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SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF

The SBI Clerk Mains Exam 2025 is expected to be conducted in April 2025, and the General Awareness (GA) section plays a crucial role in determining candidates’ overall performance. This section covers current affairs, banking awareness, and static GK, making it an essential part of the exam preparation.

To help candidates maximize their scores, we have compiled a comprehensive GA Capsule PDF covering all major topics required for the SBI Clerk Mains 2025.

Why is the GA Capsule Important for SBI Clerk Mains 2025?

The General Awareness section is one of the most scoring parts of the SBI Clerk Mains Exam. Unlike quantitative aptitude or reasoning, this section does not require calculations, allowing aspirants to answer questions quickly and accurately. A well-prepared candidate can boost their overall score significantly with proper GA preparation.

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025 – Download PDF

To assist candidates in their SBI Clerk Mains 2025 preparation, we are providing a free downloadable PDF covering all the important General Awareness topics.

Download SBI Clerk General Awareness PDF: Click Here

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Topics Covered in the SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025

  • UNION BUDGET 2025-26
  • Economic Survey 2024-25
  • Padma Awards
  • Republic Day Parade 2025
  • RBI Monetary Policy- February 2025
  • Golden Globe Awards
  • 8th Pay Commission

How to Use the GA Capsule Effectively?

  • Revise Regularly: Read the PDF daily to stay updated with important events.
  • Make Notes: Write down key points for quick revision before the exam.
  • Attempt Quizzes: Solve daily quizzes on current affairs to strengthen your knowledge.
  • Focus on Banking & Economy: Since SBI Clerk is a banking exam, prioritize banking and financial awareness.
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States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

States and Capitals

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO State Capital CM Governor
1 Andhra Pradesh Amaravati Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu S. Abdul Nazer
2 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Pema Khandu Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3 Assam Dispur Himanta Biswa Sarma Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4 Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar Arif Mohammed Khan
5 Chhattisgarh Raipur Vishnu Deo Sai Ramen Deka
6 Goa Panaji Pramod Sawant P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7 Gujarat Gandhinagar Bhupendra Patel Acharya Dev Vrat
8 Haryana Chandigarh Nayab Singh Saini Bandaru Dattatraya
9 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu Shiv Pratap Shukla
10 Jharkhand Ranchi Hemant Soren Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11 Karnataka Bengaluru Siddaramaiah Thaawarchand Gehlot
12 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Pinarayi Vijayan Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Mohan Yadav Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14 Maharashtra Mumbai Devendra Fadnavis C.P. Radhakrishnan
15 Manipur Imphal N. Biren Singh
Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16 Meghalaya Shillong Conrad Kongkal Sangma
C H Vijayashankar
17 Mizoram Aizawl Lalduhoma General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18 Nagaland Kohima Neiphiu Rio
La. Ganesan
19 Odisha Bhubaneswar Mohan Charan Majhi
Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20 Punjab Chandigarh Bhagwant Singh Mann Gulab Chand Kataria
21 Rajasthan Jaipur Bhajan Lal Sharma Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22 Sikkim Gangtok PS Golay Om Prakash Mathur
23 Tamil Nadu Chennai M. K. Stalin R. N. Ravi
24 Telangana Hyderabad Anumula Revanth Reddy Jishnu Dev Varma
25 Tripura Agartala Dr. Manik Saha Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Yogi Aditya Nath Anandiben Patel
27 Uttarakhand Dehradun Pushkar Singh Dhami Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28 West Bengal Kolkata Mamata Banerjee Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO Union Territories Capital CM Lt. Governor
1 Andaman and Nicobar Island Port Blair NA D K Joshi
2 Chandigarh Chandigarh NA Banwarilal Purohit
3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Daman NA Praful Patel
4 Delhi Delhi Rekha Gupta Vinai Kumar Saxena
5 Ladakh NA NA B. D. Mishra
6 Lakshadweep Kavaratti NA Praful Patel
7 Jammu and Kashmir NA Omar Abdullah Manoj Sinha
8 Puducherry Pondicherry N. Rangaswamy C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference States Union Territories
Head of Administration Governor Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type Elected by the People Managed by the central government
Powers Shares power with the central government. Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No. States Language
1 Andhra Pradesh Telugu and Urdu
2 Arunachal Pradesh Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3 Assam Assamese
4 Bihar Hindi
5 Chhattisgarh Hindi
6 Goa Marathi Konkani
7 Gujarat Gujarati
8 Haryana Hindi
9 Himachal Pradesh Hindi and Pahari
10 Jharkhand Hindi
11 Karnataka Kannada
12 Kerala Malayalam
13 Madhya Pradesh Hindi
14 Maharashtra Marathi
15 Manipur Manipuri
16 Meghalaya Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17 Mizoram Mizo and English
18 Nagaland Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19 Odisha Oriya
20 Punjab Punjabi
21 Rajasthan Rajasthani and Hindi
22 Sikkim Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23 Tamil Nadu Tamil
24 Telangana Telugu
25 Tripura Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26 Uttar Pradesh Hindi
27 Uttarakhand Hindi
28 West Bengal Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

  • Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
  • Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
  • Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
  • Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
  • Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
  • Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
  • Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
  • Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

Central Govt. to set up 728 Eklavya Model Residential School

The Union Government has made a significant commitment to providing quality education to tribal children through the expansion of the Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS). The goal is to establish 440 new schools, ensuring that each block with more than 50% ST population and at least 20,000 tribal individuals, based on the 2011 census, benefits from these institutions. The EMRS initiative aligns with the government’s objective of providing high-quality education to tribal students, akin to the facilities provided by Navodaya Vidyalayas, in their own environment. The scheme, which began in 2018-19, will ultimately create a total of 728 EMRSs, benefiting around 3.5 lakh students across India.

Key Highlights of the EMRS Initiative

Educational Infrastructure

  • Well-equipped classrooms with modern teaching aids.
  • Science and computer laboratories for hands-on learning.
  • Libraries offering a diverse range of learning resources.

Accommodation and Amenities

  • Residential facilities for both students and staff.
  • Separate hostels for boys and girls with essential amenities such as bedding, furniture, and hygiene facilities.

Sports and Extracurricular Facilities

  • Playgrounds and sports equipment for physical activities.
  • Facilities for extracurricular activities like music, art, and sports to ensure holistic development.

Health and Nutrition

  • Regular health check-ups and medical facilities to maintain student well-being.

IT and Digital Learning

  • Smart classrooms with digital boards for enhanced learning experiences.
  • Computer labs with internet access to integrate digital education into the curriculum.

Vocational Training

  • Skill development programs to provide hands-on training in industry-relevant areas, improving employability.

Collaborative Initiatives to Enhance Learning

Digital Education

  • Establishment of smart classrooms with digital boards in partnership with ERNET and MeitY.
  • Provision of online coaching for IIT-JEE and NEET exams in collaboration with PACE-IIT & Medical.

Skill Labs

  • Setting up 400 Skill Labs in 200 EMRSs in partnership with the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MoSDE).

National Scholarships for ST Students

  • Pre-Matric and Post-Matric Scholarships for students from Class IX to higher education.
  • National Scholarship Scheme and National Fellowship for Higher Education, enabling ST students to pursue graduate, post-graduate, M.Phil, and Ph.D. programs.

Financial Support

  • Coverage of application fees for national-level exams like JEE, NEET, and CLAT for EMRS students studying in Class XII, reducing the financial burden on families.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Central Govt. to set up 728 Eklavya Model Residential School
Target EMRSs 440 new EMRSs, bringing the total to 728, to serve around 3.5 lakh ST students
Location Criteria One school in every block with 50% ST population and at least 20,000 tribal individuals
Educational Infrastructure Modern classrooms, science/computer labs, libraries with diverse learning resources
Accommodation Separate hostels for boys and girls with essential amenities
Sports & Extracurricular Playgrounds, sports equipment, and facilities for music, arts, and sports
Health & Nutrition Regular health check-ups and medical facilities
Digital Learning Smart classrooms, computer labs, and internet access for enhanced education
Vocational Training Skill development and vocational training programs
Collaborative Initiatives Partnership with MeitY for smart classrooms, PACE-IIT for online coaching, MoSDE for skill labs
Scholarship Schemes Pre-Matric, Post-Matric, and National Fellowship for Higher Education of ST students
Financial Support for Exams Coverage of application fees for exams like JEE, NEET, CLAT for EMRS students

Trump’s Reciprocal Tariffs: What It Means for India’s Export Economy

Former US President Donald Trump’s proposed “reciprocal tariff” policy has once again made headlines. Under this proposed tariff structure, a 27% adjusted reciprocal tariff would be imposed on Indian exports to the United States, significantly increasing the cost of Indian goods in the American market. According to recent estimates, this would be over and above the existing average tariffs, potentially impacting India’s export performance in its largest overseas market.

Understanding the Concept of Reciprocal Tariffs

A reciprocal tariff policy is based on the idea that the United States should impose the same tariffs on other countries as they impose on American goods. This move, positioned as a way to “correct” what Trump deems unfair trade practices, would mean a massive increase in duties on Indian goods, which currently enjoy relatively low average tariffs in the US.

  • According to a Barclays research report, India faces an average tariff of 2.7% on its exports to the US.
  • In contrast, US goods face a 10.5% tariff when exported to India.
  • With the new 27% adjusted reciprocal tariff, Indian products could become far more expensive and less competitive in the US market.

Impact on India’s Export Economy

1. Loss of Competitive Edge in the US Market

The United States is India’s largest export destination, and the two countries enjoy a substantial trade surplus in India’s favor. Indian goods, especially from labor-intensive sectors like textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and engineering, dominate key segments of US imports. A sudden increase in tariffs could lead to:

  • Price hikes for Indian goods
  • Reduced competitiveness in the US market
  • Potential loss of market share to rival exporters

However, it’s crucial to note that the Trump administration is not singling out India. These tariffs apply to all major trading partners, which means that the net change in India’s relative advantage will depend on how other countries are impacted.

2. Sector-wise Effects Could Vary

An analysis by Ernst and Young (EY) highlights that the impact of these tariffs will not be uniform across sectors:

  • Energy exports (like petroleum products) might face headwinds
  • Textile and apparel exports could see some benefits, depending on how other Asian exporters are affected
  • Pharmaceutical exports are likely to remain unaffected, given their critical nature and low price elasticity

This suggests a need for sector-specific strategies and adaptive trade diplomacy to minimize the fallout.

India’s Response: Strategic Caution

So far, India has not announced any retaliatory measures. The Indian government’s stance appears to be one of strategic patience, with an eye on maintaining stable bilateral ties and continuing trade negotiations with the US.

The response is likely influenced by:

  • The February visit of Prime Minister Narendra Modi to the US, during which both sides agreed to strengthen economic ties
  • A desire to avoid escalation and instead focus on a comprehensive trade agreement
  • Ongoing negotiations that could lead to mutual concessions, possibly including lower Indian tariffs on certain US goods

Other Factors Influencing Export Prospects

Besides tariffs, several macro-economic and currency-related factors will play a role in shaping India’s export outlook:

  • The health of the US economy post-tariff imposition
  • The strength of the US dollar against the Indian rupee
  • Global commodity prices and shifting supply chains due to geopolitical realignments

A stronger dollar or weakening rupee could make Indian exports more price-competitive, somewhat cushioning the tariff shock.

Potential Costs of Amicable Resolution

Even if India manages to negotiate a settlement, it will likely come with economic costs, such as:

  • Reducing import duties on US products (which may be more expensive than alternatives from other countries)
  • Making commitments to purchase a fixed quantity of US goods (like defense equipment or agricultural commodities)

These steps could distort India’s existing trade relationships and raise import bills, thereby offsetting some of the gains from export-led growth.

Summary of the Issue in Tabular Format

Aspect Details
Why in News Trump proposes 27% reciprocal tariff on Indian goods exported to the US
Current Avg. Tariffs India on US goods: 10.5%, US on Indian goods: 2.7%
New Proposed Tariff on India 27% over and above existing 2.7%
Impact on Trade Higher prices for Indian goods in US, potential loss of market share
India’s Trade Surplus with US Plays a major role in cushioning overall trade deficit
Sectoral Impact (EY analysis) Energy: Negative, Textiles: Some gains, Pharma: Neutral
India’s Response Cautious, no retaliation yet, hopes for trade negotiations
Other Factors US economic health, rupee-dollar exchange rate, global trade flows
Possible Concessions Lowering tariffs on US goods, committing to buy American exports

 

Rajasthan Tops Solar Installations In Indian Railways Stations and Service Buildings

Indian Railways has significantly expanded its solar energy infrastructure in alignment with the government’s commitment to renewable energy and sustainability. As of February 2025, the national transporter has installed 209 MW of solar power capacity across 2,249 railway stations and service buildings. This marks a 2.3 times increase in solar plant installations in the last five years (1,489 new units) compared to the previous five years (628 units). Rajasthan leads the solar expansion with 275 installations, followed by Maharashtra (270) and West Bengal (237). The initiative is driven by Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) and the Round The Clock (RTC) hybrid power model, integrating solar and wind energy.

Key Highlights

Indian Railways’ Solar Expansion

  • Total Solar Capacity Installed (as of Feb 2025): 209 MW
  • Total Solar Installations: 2,249 railway stations and service buildings
  • Growth Rate: 2.3 times increase in installations over the past five years

Power Procurement Mode

  • Round The Clock (RTC) power model using a mix of solar and wind energy
  • Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) under the developer mode

Challenges Faced

  • Regulatory constraints
  • Power evacuation issues
  • Connectivity challenges
  • Coordination with State Governments and Transmission Utilities

Top Three States with the Most Installations

  • Rajasthan – 275 installations
  • Maharashtra – 270 installations
  • West Bengal – 237 installations

Railway’s Commitment

  • Continued expansion of solar energy adoption for environmental sustainability and long-term financial savings

State-Wise Breakdown of Solar Installations (2014-2025)

  • Rajasthan: 275 (73 before 2020, 200 after)
  • Maharashtra: 270 (43 before 2020, 213 after)
  • West Bengal: 237 (12 before 2020, 222 after)
  • Uttar Pradesh: 204 (78 before 2020, 93 after)
  • Andhra Pradesh: 198 (33 before 2020, 126 after)
  • Karnataka: 146 (86 before 2020, 60 after)
  • Madhya Pradesh: 134 (49 before 2020, 74 after)
  • Odisha: 133 (30 before 2020, 103 after)
  • Gujarat: 112 (11 before 2020, 96 after)
  • Telangana: 95 (35 before 2020, 60 after)
  • Bihar: 81 (25 before 2020, 42 after)
  • Assam: 78 (27 before 2020, 48 after)
  • Tamil Nadu: 73 (42 before 2020, 31 after)
  • Jharkhand: 47 (10 before 2020, 35 after)
  • Haryana: 36 (9 before 2020, 23 after)
  • Punjab: 30 (19 before 2020, 11 after)
  • Uttarakhand: 18 (1 before 2020, 17 after)
  • Himachal Pradesh: 17 (1 before 2020, 16 after)
  • Tripura: 16 (15 before 2020, 1 after)
  • Chhattisgarh: 16 (10 before 2020, 5 after)
  • Kerala: 13 (12 before 2020, 1 after)
  • Delhi: 8 (4 before 2020, 3 after)
  • Jammu & Kashmir: 6 (2 before 2020, 4 after)
  • Nagaland: 2 (0 before 2020, 2 after)
  • Meghalaya: 1 (0 before 2020, 1 after)
  • Manipur: 1 (0 before 2020, 1 after)
  • Chandigarh: 1 (0 before 2020, 1 after)
  • Puducherry: 1 (1 before 2020, 0 after)

Grand Total

  • 628 installations from 2014-15 to 2019-20
  • 1,489 installations from 2020-21 to Feb 2025
  • Total installations: 2,249

Future Outlook

  • Indian Railways will continue expanding solar energy adoption, aiming for a carbon-neutral future.
  • More RTC power solutions will be explored to enhance efficiency and reduce dependency on fossil fuels.
  • Coordination with state governments and power utilities will remain a key focus to overcome regulatory and technical hurdles.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Rajasthan Tops Solar Installations In Indian Railways Stations and Service Buildings
Total Solar Capacity Installed 209 MW (as of Feb 2025)
Total Solar Installations 2,249 railway stations and service buildings
Growth Rate 2.3 times increase in last five years
Power Procurement Mode RTC model (solar + wind), PPAs under developer mode
Challenges Faced Regulatory constraints, power evacuation, connectivity issues, coordination with states
Top 3 States by Installations Rajasthan (275), Maharashtra (270), West Bengal (237)
State with Highest Installations Rajasthan (275)
Future Outlook Expansion of solar energy, RTC power solutions, overcoming regulatory hurdles

Assam’s ‘Mukhya Mantri Mahila Udyamita Abhiyan’: A Game-Changer for Women Entrepreneurs

The Assam government has launched its largest women entrepreneurship support initiative, the Mukhya Mantri Mahila Udyamita Abhiyan, to promote self-employment among women. This ambitious scheme, launched by Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma in Biswanath district, aims to empower 30 lakh women by providing seed capital of ₹10,000 each to help them establish or expand their micro-businesses. The scheme follows a multi-tiered financial assistance model, encouraging sustainable entrepreneurship and economic independence for women across the state.

Key Highlights

Details Regarding It

  • Name of the Scheme: Mukhya Mantri Mahila Udyamita Abhiyan
  • Launch Date: April 1, 2025
  • Launched By: Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma
  • Location of Launch Event: Behali, Biswanath district, Assam
  • Beneficiaries: 30 lakh women across Assam
  • Initial Financial Assistance: ₹10,000 per beneficiary
  • Usage: Investment in micro-businesses, husband’s business, plantations, or livestock
  • Monitoring: Government officials will inspect utilization after one year

Phased Financial Assistance Model

  • First Year: ₹10,000 as seed capital
  • Second Year: ₹25,000 (₹12,500 bank loan + ₹12,500 government support)
  • Third Year: ₹50,000 from the government for successful entrepreneurs

Loan Repayment Terms

  • Beneficiaries do not have to return the government-provided funds
  • Only the bank loan needs to be repaid (government will cover the interest)
  • First-Day Beneficiaries: 23,375 women received financial aid at the launch event
  • Implementation: To be conducted in all Assembly constituencies in the presence of the CM or ministers

Government’s Vision for Women Empowerment in Assam

  • The scheme aligns with Assam’s broader initiative to support women from school to old age.

Other initiatives under this strategy include,

  • Free admissions and schooling for girls
  • Livelihood support under Orunodoi scheme
  • Old-age pensions and free food grains for women

Impact on Assam’s Rural Economy

  • The scheme aims to strengthen Assam’s rural economy through:
  • Promotion of micro-enterprises
  • Investment in agriculture and livestock businesses
  • Encouraging self-reliance among women
  • The multi-layered financial support ensures long-term sustainability for women entrepreneurs.
Summary/Status Details
Why in the news? Assam’s ‘Mukhya Mantri Mahila Udyamita Abhiyan’: A Game-Changer for Women Entrepreneurs
Scheme Name Mukhya Mantri Mahila Udyamita Abhiyan
Launched By CM Himanta Biswa Sarma
Launch Location Behali, Biswanath district, Assam
Total Beneficiaries 30 lakh women
Initial Assistance ₹10,000 per woman
Second-Year Aid ₹25,000 (₹12,500 bank loan + ₹12,500 govt. support)
Third-Year Aid ₹50,000 from the government
Loan Repayment Only bank loan (Govt. covers interest)
Monitoring Inspections after one year
Impact Areas Micro-enterprises, agriculture, livestock
Additional Benefits Free education, Orunodoi scheme, pensions

Centre Withholds SSA Funds to Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal for FY 2024-25

As of March 27, 2025, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal have not received any funds from the central share under the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), despite having approved allocations for the financial year 2024–25. This was revealed by Minister of State for Education Jayant Choudhary in a reply to a question raised by CPI(M) MP John Brittas in the Rajya Sabha.

What is the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)?

The Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is the flagship school education scheme of the Ministry of Education, aiming to improve school infrastructure, provide textbooks, ensure teacher training, and fund salaries, among other critical components. It integrates three erstwhile schemes:

  • Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
  • Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan
  • Teacher Education

The SSA plays a vital role in strengthening foundational education, particularly in rural and underserved regions of India.

Zero Fund Disbursement Despite Approved Allocations

Despite having approved allocations for FY 2024–25:

  • Kerala was approved ₹ 328.90 crore
  • Tamil Nadu2,151.60 crore
  • West Bengal1,745.80 crore

As per data presented in Parliament, no central funds had been released to these three states under SSA as of March 27, 2025.

This is in stark contrast to the overall disbursement figures: out of the total central allocation of ₹ 45,830.21 crore to 36 States and Union Territories, ₹ 27,833.50 crore had been released to all other entities except Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal.

Criteria for Releasing SSA Funds

The Ministry of Education stated that the release of SSA funds to states and UTs depends on multiple compliance-based criteria such as:

  • Pace of expenditure of previously released funds
  • Receipt of the State’s matching share
  • Submission of audited accounts
  • Statements of outstanding advances
  • Up-to-date expenditure statements
  • Audited utilisation certificates

These procedural requirements are designed to ensure accountability and efficient utilization of resources.

Centre-State Tensions Over NEP and PM-SHRI Schools

The funding freeze, particularly for Tamil Nadu, occurs in the backdrop of policy disagreements between the State Government and the Centre. Tamil Nadu has refused to implement the three-language formula outlined under the National Education Policy (NEP) and has also declined to sign the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for the implementation of the PM-SHRI schools scheme (PM Schools for Rising India).

This refusal has reportedly led to the withholding of SSA funds, even though SSA and PM-SHRI are separate schemes.

Parliamentary Panel’s Strong Observations

A Parliamentary Standing Committee had earlier criticized the Ministry’s decision to link SSA fund disbursement with states’ willingness to adopt unrelated schemes such as PM-SHRI. The panel stated that this move was:

  • “Not justifiable”
  • “Severely impacting” school operations in these states
  • Causing delays in teacher salaries, Right to Education (RTE) reimbursements, and transportation services in remote areas

The committee thus recommended that the Ministry of Education should immediately release the pending SSA funds to Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal to avoid disruption in:

  • School maintenance
  • Teacher training programs
  • Educational resources for underprivileged students

Wider Impact of Fund Withholding

The consequences of withholding SSA funds are significant:

  • Disruption of educational services in government schools
  • Delays in salaries of lakhs of teachers
  • Impact on transport and mid-day meal schemes
  • Hindrance in training and hiring of teaching staff
  • Negative effects on Right to Education (RTE) implementation

Such delays are feared to widen the education gap, particularly in marginalized communities that rely on government-supported schooling.

Summary of the Issue in Tabular Form

Aspect Details
Why in News Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal received zero SSA funds till Mar 27, 2025
States Affected Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal
Approved Central Allocation FY25 Kerala: ₹ 328.90 Cr, TN: ₹ 2,151.60 Cr, WB: ₹ 1,745.80 Cr
Funds Released (as of Mar 27) ₹ 0 to these three states
Total SSA Allocation (India) ₹ 45,830.21 crore
Funds Released (Overall) ₹ 27,833.50 crore (excluding Kerala, TN, WB)
Highest Recipient Uttar Pradesh – Allocated: ₹ 6,971.26 Cr; Released: ₹ 4,487.46 Cr
Reason for Withholding Procedural issues, policy disagreements (e.g., three-language formula, PM-SHRI MoU)
Parliamentary Panel Stance Withholding SSA funds due to unrelated MoUs is “not justifiable”
Impact Disruption in salaries, training, school infrastructure, RTE implementation
Recommendation Immediate release of pending SSA funds to prevent disruption

Which City of Germany is Known as the Grey City?

Some cities in the world have unique nicknames based on their weather, history or appearance. In Germany, one city is often called the “Grey City” due to its frequent cloudy skies and cool climate. Despite, this name, the city is rich in culture, history and trade. It has beautiful architecture, famous landmarks and an important role in Germany’s economy. Let’s explore why this city got its nickname.

An Overview of Germany

Germany is a country in Central and Western Europe, known for its strong economy, rich culture and diverse landscapes. It stretches from the Alps in the south to the North Sea in the north. Germany shares borders with nine countries, including Denmark, Poland, France and Austria. Its central location marks it an important hub for trade, travel and cultural exchange in Europe.

The Grey City in Germany

Berlin is known as the “Grey City” of Germany. This nickname comes from its many concrete buildings, built after World War I, and the remains of the Berlin Wall. The city’s history of war and division adds to this image. However, Berlin is also a lively place with rich culture, art and history.

Why is Berlin Known as the Grey City?

Berlin is called the “Grey City” because of its many concrete buildings, built after World War I, and the remains of the Berlin Wall. The city was divided from 1961 to 1989, and the wall symbolized separation and struggle. Berlin’s history of war and the Cold War left behind a grey, serious image. However, despite this nickname, Berlin is also a lively city filled with art, museums and street culture, making it a place of both history and creativity.

An Overview of Berlin

Berlin, the capital and largest city of Germany, is a lively and historic metropolis with a population of 3.7 million. It is a major center for art, politics and media. Located in the northeastern Germany, Berlin is surrounded by the state of Brandenburg. The city lies along the Spree River, which flows into the Havel, adding to its scenic beauty and cultural significance.

Women’s Prize for Non-Fiction 2025 Shortlisted Books

The Women’s Prize for Non-Fiction 2025 has announced its shortlist of six exceptional books, celebrating voices that span across themes of nature, identity, resilience, and memory. In only its second year, this prestigious prize has already made a significant impact in showcasing powerful stories by women authors from around the globe.

Women’s Prize for Non-Fiction 2025 Shortlist

  • Ocean’s Silent History: What the Wild Sea Can Be by Helen Scales

In her book What the Wild Sea Can Be: The Future of the World’s Ocean, marine biologist Helen Scales embarks on a journey into the evolutionary backstory of the ocean, using a thumb-sized fossilised slate as a poignant symbol. Stored in her desk drawer, this artifact — etched with the ancient forms of long-gone sea creatures — acts as a metaphor for deep oceanic memory.

Scales reflects on the dramatic transformations oceans have endured over millennia and poses the essential question: Will life in the ocean go on? Her inquiry weaves past marine evolution with present climate threats, making the book a resonant call for awareness and action.

  • Bond Beyond Species: Raising Hare by Chloe Dalton

In Raising Hare, Chloe Dalton recounts a profound personal journey sparked by a chance encounter with a baby hare (leveret) during the COVID-19 lockdown. Once a jet-setting foreign policy adviser, Dalton’s life takes a transformative turn in the English countryside.

As she struggles to care for the fragile creature with little guidance, she gradually understands that hares, as wild animals, are not meant to be tamed. The narrative blossoms into a meditation on wildness, coexistence, and the boundaries of human intervention in nature. In one of her most striking reflections, Dalton writes: “To domesticate is to alter the nature of an animal… For innately wild animals such as the hare, a better way is to coexist.”

  • A Life in Harmony and Disruption: A Thousand Threads by Neneh Cherry

Neneh Cherry’s memoir, A Thousand Threads, is a tapestry of identity, music, family, and rebellion. Born to a triad of extraordinary figures — artist Moki, musicians Don Cherry and Ahmadu Jah — Cherry’s unconventional upbringing in Sweden forms the heart of her story.

Her life swings between the currents of creativity, migration, and cultural fusion. The memoir includes a curated playlist, from John Coltrane’s ‘A Love Supreme’ to Cherry’s own anthems like ‘Buffalo Stance’. The story celebrates her artistic spirit and confronts the realities of drug use, fame, and resilience.

  • Generosity Beyond Life: The Story of A Heart by Rachel Clarke

In The Story of A Heart, doctor Rachel Clarke explores the profound emotional dimensions of organ donation. The narrative follows the tragic yet life-affirming journey of Kiera and Max — two nine-year-olds connected by the gift of a heart.

Clarke calls organ donation an “act of radical generosity”, illustrating how death and life can coexist in acts of hope. Through the lens of medicine and empathy, the book reflects on grief, healing, and the human capacity for giving.

  • Women in Transition: Private Revolutions by Yuan Yang

Yuan Yang’s Private Revolutions paints a vibrant portrait of four women in China navigating life after the 1990s economic and social transformations. The stories echo themes of resilience, rebellion, and reinvention, offering insights into how women have negotiated power, identity, and freedom in a rapidly modernising China.

Yang, herself a journalist, captures these lives with nuance and emotional depth, underlining the gendered realities of contemporary China.

  • Remembering a Resistance Heroine: Agent Zo by Clare Mulley

In Agent Zo, historian Clare Mulley resurrects the forgotten story of Elżbieta Zawacka, a Polish World War II resistance fighter. Zawacka, who resisted both Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia, operated as a courier, soldier, and intelligence officer, and was one of the only female members of the Cichociemni (Silent Unseen) — the Polish elite paratroopers.

Mulley crafts a thrilling narrative of bravery and tenacity, ensuring that Zawacka’s name is etched into history and her contributions to wartime resistance are rightfully honoured.

Summary of the Women’s Prize for Non-Fiction 2025 Shortlist

Book Title Author Theme Highlight
What the Wild Sea Can Be Helen Scales Ocean history & future Fossil symbolising ocean’s evolutionary memory
Raising Hare Chloe Dalton Nature & human-wild interaction Story of nurturing a baby hare during the pandemic
A Thousand Threads Neneh Cherry Music memoir & identity Life story of singer shaped by creativity and rebellion
The Story of A Heart Rachel Clarke Medicine, grief & organ donation Narrative of heart transplant between two children
Private Revolutions Yuan Yang Women’s resilience in China Life journeys of four women post-1990s
Agent Zo Clare Mulley WWII resistance & forgotten heroines Story of Elżbieta Zawacka, Polish resistance fighter

 

Russia Launches Nuclear Submarine Armed With ‘Unstoppable’ Zircon Hypersonic Missile

Russia has launched the Perm, its first nuclear submarine equipped with the Zircon hypersonic cruise missile, which is reportedly impossible to intercept. The Perm, part of the Yasen-M class, will be commissioned into the Pacific Fleet next year. President Vladimir Putin hailed the launch as a milestone event, emphasizing Russia’s continued efforts to strengthen its naval capabilities. The Zircon missile, known for its Mach 8 speed and radar-evading plasma cloud, poses a major challenge to existing air defense systems.

Key Highlights of Russia’s Nuclear Submarine Launch

Submarine & Military Advancements

  • Submarine Launched: Perm (Yasen-M class).
  • Launch Location: Severodvinsk, Russia (Sevmash shipyard).
  • Commissioning Timeline: Expected to join the Pacific Fleet in 2026.

Class & Role

  • Multi-role submarine for naval and land-based attacks.
  • First Yasen-class submarine to carry hypersonic missiles.
  • Replaces: Akula and Oscar-class submarines.

Zircon Hypersonic Missile: A ‘Game-Changer’

  • Speed: Mach 8 (9,900 km/h or 6,138 mph).
  • Range: 500 – 1,000 km (311 – 621 miles).

Stealth Features

  • Surrounded by a plasma cloud that absorbs radar waves, making it invisible to detection.

Interception Challenge

  • Too fast for current air defense systems to counter effectively.

Combat Use

  • Allegedly used in Ukraine (February 2024), per Kyiv Scientific Research Institute of Forensic Expertise.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Russia Launches Nuclear Submarine Armed With ‘Unstoppable’ Zircon Hypersonic Missile
Submarine Name Perm (Yasen-M class)
Launch Location Sevmash shipyard, Severodvinsk, Russia
Commissioning Date 2026 (Pacific Fleet)
Role Multi-role attack submarine
Missile Equipped Zircon Hypersonic Cruise Missile
Speed of Missile Mach 8 (9,900 km/h)
Range of Missile 500 – 1,000 km (311 – 621 miles)
Stealth Feature Plasma cloud absorbs radar waves (undetectable)
Current Threat Level Impossible to intercept with existing air defenses

Cabinet Approves Patna-Arrah-Sasaram Corridor & Kosi-Mechi Intra-State Link Project

To boost connectivity and agricultural irrigation in Bihar, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has approved two key infrastructure projects—the Patna-Arrah-Sasaram Corridor and the Kosi-Mechi Intra-State Link Project. These projects aim to support regional development, generate employment, and align with the government’s vision of “Atmanirbhar Bharat.”

Key Highlights

Patna-Arrah-Sasaram Corridor (NH-119A)

  • Type: 4-lane access-controlled corridor (Hybrid Annuity Mode – HAM).
  • Length: 120.10 km.
  • Cost: ₹3,712.40 crore.

Purpose

  • Decongest existing state highways.
  • Reduce travel time from 3–4 hours.

Connectivity Benefits

  • Links Patna to Sasaram and Arrah.
  • Connects with major transport nodes including the upcoming Bihita Airport and railway stations.
  • Enhances linkage between cities like Patna, Varanasi, Ranchi, and Lucknow.
  • Employment Generation: Around 48 lakh man-days.
  • Socio-economic Impact: Boosts regional growth and logistics efficiency.

Kosi-Mechi Intra-State Link Project

  • Inclusion: Under PMKSY-AIBP (Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana – Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme).
  • Estimated Cost: ₹6,282.32 crore.
  • Central Assistance: ₹3,652.56 crore.
  • Completion Target: March 2029.

Objective

  • Divert surplus water from the Kosi River to irrigate the Mahananda basin.
  • Remodel the Eastern Kosi Main Canal (EKMC).

Irrigation Impact

  • Additional irrigation potential for 2.10 lakh hectares.
  • Covers Araria, Purnea, Kishanganj, and Katihar districts.
  • Benefits Kharif crop irrigation.
  • Agricultural Growth: Ensures water access for current and new farmlands.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Cabinet Approves Patna-Arrah-Sasaram Corridor & Kosi-Mechi Intra-State Link Project
Patna-Arrah-Sasaram Corridor – 120.10 km, 4-lane
– ₹3,712.40 crore
– HAM model
– Reduces travel time, decongests state highways
– Links Patna, Sasaram, Bihita Airport, major cities
– Employment: 48 lakh man-days
Kosi-Mechi Intra-State Link Project  – ₹6,282.32 crore total cost
– ₹3,652.56 crore central support
– Completion by March 2029
– Irrigates 2.10 lakh hectares in 4 districts
– Part of PMKSY-AIBP
– Remodels EKMC, benefits Kharif season irrigation

Veteran Actor Manoj Kumar Passes Away at 87

Legendary Bollywood actor Manoj Kumar, known for his iconic patriotic films, passed away at the age of 87. He breathed his last at Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital after suffering from heart-related complications and decompensated liver cirrhosis.

The Life and Career of Manoj Kumar

Early Life and Journey into Cinema

Manoj Kumar, originally named Harikrishan Giri Goswami, was born in present-day Pakistan. After the Partition of India, his family migrated to Delhi, where he completed his education and developed a keen interest in cinema.

Rise to Stardom

He began his Bollywood journey in the late 1950s and soon gained recognition for his acting prowess. His early hits included films like:

  • Hariyali Aur Raasta (1962)
  • Woh Kaun Thi? (1964)
  • Himalaya Ki God Mein (1965)
  • Do Badan (1966)
  • Patthar Ke Sanam (1967)
  • Neel Kamal (1968)

Patriotic Image and the ‘Bharat Kumar’ Legacy

Manoj Kumar carved a niche for himself in Bollywood with his nationalist-themed films. His portrayal of self-sacrificing, patriotic characters earned him the title of ‘Bharat Kumar’. Some of his most famous patriotic films include:

  • Shaheed (1965) – Based on the life of Bhagat Singh.
  • Upkar (1967) – Inspired by Lal Bahadur Shastri’s slogan ‘Jai Jawan Jai Kisan’.
  • Purab Aur Paschim (1970) – A film contrasting Indian values with Western influence.
  • Kranti (1981) – A historical drama based on India’s freedom struggle.

Awards and Honors

Manoj Kumar’s contribution to Indian cinema was recognized with several prestigious awards:

  • Padma Shri (1992) – India’s fourth-highest civilian award.
  • Dadasaheb Phalke Award (2015) – The highest honor in Indian cinema.
  • Multiple Filmfare Awards for his outstanding performances and direction.

Summary of the News

Aspect Details
Who? Veteran Bollywood actor Manoj Kumar
What? Passed away at the age of 87
Where? Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital, Mumbai
When? April 2025 (Exact Date TBA)
Cause of Death? Heart-related complications and decompensated liver cirrhosis
Notable Films Shaheed, Upkar, Purab Aur Paschim, Kranti, Hariyali Aur Raasta, Himalaya Ki God Mein, Do Badan, Patthar Ke Sanam, Neel Kamal
Major Awards Padma Shri (1992), Dadasaheb Phalke Award (2015)
Nickname Bharat Kumar (for his patriotic films)
PM Modi’s Tribute “His works ignited a spirit of national pride and will continue to inspire generations.”

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