of its natural beauty and cool climate, earning it a special nickname.

An Overview of Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand is a state in northern India, known for its natural beauty, rivers and mountains. It shares borders with Nepal, Tibet and several Indian states. The capital is Dehradun, and Nainital is the judicial capital. Uttarakhand has 13 districts divided into Garhwal and Kumaon regions. About 45% of the state is covered by forests and it is one of India’s greenest states with clean air.

Number of Districts in Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand has a total of 13 districts, which are divided into two main divisions – Garhwal and Kumaon. Each division has its own unique culture, traditions and beautiful natural landscapes.

Mini Kashmir in Uttarakhand

Pithoragarh district in Uttarakhand is known as the ”Mini Kashmir” because of its breathtaking natural beauty. It has green valleys, snow-covered peaks, peaceful lakes and scenic meadows, much like Kashmir. Located in the eastern part of the Himalayas, Pithoragarh also borders Nepal and Tibet and offers amazing views and adventure activities.

Why is Pithoragarh Known as the Mini Kashmir?

Pithoragarh is called Mini Kashmir because of its:

  • Snow-covered Himalayan peaks
  • Green valleys and forests
  • Peaceful lakes and meadows
  • Beautiful sunrise and sunset views

All of this makes it look just like Kashmir, which is often called ”Heaven on Earth.”

An Overview of Pithoragarh

Pithoragarh, located in Uttarakhand’s Kumaon region, is known for its stunning natural beauty, earning it the nickname ”Mini Kashmir.” It lies at the easternmost part of the state, bordering Nepal to the east and Tibet to the north. The district is famous for its snow-capped Himalayan peaks, lush forests and scenic valleys, including the beautiful Soar Valley, where the town of Pithoragarh is located.

President Murmu Appoints New Governors for Haryana, Goa, and Ladakh

On July 14, 2025, President Droupadi Murmu announced the appointment of new Governors for Haryana and Goa, and a new Lieutenant Governor (LG) for Ladakh. This marks a significant reshuffle in key constitutional posts in two Indian states and one Union Territory.

New Appointments Announced

  • Prof. Ashim Kumar Ghosh has been appointed as the Governor of Haryana. He is known for his leadership roles in higher education and administration.
  • Pusapati Ashok Gajapathi Raju, a senior leader and former Union Minister, has been appointed as the Governor of Goa.
  • Kavinder Gupta, a senior BJP leader from Jammu, has been named the new LG of Ladakh.

These appointments were made by President Murmu as part of regular changes in key constitutional roles. At the same time, the President accepted the resignation of Brigadier (Dr) BD Mishra (Retd), the outgoing LG of Ladakh.

Who Are the New Leaders?

Prof. Ashim Kumar Ghosh is known for his experience in academic leadership and public service. His appointment in Haryana is expected to strengthen educational and administrative initiatives in the state.

Pusapati Ashok Gajapathi Raju has held several important positions in both Andhra Pradesh and at the central level, including as Union Minister for Civil Aviation. His new role as Governor of Goa brings seasoned political experience to the post.

Kavinder Gupta served as Deputy Chief Minister of Jammu & Kashmir and Speaker of the J&K Legislative Assembly. His new appointment as LG of Ladakh reflects New Delhi’s continued focus on strengthening governance in the Union Territory.

Background and Significance

This reshuffle comes at a time when the government is focusing on administrative efficiency and development in Union Territories and states. The President of India has the constitutional authority to appoint Governors and Lieutenant Governors, who serve as the official representatives of the Union government.

The change in Ladakh’s leadership is particularly notable, as the region is undergoing several developmental and security-related initiatives. Kavinder Gupta’s experience is expected to play a role in handling these challenges.

Antarctic Summer Sea Ice Hits Record Lows

New research has confirmed that Antarctica’s summer sea ice is melting at record levels. This change, observed over the past few years, is warming the ocean, damaging ecosystems, and risking long-term climate effects. Scientists warn that these changes could seriously harm both the planet and people.

What the Study Found

A large team of scientists, including Edward Doddridge from the University of Tasmania, studied the sea ice loss using satellites, ocean robots, and computer models. Their findings, based on years of data and new missions to Antarctica, show that the loss of summer sea ice is more serious than expected. The researchers explored how this loss affects the climate, ocean temperatures, marine life, and even supply missions to Antarctica.

Ocean Heating Is Getting Worse

One major problem is that sea ice reflects sunlight. When it melts, more dark ocean water is exposed, which absorbs heat. This makes the ocean warmer each year. Before 2016, the ocean would cool down again in winter, but now, that cooling is not happening as much. The heat is staying in the water, causing a cycle of continued warming. According to models, the ocean now takes about three years to recover from low ice years – but with rising temperatures, recovery is becoming rare.

Impact on Nature and Ecosystems

The melting ice is not just about temperature. Sea ice supports tiny plants at the bottom of the marine food web, which in turn support fish, birds, and seals. When the ice disappears, these plants have trouble growing, affecting the whole food chain. The loss of ice also exposes the Antarctic coast to stronger ocean waves, increasing iceberg break-offs and changing coastlines.

Supply Missions and Global Concerns

Reports from Antarctic supply missions showed that resupply ships are facing new challenges. Some areas, previously blocked by ice, are now open – but this also brings rougher seas and more dangerous conditions. Experts say this is another sign of how fast the region is changing. The team hopes their findings will push world leaders to act faster on climate change.

Former Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari Dies at 82

Muhammadu Buhari, former President of Nigeria and one-time military ruler, passed away on July 13, 2025, at the age of 82. He died in a London hospital, where he was being treated for long-term health problems. Buhari played a major role in Nigeria’s political history as both a strict military leader and a democratically elected president.

A Soldier and President

Buhari first came to power in 1983 through a military coup and ruled Nigeria with a firm hand until he was overthrown in 1985. Known for his strong discipline and anti-corruption stance, he led a strict campaign called the “War Against Indiscipline”. This campaign brought soldiers to the streets, made civil servants do exercises if they were late, and enforced harsh punishments for crimes.

After years away from power, he returned to politics and won the 2015 presidential election, defeating Goodluck Jonathan. He was re-elected in 2019, becoming one of Nigeria’s few leaders to serve both as a military and civilian head of state.

Struggles and Legacy

Though he promised to fight corruption and terrorism, especially the Boko Haram insurgency, Buhari’s two terms saw growing economic troubles, rising security issues, and youth protests, such as the #EndSARS movement against police violence. His leadership style was often described as strict, and some critics, like Nobel Prize-winning author Wole Soyinka, accused him of being harsh toward the people.

Despite these criticisms, many Nigerians initially supported him, hoping his disciplined style could bring change. His supporters believed he stood for order and honesty, especially compared to past corrupt regimes.

New Butterfly Species Found in Kerala’s Western Ghats

A team of Indian scientists has discovered a new butterfly species named Zographetus mathewi in the Western Ghats of Kerala. The butterfly, found in low-elevation forests, is unique to this region and adds to India’s rich wildlife diversity. This rare discovery highlights the importance of studying and protecting the Western Ghats, a globally recognized biodiversity hotspot.

Discovery and Scientific Study

The butterfly was discovered by experts from the Travancore Nature History Society, the Institute of Tropical Research, Ecology and Conservation, and the Zoological Survey of India. At first, scientists thought it was a known species called Zographetus ogygia. However, after closely studying its wing patterns and genital structures, they confirmed it as a new species. The detailed research was published in the journal Entomon.

Naming and Features

This newly found species, Zographetus mathewi, is the 15th in its genus and the fifth found in India. It belongs to the Zographetus satwa group, known for its special wing features and male traits. The butterfly is named in honour of George Mathew, a respected Indian entomologist. Its common name is the Sahyadri Spotted Flitter, referring to the local name for the Western Ghats—Sahyadri.

Appearance and Habitat

The butterfly is known for its yellow-ochre hindwing, hairy forewings, and swollen forewing veins in males. These features make it different from other similar butterflies. It lives in forests below 600 metres in Kerala. Its larvae feed on a legume vine called Aganope thyrsiflora. While adult butterflies are rare to spot, scientists found several larvae and pupae in places like Kallar, Shendurney, Edamalayar, and Nilambur, showing that it may be more common than previously thought.

Importance of the Discovery

The discovery of Zographetus mathewi shows the hidden biodiversity in the Western Ghats and underlines the need to protect these low-elevation forests. It also highlights the importance of detailed field research and scientific observation in identifying new species. Such findings can help boost conservation efforts and increase awareness about protecting rare wildlife.

B. Saroja Devi Biography, Know About Her Early Life, Age, Career and Legacy

Bangalore Saroja Devi was one of India’s most beloved and successful film actresses. She ruled the film industry for nearly seven decades, appearing in about 200 films across Tamil, Kannada, Telugu and Hindi languages. Known for her beauty, expressions and grace, she earned titles like ”Abhinaya Saraswathi” (Goddess of Acting) in Kannada and ”Kannadathu Paingili” (Kannada’s Parrot) in Tamil.

B. Saroja Devi – Early life and Background

  • Bon: 7 January 1938 in Bangalore, Mysore State (now Bengaluru, Karnataka)
  • Family: Vokkaliga community; her father Bhairappa was a police officer and mother Rudramma was a homemaker.
  • Childhood: Encouraged by her father to learn dance and later acting. Her mother had strict rules about her on-screen dress, which Saroja Devi followed throughout her career.

First Step in Cinema

Saroja Devi was first noticed at the age of 13 while singing at a function. Though she turned down the initial film offer, she later entered films with the Kannada movie Mahakavi Kalidasa (1955), which became a big success.

Rise to Stardom

Her breakthrough in Tamil cinema came with M.G. Ramachandran’s (MGR) Nadodi Mannan (1958). She was soon cast in Hindi films too, debuting with Paigham (1959) opposite Dilip Kumar.

Over the years, she acted with top stars like:

  • MGR (26 films together)
  • Sivaji Ganesan (22 films)
  • Gemini Ganesan (17 films)
  • N.T. Rama Rao in Telugu cinema
  • Rajkumar in Kannada cinema

Multi-Lingual Success

Saroja Devi was one of the few actresses to work across all four major South Indian languages and Hindi during the 1950s and 60s. She was crowned ”Chaturbhaasha Taare” (Star of Four Languages) in 1962.

Some of her iconic films include:

  • Palum Pazhamum, Enga Veettu Pillai, Anbe Vaa (Tamil)
  • Amarashilpi Jakanachari, Kittooru Rani Chennamma, Mallammana Pavada (Kannada)
  • Jagadeka Veeruni Katha, Seetarama Kalyanam, Daana Veera Soora Karna (Telugu)
  • Paigham, Sasural, Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya (Hindi)

Fashion and Cultural Icon

In the 1960s, Saroja Devi became a style inspiration for South Indian women. Her saris, blouses, hairstyles and jewellery from films like Enga Veettu Pillai and Anbe Vaa were widely copied.

Life After Marriage

She married Sri Harsha, an engineer, in 1967. He supported her acting career and helped her during a financial crisis. Despite her marriage, she continued acting, though her Tamil film appearances reduced due to the arrival of newer heroines.

She continued to dominate Kannada and Telugu cinema in lead roles into the 1980s.

Later Years and Retirement

After her husband’s death in 1986, she briefly stepped away from films. She returned in the late 1980s, but no longer player romantic roles.

Her later works include:

  • Once More (1997) with Sivaji Ganesan
  • Anuraga Sangama (1995) and Agni IPS (1997) in Kannada
  • Aadhavan (2009) –  her last major Tamil film
  • Natasaarvabhowma (2019) – her final film

Saroja Devi – Work Beyond Acting

Saroja Devi was actively involved in:

  • Social service and charity
  • Chairing National Film Award juries in 1998 and 2005
  • Vice-president of Kannada Chalanchitra Sangha
  • Chairperson of Karnataka Film Development Corporation

She also ran a business and sponsored the Bhuvaneshwari Literacy Award in memory of her adopted daughter.

Personal Life of Saroja Devi

  • Husband: Sri Harsha (d. 1986)
  • Daughter: Bhuvaneshwari (adopted niece; died young)
  • Grandchildren: Indira and Gautam

Saroja Devi – Awards and Honors

National Awards

  • Padma Shri (1969)
  • Padma Bhushan (1992)
  • Lifetime Achievement (2008) – Government of India

State Awards

  • Kalaimamani (2009) – Tamil Nadu
  • Dr. Rajkumar Award (2009) – Karnataka
  • NTR National Awards (2001 & 2009) – Andhra Pradesh
  • Tamil Nadu State Film Award (1969)

Other Recognitions

  • Filmfare Lifetime Achievement – South (1994)
  • Honorary Doctorate – Bangalore University (2006)
  • Prajavani Cine Sammana Lifetime Award (2024)

Legacy of B. Saroja Devi

In 2010, the ”Padma Bhushan B. Saroja Devi National Award’‘ was created to honor artists in performing arts. Recipients include K.J. Yesudas, Vyjayantimala and Ambareesh.

She was portrayed by Regina Cassandra in the 2021 biographical film Thalaivii.

Death of Saroja Devi

B. Saroja Devi passed away on 14 July 2025, leaving behind a glorious legacy that will inspire generations of actors and film lovers.

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