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States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

States and Capitals

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO State Capital CM Governor
1 Andhra Pradesh Amaravati Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu S. Abdul Nazer
2 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Pema Khandu Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3 Assam Dispur Himanta Biswa Sarma Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4 Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar Arif Mohammed Khan
5 Chhattisgarh Raipur Vishnu Deo Sai Ramen Deka
6 Goa Panaji Pramod Sawant P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7 Gujarat Gandhinagar Bhupendra Patel Acharya Dev Vrat
8 Haryana Chandigarh Nayab Singh Saini Bandaru Dattatraya
9 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu Shiv Pratap Shukla
10 Jharkhand Ranchi Hemant Soren Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11 Karnataka Bengaluru Siddaramaiah Thaawarchand Gehlot
12 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Pinarayi Vijayan Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Mohan Yadav Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14 Maharashtra Mumbai Devendra Fadnavis C.P. Radhakrishnan
15 Manipur Imphal N. Biren Singh
Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16 Meghalaya Shillong Conrad Kongkal Sangma
C H Vijayashankar
17 Mizoram Aizawl Lalduhoma General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18 Nagaland Kohima Neiphiu Rio
La. Ganesan
19 Odisha Bhubaneswar Mohan Charan Majhi
Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20 Punjab Chandigarh Bhagwant Singh Mann Gulab Chand Kataria
21 Rajasthan Jaipur Bhajan Lal Sharma Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22 Sikkim Gangtok PS Golay Om Prakash Mathur
23 Tamil Nadu Chennai M. K. Stalin R. N. Ravi
24 Telangana Hyderabad Anumula Revanth Reddy Jishnu Dev Varma
25 Tripura Agartala Dr. Manik Saha Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Yogi Aditya Nath Anandiben Patel
27 Uttarakhand Dehradun Pushkar Singh Dhami Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28 West Bengal Kolkata Mamata Banerjee Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO Union Territories Capital CM Lt. Governor
1 Andaman and Nicobar Island Port Blair NA D K Joshi
2 Chandigarh Chandigarh NA Banwarilal Purohit
3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Daman NA Praful Patel
4 Delhi Delhi Rekha Gupta Vinai Kumar Saxena
5 Ladakh NA NA B. D. Mishra
6 Lakshadweep Kavaratti NA Praful Patel
7 Jammu and Kashmir NA Omar Abdullah Manoj Sinha
8 Puducherry Pondicherry N. Rangaswamy C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference States Union Territories
Head of Administration Governor Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type Elected by the People Managed by the central government
Powers Shares power with the central government. Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No. States Language
1 Andhra Pradesh Telugu and Urdu
2 Arunachal Pradesh Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3 Assam Assamese
4 Bihar Hindi
5 Chhattisgarh Hindi
6 Goa Marathi Konkani
7 Gujarat Gujarati
8 Haryana Hindi
9 Himachal Pradesh Hindi and Pahari
10 Jharkhand Hindi
11 Karnataka Kannada
12 Kerala Malayalam
13 Madhya Pradesh Hindi
14 Maharashtra Marathi
15 Manipur Manipuri
16 Meghalaya Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17 Mizoram Mizo and English
18 Nagaland Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19 Odisha Oriya
20 Punjab Punjabi
21 Rajasthan Rajasthani and Hindi
22 Sikkim Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23 Tamil Nadu Tamil
24 Telangana Telugu
25 Tripura Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26 Uttar Pradesh Hindi
27 Uttarakhand Hindi
28 West Bengal Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

  • Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
  • Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
  • Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
  • Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
  • Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
  • Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
  • Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
  • Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

Which Indian State is Known as the Tea Basket of India?

India is one of the biggest tea-producing countries in the world. Tea is not just a drink here – it is a part of daily life. Many Indian states grow tea, but one special state produces the most and is known for its wide tea gardens and tasty flavor. Because of its high tea production, this state is often called the ”Basket of Tea” in India.

An Overview of India

India is a country in South Asia. It is the 7th largest country by area and became the most populated country in the world in 2023. India is the world’s biggest democracy since 1947. It is surrounded by the Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal and shares borders with Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Myanmar. It is also close to Sri Lanka and the Maldives.

Indian States and Union Territories

India has 28 states and 8 union territories. States have their own governance, while union territories are run by the central government. This system helps in better rule and administration across the country.

Tea Basket of India

The Indian state known as the ”Basket of Tea” is Assam. It is located in the northeastern part of India and is famous all over the world for its tea gardens. Assam is also called the ”Tea Garden of India” because of its huge tea production.

Why is Assam Called the Basket of India?

Assam is the largest tea-producing state in India. It grows the most tea in the country and is also the world’s largest tea-growing region. Assam alone produces about half of India’s total area.

The state has perfect conditions for growing tea:

  • Heavy rainfall
  • Warm and humid weather
  • Rich soil near the Brahmaputra River

These natural features help the tea plants grow well and make Assam tea famous for its strong flavor and bright color.

Because of this, Assam has earned the nickname ”Basket of Tea,” and some even call it the ”Tea Estate of the World.”

An Overview of Assam

Assam is a beautiful state in Northeast India. It is known for:

  • Tea and oil production
  • Lush green hills and forests
  • Colorful culture and traditions

Assam has a tropical monsoon climate, which means it gets a lot of rain. This weather is very good for growing tea.

The people of Assam are friendly and have a rich culture with traditional dance, music and festivals. It is also home to the famous Kaziranga National Park, known for one-horned rhinoceroses.

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Top 10 Nations Leading in Space Technology in 2025

In 2025, the race for space supremacy is no longer confined to Cold War rivals. A new era of multi-polar space leadership is being shaped by countries investing heavily in launch systems, satellite infrastructure, deep space exploration, and commercial space ecosystems. Space is no longer just a frontier—it’s a platform for strategic dominance, economic growth, and technological prestige.

This article ranks the top 10 countries leading in space technology in 2025, highlighting their unique contributions, missions, and emerging space industries.

Top 10 Spacefaring Nations in 2025

Rank Country Key Strengths Notable Achievements
1 United States Human spaceflight, reusability, deep space missions Artemis, Starlink, Mars rovers
2 China Moon & Mars exploration, space station, ASAT tech Tiangong, Tianwen-1, Chang’e series
3 Russia Heritage systems, heavy launch, lunar ambitions Soyuz, GLONASS, Oryol
4 India Affordable launch, lunar missions, private sector growth Chandrayaan-3, Gaganyaan, Aditya-L1
5 European Union (ESA) Earth observation, deep-space science, launch collaboration Ariane 6, JUICE, Copernicus
6 Japan Planetary probes, ISS partner, lunar plans Hayabusa2, Martian moons mission
7 UAE Mars mission, Moon rover, regional diplomacy Hope Probe, Rashid, MBRSC
8 South Korea Launch vehicles, lunar orbiters, satellite tech KPLO, Nuri rocket, 6G satellites
9 Iran Military satellites, domestic launch capability Noor-2, Qased, Simorgh
10 Brazil Satellite applications, equatorial launch site Amazon monitoring, Alcântara Launch Center

1. United States: Unmatched Leader in Space Exploration and Innovation

The United States remains the global leader in space technology in 2025, with unmatched capabilities across government, military, and commercial sectors.

Government and Civil Space Leadership

NASA continues to lead in planetary science, Mars exploration, and Artemis Moon missions, with Artemis III preparing for the first human landing since Apollo. The James Webb Space Telescope has revolutionized astrophysics.

Commercial Space Dominance

The U.S. dominates commercial space through SpaceX, Blue Origin, Rocket Lab, and Sierra Space. Reusable launch vehicles, mega-constellations (Starlink), and plans for private space stations give the U.S. a unique edge.

Defense Space Capabilities

The U.S. Space Force continues to expand its role in satellite defense, space-based ISR, and anti-satellite resilience, making the country the most space-capable nation by far.

2. China: Rapid Expansion and Strategic Ambitions

China has emerged as the United States’ closest space competitor, executing an ambitious space program with increasing autonomy and global ambition.

National Space Strategy

Led by CNSA (China National Space Administration), China has launched its own modular space station—Tiangong, successfully landed rovers on the Moon (Chang’e missions) and Mars (Tianwen-1), and is planning a Moon base with Russia.

Military and Commercial Integration

China integrates civil, military, and commercial efforts under state direction. It has developed its own GNSS system (BeiDou), and state-backed firms like CASIC and i-Space are advancing in launch and satellite services.

3. Russia: Legacy Power with Deep-Space Focus

Despite economic challenges, Russia remains a major space power due to its extensive heritage in launch vehicles, ISS operations, and deep-space missions.

Technological Backbone

Russia’s Soyuz, Proton, and Angara rockets continue to serve global markets. New efforts include the Oryol crewed spacecraft, Moon missions, and future participation in a BRICS-led space station.

Strategic Influence

Roscosmos maintains strong cooperation with countries like India, Iran, Venezuela, and China, leveraging its heritage and GLONASS satellite system to maintain global relevance.

4. India: Precision, Pragmatism, and Progress

In 2025, India stands out as a rising force in space through ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) and its expanding private space sector.

Scientific and Operational Excellence

India launched its Chandrayaan-3 Moon lander and Aditya-L1 solar observatory successfully, and has planned the Gaganyaan crewed mission. It maintains an efficient and cost-effective launch program with PSLV and GSLV rockets.

Commercial Growth

With the rise of Skyroot Aerospace, Agnikul Cosmos, and Dhruva Space, India’s NewSpace ecosystem is growing rapidly, contributing to satellite manufacturing, launch services, and space analytics.

5. European Union (ESA Members): Collaborative Technological Leadership

While not a single country, the European Space Agency (ESA) represents the combined capabilities of major European nations like France, Germany, Italy, and Spain, making Europe a formidable space force.

Multi-national Coordination

ESA continues to develop and operate Ariane 6 launchers, Copernicus Earth observation satellites, and deep-space probes like JUICE to study Jupiter’s moons.

Member Nation Strength

France’s CNES leads in satellite technology; Germany excels in scientific instruments and rover development; Italy contributes to ISS modules and robotics.

6. Japan: Deep-Space and Asteroid Exploration Pioneer

Japan is known for its high-impact contributions to space science and planetary exploration. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) focuses on sample-return missions, deep-space research, and ISS collaboration.

Asteroid Missions and Innovation

Japan’s Hayabusa2 was the first to retrieve and return asteroid samples, and future missions will study Martian moons and interplanetary particles. It also plays a crucial role in the Artemis lunar program.

Commercial Launch Progress

Japanese companies like Interstellar Technologies and IHI Aerospace are growing in the small satellite launch market.

7. United Arab Emirates (UAE): Ambitious and Accelerating

The UAE has emerged as the Arab world’s space pioneer, demonstrating strong achievements in Mars exploration, satellite development, and space diplomacy.

Key Missions

The UAE’s Hope Probe became the first Arab spacecraft to orbit Mars. The nation has also launched the Rashid Moon rover and is working toward a crew mission by the 2030s.

Long-Term Vision

Backed by the Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC), the UAE is investing in STEM education, Mars colonization plans, and regional cooperation.

8. South Korea: Emerging Commercial and Government Space Force

South Korea has made major strides in space launch systems, satellite technology, and lunar research. It has developed its own Nuri rocket, successfully launched in 2022 and upgraded since.

Satellite and Moon Ambitions

With the Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO), South Korea joined elite lunar exploration nations. The country also excels in defense satellites, space weather monitoring, and precision navigation.

Private Sector Growth

Companies like Hanwha Aerospace and INNOSPACE are investing in reusable rockets and nanosatellite services.

9. Iran: Regional Military and Civilian Space Aspirations

Despite sanctions, Iran continues to develop indigenous launch vehicles, reconnaissance satellites, and military space programs.

Strategic Assets

Iran has successfully launched satellites like Noor-2, and its military space command oversees operations linked to intelligence gathering and deterrence. The Qased and Simorgh rockets form the backbone of its orbital ambitions.

Self-Reliance Focus

Iran’s space program emphasizes indigenous development, often linked to its ballistic missile and aerospace industries.

10. Brazil: Latin America’s Space Leader

Brazil leads Latin America in space technology, with operational satellite programs and a growing interest in launch services from the Alcântara Launch Center.

Civilian and Commercial Growth

Brazil operates under AEB (Brazilian Space Agency) and partners with nations like the U.S., Israel, and India. Its satellite programs support agriculture, Amazon monitoring, and communications.

Future Potential

Brazil is poised to become a regional hub for small satellite launches, with international companies eyeing equatorial launch advantages.

Top 10 Countries Dominating the Semiconductor Industry in 2025

In 2025, the semiconductor industry remains at the heart of global technological competition. From powering smartphones and electric vehicles to enabling AI, quantum computing, and defense systems, semiconductors are the foundational component of the digital era.

Amid supply chain tensions, geopolitical rivalries, and massive government investments, several nations have emerged as leaders in chip manufacturing, R&D, and design. This article ranks and analyzes the top 10 countries dominating the semiconductor industry in 2025 based on fabrication capabilities, innovation, equipment supply, and global market share.

Top 10 Countries in the Semiconductor Industry (2025)

Rank Country Key Strengths Notable Players
1 Taiwan Advanced node fabrication, TSMC dominance TSMC, UMC
2 United States Chip design, AI chips, equipment, fab expansion Intel, NVIDIA, AMD, Qualcomm, Lam Research
3 South Korea Memory chip leadership, advanced foundries Samsung, SK hynix
4 China Largest consumer market, expanding domestic fabs SMIC, YMTC, HiSilicon
5 Japan Materials, lithography tools, legacy chips Tokyo Electron, Renesas, Kioxia
6 Netherlands EUV lithography (ASML) ASML
7 Germany Automotive semiconductors, EU chip leadership Infineon, Bosch, GlobalFoundries Dresden
8 Singapore Advanced fabs, packaging and testing GlobalFoundries, Micron, UMC
9 Israel Chip design, AI processors, autonomous tech Intel Israel, Mobileye, Mellanox
10 India Chip design, EDA services, upcoming foundries Vedanta–Foxconn, ISM, Tata Electronics

1. Taiwan: Global Leader in Advanced Chip Fabrication

Taiwan continues to be the undisputed leader in semiconductor manufacturing, largely due to the dominance of TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company). In 2025, TSMC controls over 55% of the global foundry market, producing advanced 3nm and 2nm chips.

Taiwan excels in contract chip fabrication (pure-play foundries), serving major clients like Apple, NVIDIA, AMD, and Qualcomm. Its concentration of fabs, engineers, and supply chain integration keeps it at the center of the global semiconductor value chain.

Despite geopolitical concerns over tensions with China, Taiwan remains critical to global electronics production and next-gen chip development.

2. United States: Innovation Hub and Design Powerhouse

The United States remains a design and R&D powerhouse, home to companies like Intel, AMD, NVIDIA, Qualcomm, Broadcom, and Micron. American firms lead in chip architecture, logic design, and EDA (electronic design automation) tools.

Through the CHIPS and Science Act, the U.S. has invested over $50 billion to rebuild its domestic semiconductor fabrication base. Intel has ramped up its foundry services, and GlobalFoundries continues to expand capacity.

The U.S. also dominates in semiconductor equipment and software, with companies like Applied Materials, Lam Research, and Synopsys essential to global chip production.

3. South Korea: Memory Chip Powerhouse

South Korea is a global leader in memory chip production, home to Samsung Electronics and SK hynix, which together control over 60% of the DRAM and NAND flash markets.

Samsung has expanded into foundry services and begun production of 3nm chips using gate-all-around (GAA) transistor architecture, directly competing with TSMC.

Backed by significant government funding, South Korea is investing in next-gen semiconductors, including AI chips, neuromorphic computing, and automotive-grade memory.

4. China: Rapid Expansion and Strategic Self-Reliance

China has made massive strides in building its semiconductor ecosystem, driven by its Made in China 2025 and tech self-sufficiency goals. Domestic players like SMIC (Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corp.), Yangtze Memory, and Huawei’s HiSilicon are making progress despite facing U.S. sanctions.

In 2025, China is a major player in mature node manufacturing, chip assembly, and consumer electronics integration. It’s also the largest semiconductor market, consuming over 30% of global chip output.

Although still dependent on foreign equipment and IP, China is aggressively investing in R&D, talent, and equipment manufacturing to reduce vulnerabilities.

5. Japan: Equipment and Material Excellence

Japan is essential to the global semiconductor supply chain, particularly in semiconductor equipment and materials. Japanese firms like Tokyo Electron, Nikon, Canon, and SCREEN Holdings provide critical tools for lithography, cleaning, etching, and metrology.

Japan also leads in photoresists, silicon wafers, and specialty gases, all vital for chip fabrication. While its domestic chipmakers like Renesas and Kioxia are smaller compared to global giants, Japan’s precision manufacturing remains unmatched.

In 2025, Japan has also expanded partnerships with the U.S. and EU to co-develop secure chip supply chains.

6. Netherlands: Home of ASML and EUV Lithography

The Netherlands plays a disproportionately large role in global semiconductor production thanks to ASML, the exclusive supplier of EUV (Extreme Ultraviolet) lithography machines—a critical technology for sub-5nm chip production.

ASML systems are used by TSMC, Intel, Samsung, and others, making the company a strategic chokepoint in advanced chipmaking. With continued innovation in High-NA EUV machines, the Netherlands is enabling the next leap in chip miniaturization.

Though small in size, the Netherlands is one of the most strategically indispensable nations in the global semiconductor ecosystem.

7. Germany: Europe’s Semiconductor Manufacturing Core

Germany leads the European Union’s semiconductor production through companies like Infineon Technologies, Bosch, and GlobalFoundries Dresden. It specializes in power electronics, automotive semiconductors, and industrial IoT chips.

With the EU’s Chips Act injecting billions of euros into semiconductor capacity, Germany is central to Europe’s goal of reaching 20% global chip production share by 2030.

Germany also benefits from strong academic-industry collaboration in microelectronics research and houses Fraunhofer Institutes, among the world’s top semiconductor R&D centers.

8. Singapore: Southeast Asia’s High-Tech Fab Hub

Singapore has positioned itself as a leading hub for advanced semiconductor fabrication in Southeast Asia. With major investments from TSMC, GlobalFoundries, Micron, and UMC, it plays a key role in producing logic and memory chips for global clients.

Singapore offers a stable regulatory environment, skilled talent, and cutting-edge R&D infrastructure supported by A*STAR and top universities. Its role in chip packaging, test, and photonics is also growing.

9. Israel: Chip Design and AI Acceleration

Israel has become a global hub for semiconductor design and AI processors, thanks to R&D centers operated by Intel, NVIDIA, Apple, and Mobileye. It excels in fabless chip development, AI acceleration, and autonomous driving systems.

Israel’s tech ecosystem thrives on innovation, venture capital, and military-grade electronics development. Intel’s Massive Fab 28 in Kiryat Gat remains one of the most advanced fabs outside the U.S. and Asia.

10. India: Emerging Design and Packaging Power

India is rapidly emerging as a player in semiconductor design, testing, and advanced chip packaging. Home to engineering hubs for AMD, Intel, Qualcomm, and ARM, India is now moving toward building its own foundry ecosystem.

The India Semiconductor Mission has drawn interest from companies like Micron, Tower Semiconductor, and Vedanta–Foxconn, with multiple fabs planned or under construction.

With strength in EDA software, talent, and design services, India is becoming a crucial node in global chip supply chains.

Konkan Railway Set to Merge with Indian Railways: What It Means

The Maharashtra government has officially approved the long-pending merger of the Konkan Railway Corporation Limited (KRCL) with Indian Railways, paving the way for the complete integration of this vital coastal rail route. With this, all shareholder states—Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and now Maharashtra—have backed the merger, ensuring that the scenic and strategically crucial Konkan route becomes a full-fledged part of India’s national railway network.

Why in News?

On May 23, 2025, it was reported that Maharashtra’s approval has cleared the final hurdle for the merger of KRCL with Indian Railways. The merger comes at a time when KRCL is facing financial difficulties and needs infrastructural and operational support. The Centre has agreed to Maharashtra’s conditions, including retaining the name “Konkan Railway” and reimbursing the state’s initial investment of ₹394 crore.

Background of Konkan Railway

  • Established in 1990 as a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) under the Ministry of Railways.
  • Operational since January 1998.
  • Total route length: 741 km, connecting Roha (Maharashtra) to Mangaluru (Karnataka) and further to Kerala.
  • Known for scenic beauty, complex terrain (91 tunnels and over 2,000 bridges), and strategic importance for coastal connectivity.

Shareholding Pattern of KRCL

  • Government of India: 51%
  • Maharashtra: 22%
  • Karnataka: 15%
  • Goa: 6%
  • Kerala: 6%

Reasons Behind the Merger

  • KRCL facing financial distress due to limited revenue and high maintenance costs.
  • The “standalone model” has become unsustainable.
  • A merger would allow access to Indian Railways’ larger investment pool, infrastructure, and expertise.

Conditions by Maharashtra

  • The name “Konkan Railway” must be retained post-merger.
  • ₹394 crore to be reimbursed by the Central Government for Maharashtra’s past investments.
  • Both conditions have been accepted by the Union Government.

Implications of the Merger

For Passengers

  • Enhanced connectivity and integration with broader Indian Railways network.
  • Standardised booking, fare systems, and grievance redressal.
  • Improved service quality, train frequency, and safety.

For the Region

  • Boost to local economies, tourism, and employment.
  • Encouragement for new railway projects and connectivity expansions.

For KRCL Employees

  • Realignment of hierarchies and service structures is expected during integration.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Konkan Railway Set to Merge with Indian Railways: What It Means
News Event Merger of Konkan Railway with Indian Railways
Final Approval By Maharashtra Government
Route Length 741 km
Shareholding Pattern GoI (51%), Maharashtra (22%), Karnataka (15%), Goa & Kerala (6% each)
Conditions by Maharashtra Retain “Konkan Railway” name; Reimbursement of ₹394 crore
Key Benefits Upgraded services, better connectivity, unified fare and grievance system

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_9.1

Joe Root Becomes Fastest to 13,000 Test Runs: A Historic Milestone in Cricket

England’s premier batsman Joe Root etched his name in the annals of cricket history by becoming the fastest player to reach 13,000 runs in Test cricket. This remarkable milestone came during England’s one-off Test against Zimbabwe at Trent Bridge on May 22, 2025. Root’s composed 34-run knock took him past the legendary Jacques Kallis, marking another monumental chapter in his stellar career.

Why in News?

Joe Root recently achieved the prestigious milestone of 13,000 Test runs in just 153 matches, surpassing the long-standing record held by South African great Jacques Kallis (159 matches). This feat not only underscores Root’s consistency and excellence but also places him among cricket’s all-time greats. The record was set during England’s match against Zimbabwe, making global headlines across the sporting world.

Key Highlights of Joe Root’s Achievement

  • Milestone Reached: 13,000 Test runs
  • Match Details: England vs Zimbabwe, One-off Test, May 22, 2025, at Trent Bridge
  • Innings Required: 153
  • Previous Record Holder: Jacques Kallis (159 innings)
  • Runs Scored in Match: 34 (off 44 balls)
  • Dismissed By: Blessing Muzarabani

Cricketing Journey and Significance

Joe Root, England’s dependable middle-order mainstay, has been a cornerstone of the national side for over a decade. Since his debut in 2012, Root has,

  • Displayed technical finesse and temperament in diverse conditions
  • Served as England’s captain from 2017 to 2022
  • Played pivotal roles in Ashes series, home victories, and overseas tours
  • Scored 30+ Test centuries (as of May 2025)
  • This milestone is not merely about numbers—it reaffirms Root’s position as a modern-day great, showcasing his adaptability, longevity, and mental strength.

Impact and Legacy

Root’s achievement has global significance,

  • Inspires emerging cricketers worldwide with his consistency and class
  • Enhances England’s legacy in Test cricket, placing another name alongside greats like Cook and Botham
  • Encourages greater attention to the traditional format in an era dominated by T20s

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_11.1

Which District of Uttar Pradesh is Known as the Cultural Capital of India?

India is a land of rich culture, traditions and spiritual heritage. Among its many states, Uttar Pradesh has a special district known for its deep connection to religion, music, art and ancient learning. This place attracts people from all over the world who come to see its beauty, take part in rituals, and experience the vibrant culture that has been alive for thousands of years.

An Overview of Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh is a large state in northern India. It has the highest population in India and is more crowded than most countries in the world. The state has 75 districts and is known for its rich history, culture and traditions. Lucknow is the capital city and Prayagraj is the judicial capital. It shares borders with many Indian states and even with Nepal.

Number of Districts of Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh has a total of 75 districts. These districts are grouped into 18 administrative divisions to make governing easier and more organized across the state.

Cultural Capital of India

Varanasi, also called Banaras or Kashi, is a famous city in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is known as the Cultural Capital of India because of its rich traditions, history, music and art. Located on the banks of the holy Ganga River, Varanasi is also one of the oldest cities in the world.

Why is Varanasi Called the Cultural Capital of India?

Varanasi is called the Cultural Capital of India because it has a long history of art, music, learning and spirituality. It is famous for its ancient temples, traditional crafts and rich cultural traditions that have lasted for many centuries. Here are some reasons why Varanasi earned the title of Cultural Capital of India:

Long History of Learning and Spirituality

Varanasi has been a place of learning for thousands of years. It is famous for spiritual studies, yoga, Sanskrit and Hindi. Many great thinkers, writers and philosophers have lived and worked here.

Rich Cultural Heritage

The city is full of culture. People here make beautiful handicrafts, silk saris and sculptures and paintings. Folk art and music are also very popular. Varanasi’s ghats and temples show the beauty of Indian traditions.

Center for Music and Dance

Varanasi is home to many famous musicians and dancers. Indian classical music and dance have s strong base here. The city has kept these traditions alive for countries.

Spiritual Significance

Varanasi is one of the holiest cities for Hindus. People believe that taking a dip in the Ganga River here washes away sins. It is also a big center for religious rituals and ceremonies.

UNESCO Creative City

UNESCO has named Varanasi a Creative City. This means it is a world-famous place for culture, arts and creativity.

An Overview of Varanasi

Varanasi is in northern Uttar Pradesh, by the Ganga River. it is visited by millions of people every year for religious reasons. The city is filled with temples, especially the famous Kashi Vishwanath Temple. Varanasi is also known for the Banaras Hindu University, one of India’s top learning centers.

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_13.1

Top 5 Anti-Ship Missiles: BrahMos vs Harpoon vs Exocet vs YJ-18 vs Otomat

In the era of modern naval warfare, the ability to strike enemy vessels with speed and precision is critical. Anti-ship missiles (AShMs) have become essential tools for denying sea access, enforcing blockades, and neutralizing maritime threats from beyond visual range.

The world’s top navies rely on cutting-edge AShMs that combine supersonic speeds, stealth, precision guidance, and multi-platform deployment. This article compares the top 5 anti-ship missiles currently in service or widely deployed: BrahMos (India/Russia), Harpoon (USA), Exocet (France), YJ-18 (China), and Otomat (Italy).

1. BrahMos (India/Russia): The Supersonic Strike Leader

The BrahMos missile is a supersonic cruise missile developed jointly by India and Russia. It is considered one of the fastest and deadliest anti-ship missiles in active service.

Speed and Range

BrahMos travels at speeds of Mach 2.8 to Mach 3, making it extremely difficult to intercept. The latest BrahMos-ER variant extends the range beyond 500 km, with further developments aiming for 800+ km.

Deployment Platforms

The missile is launched from ships, submarines, land-based launchers, and now aircraft (notably the Su-30MKI). It features sea-skimming capability and a terminal active radar seeker for precision.

Strategic Significance

BrahMos is central to India’s anti-access/area denial (A2/AD) strategy and is also being exported to countries like the Philippines, making it a rising global deterrent.

2. Harpoon (USA): The Battle-Tested Western Standard

Developed by Boeing, the Harpoon missile has served as the backbone of U.S. and allied naval strike forces for decades. With multiple upgrades, it remains highly relevant in 2025.

Proven Capability

The latest Block II+ ER variant has a range of over 300 km and includes GPS guidance, data-link updates, and re-targeting capability in flight. It remains subsonic but highly reliable.

Global Use

Harpoon is deployed by over 30 countries and integrated across surface ships, submarines, and aircraft. Its flexibility and long-standing track record in conflicts make it a trusted combat asset.

Combat History

Used in real-world operations since the 1980s, the Harpoon has a strong record of operational reliability and remains interoperable with NATO systems.

3. Exocet (France): Compact and Combat-Proven

France’s Exocet missile, produced by MBDA, is one of the most widely used anti-ship missiles in the world. Known for its compact design and lethal strikes, it has seen action in numerous naval engagements.

Design and Versatility

The Exocet is lightweight and designed for sea-skimming flight, reducing radar visibility. The latest MM40 Block 3 variant has a range of up to 200 km and includes GPS mid-course updates.

Operational Legacy

Notably used in the Falklands War, Iran-Iraq War, and Yemen conflict, the Exocet has a reputation for being difficult to intercept due to its low-altitude terminal approach.

Export and Integration

It is compatible with various Western and non-Western naval platforms, making it a top export product for countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

4. YJ-18 (China): The Dual-Speed Hybrid Missile

The YJ-18 missile, developed by China, is a long-range anti-ship missile widely seen as the PLA Navy’s counter to U.S. naval dominance. It combines long-range capability with a supersonic terminal phase.

Unique Dual-Speed Profile

The YJ-18 flies at subsonic speed (Mach 0.8) during cruise, but accelerates to Mach 2.5–3.0 in the final 20–30 km of flight. This sudden burst dramatically reduces the target’s reaction time.

Extended Reach

With an estimated range of 540 km, the YJ-18 can threaten ships from well beyond conventional engagement distances. It is launched from Type 052D and Type 055 destroyers, submarines, and coastal batteries.

Strategic Role

It supports China’s anti-access strategy in the South China Sea and Taiwan Strait, potentially overwhelming enemy fleets through mass saturation strikes.

5. Otomat Mk2 (Italy): European Endurance and Accuracy

The Otomat Mk2, developed by Italy’s MBDA and previously with OTO Melara, is a long-serving anti-ship missile system with a focus on over-the-horizon targeting and precision guidance.

Guidance and Control

The Otomat features in-flight data-link updates, enabling mid-course corrections based on real-time intelligence. Its range exceeds 180 km, and it uses active radar homing in the terminal phase.

Ship-Killing Accuracy

It flies at low altitude (sea-skimming) and has a large warhead capable of disabling large surface combatants. Its modular design allows for upgrades and integration with modern ships.

Modern Role

Although less hyped than its rivals, the Otomat remains a respected AShM in European and Mediterranean navies, offering dependable performance and network-centric integration.

Top 5 Destroyers in the World: Zumwalt vs Type 055 vs KDX-III vs Daring-Class vs Kolkata-Class

As maritime threats evolve and naval power becomes central to global security strategy, destroyers have emerged as the vanguard of modern fleets. These warships serve as multi-role platforms, capable of air defense, anti-ship warfare, anti-submarine operations, and even land-attack missions.

In 2025, the world’s most powerful navies are equipped with next-generation destroyers featuring stealth designs, network-centric warfare capabilities, and advanced missile systems. This article explores the top 5 destroyers in the world, comparing the Zumwalt-class (USA), Type 055 (China), KDX-III (South Korea), Daring-class (UK), and Kolkata-class (India).

Top 5 Modern Destroyers in 2025

Destroyer Class Country Displacement VLS Cells Key Features Primary Role
Zumwalt-class United States 15,000+ tons 80 Stealth hull, electric propulsion, DBR radar, future laser weapons Multi-role, land-attack focus
Type 055 China 13,000+ tons 112 Long-range missiles, advanced radar, carrier escort role Fleet escort, area denial
KDX-III South Korea 11,000+ tons 128 Aegis BMD, multi-layered air defense, Korean missiles Missile defense, regional security
Daring-class (Type 45) United Kingdom 8,500 tons 48 Sea Viper system, SAMPSON radar, integrated electric propulsion Elite air defense platform
Kolkata-class India 7,500+ tons 32 BrahMos missiles, Barak-8 SAMs, indigenous sensors Multi-role, carrier group escort

1. Zumwalt-Class (United States): Stealth and Sensor Supremacy

The Zumwalt-class destroyer, designated DDG-1000, is the most futuristic and unconventional destroyer in the world. Developed by the United States Navy, the Zumwalt emphasizes stealth, automation, and multi-mission adaptability.

Stealth and Design

With its tumblehome hull and angled superstructure, the Zumwalt has a radar cross-section comparable to a fishing boat, making it exceptionally stealthy for its size. It is designed to operate in littoral zones while still carrying out blue-water missions.

Weapons and Sensors

Zumwalt is equipped with 80 Vertical Launch System (VLS) cells, capable of launching Tomahawk cruise missiles, ESSMs, and ASROC torpedoes. Its Dual-Band Radar (DBR) and integrated power system (IPS) allow it to operate directed-energy weapons and railguns in the future.

Technological Focus

Though its initial production was limited to three ships, the Zumwalt-class represents a technological leap in naval warfare with reduced crew size, full-electric propulsion, and an emphasis on open-architecture systems.

2. Type 055 Destroyer (China): Asia’s Largest and Most Armed Destroyer

The Type 055 Renhai-class destroyer, fielded by the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN), is regarded as the most powerful surface combatant in Asia. It is technically classified by NATO as a cruiser due to its large displacement and weapons capacity.

Firepower and Armament

The Type 055 boasts 112 universal VLS cells, capable of launching HHQ-9B SAMs, YJ-18 anti-ship missiles, and CJ-10 cruise missiles. It is designed for air defense, anti-ship, and land-attack missions.

Sensors and Integration

Fitted with dual-band AESA radars, the Type 055 provides 360-degree tracking and target engagement. It is also equipped with electronic warfare systems and close-in weapon systems (CIWS) like the Type 1130.

Strategic Role

The Type 055 is built to escort Chinese aircraft carriers, assert control in the South China Sea, and participate in long-range power projection. It marks China’s ambition to challenge U.S. naval dominance.

3. KDX-III Sejong the Great-Class (South Korea): Aegis-Equipped Missile Shield

The KDX-III Sejong the Great-class destroyer is South Korea’s most advanced warship and one of the most heavily armed destroyers globally. It features the Aegis Combat System and serves as a core component of South Korea’s Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) strategy.

Weapons Loadout

With 128 VLS cells, the KDX-III can fire SM-2, SM-6, Hyunmoo cruise missiles, and ASROC torpedoes. It is equipped for multi-layered air defense and can be used to intercept both aircraft and incoming missiles.

Combat Systems

Its SPY-1D multifunction radar, integrated with Aegis Baseline 9, allows for cooperative engagement with allied navies. It also features Korean-developed missiles for regional defense.

Regional Significance

Given tensions with North Korea, the KDX-III acts as a mobile missile shield, capable of deterrence and precision strikes.

4. Daring-Class (Type 45) (United Kingdom): Air Defense Excellence

The Daring-class destroyer, also known as the Type 45, serves with the Royal Navy and is considered one of the world’s most advanced air defense platforms. Although limited in number, its performance in anti-air warfare is unmatched in many respects.

Radar and Missile Systems

Equipped with the SAMPSON radar and Sea Viper missile system (Aster 15 and Aster 30), the Daring-class can simultaneously track and engage multiple aerial threats, including sea-skimming missiles.

Power and Propulsion

The ship features an Integrated Electric Propulsion (IEP) system, offering reduced noise and greater fuel efficiency. It supports operations in expeditionary and task force settings, often accompanying aircraft carriers.

Upgrades and Limitations

Despite its elite air-defense role, the Type 45 lacks land-attack missiles and has a limited VLS cell count (48). However, modernization efforts are underway to expand its role in multi-domain warfare.

5. Kolkata-Class (India): Indigenous Multi-Role Destroyer

India’s Kolkata-class destroyer, also known as Project 15A, is the most powerful surface combatant in the Indian Navy. Built domestically, it emphasizes multi-role capabilities suited for the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).

Weapons and Capabilities

Armed with Barak-8 long-range surface-to-air missiles, BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles, and torpedo launchers, the Kolkata-class is capable of anti-air, anti-ship, and anti-submarine operations.

Sensors and Combat Systems

It features MF-STAR AESA radar, sonars, and an electronic warfare suite, enabling it to operate in hostile and contested environments. It also includes a helicopter deck for extended ASW operations.

Strategic Relevance

The Kolkata-class plays a key role in India’s blue-water navy ambitions, providing escort capabilities to aircraft carriers and asserting maritime dominance in the Indo-Pacific.

Depot Darpan & Anna Platforms to Revolutionize PDS Monitoring and Grievance Redressal

Union Food and Consumer Affairs Minister Shri Pralhad Joshi launched three significant digital platforms—Depot Darpan Portal, Anna Mitra, and Anna Sahayata—aimed at transforming India’s Public Distribution System (PDS). These platforms focus on improving transparency, efficiency, and citizen empowerment, impacting over 81 crore beneficiaries under the National Food Security Act (NFSA) and PMGKAY.

Why in News?

The launch of these platforms marks a pivotal moment in India’s mission to digitize and streamline welfare delivery systems. These tools aim to reduce inefficiencies, enhance operational monitoring, and provide real-time grievance redressal in the vast PDS network, including over 5.38 lakh Fair Price Shops.

Aim & Objectives

  • To digitize and enhance transparency in warehousing and foodgrain distribution.
  • To empower PDS stakeholders and ensure grievance redressal in real time.
  • To increase process efficiency, reduce losses, and augment income for storage corporations.

Depot Darpan Portal

  • A self-assessment and monitoring tool for FCI and CWC depots.

Assesses depots on,

  • Infrastructure (safety, sustainability, statutory compliance)
  • Operations (occupancy, efficiency, profitability)
  • Uses IoT sensors, CCTV, and live video feeds for real-time data and analytics.

Potential savings

  • ₹275 crore in FCI depots
  • ₹140 crore in CWC warehouses

Budget allocations

  • ₹280 crore for CWC upgrades
  • ₹1,000 crore for FCI modernization

Anna Mitra App

Empowers PDS field stakeholderસ,

  • FPS dealers can track stock and receive alerts.
  • DFSO officers can monitor FPS performance.
  • Food inspectors can conduct geo-tagged inspections.
  • Currently operational in Assam, Uttarakhand, Tripura, Punjab.
  • Available in Hindi and English.

Anna Sahayata Platform

  • Advanced grievance redressal system.
  • Accessible via WhatsApp, IVRS, and ASR (Automatic Speech Recognition).
  • Pilot phase in Gujarat, Jharkhand, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh.
  • Available in 5 languages (Hindi, Gujarati, Telugu, Bangla, English).

Background & Significance

  • India has one of the largest food distribution networks globally.
  • Over 80 crore people receive food grains under PMGKAY.
  • Household food expenditure has dropped by 50%, showing improved food security.
  • Aligned with Digital India, Viksit Bharat, and One Nation One Ration Card.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Depot Darpan & Anna Platforms to Revolutionize PDS Monitoring and Grievance Redressal
Launched By Shri Pralhad Joshi, Union Minister for Food & Consumer Affairs
Platforms Introduced Depot Darpan, Anna Mitra (mobile app), Anna Sahayata (grievance system)
Target Audience FCI, CWC, FPS dealers, DFSO, food inspectors, PMGKAY beneficiaries
Key Goals Transparency, efficiency, digital empowerment, grievance redressal
Pilot States (Anna Mitra)  Assam, Uttarakhand, Tripura, Punjab
Pilot States (Anna Sahayata)  Gujarat, Jharkhand, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh
Budget Allocated ₹1,000 crore (FCI), ₹280 crore (CWC)

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_17.1

Top 5 6th Generation Fighter Jets in Development: Tempest vs NGAD vs FC-31 vs AMCA vs Sukhoi Checkmate

As global air forces prepare for the next era of aerial dominance, nations are racing to develop 6th generation fighter jets—advanced aircraft designed to dominate in a world of stealth warfare, unmanned teaming, artificial intelligence, and hypersonic weapons. These next-gen fighters aim to replace or supplement existing 5th generation jets like the F-35, Su-57, and J-20, promising revolutionary capabilities that go far beyond today’s standards.

This article compares the top 5 6th generation fighter jets currently in development: the UK-led Tempest, US NGAD, China’s FC-31, India’s AMCA, and Russia’s Sukhoi Checkmate. Each reflects its nation’s vision of the future of air warfare.

Top 6th Generation Fighter Jets in Development

Fighter Jet Country/Consortium Expected Entry Key Features Role Focus
Tempest UK–Italy–Japan 2035 AI, drone swarms, directed energy weapons, stealth, data fusion Air dominance, multinational ops
NGAD United States 2030–2035 Hypersonics, manned-unmanned teaming, AI control, adaptive engines Strategic superiority, multi-domain
FC-31 / J-35 China 2030 (est.) Stealth, carrier version, advanced sensors, potential AI integration Carrier-based & export fighter
AMCA India 2032–2035 Indigenous stealth, supercruise, future directed energy/AI-based upgrades Self-reliance, regional deterrence
Checkmate (Su-75) Russia 2030+ (est.) Single-engine stealth, export-ready, open architecture, modular design Low-cost stealth, export platform

1. Tempest (United Kingdom/Italy/Japan): Europe’s Future Combat Air Dominance

The Tempest fighter jet is being developed under the Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP) by the United Kingdom, Italy, and Japan. It is intended to replace the Eurofighter Typhoon by the mid-2030s.

Key Capabilities

Tempest is designed as a multinational 6th generation fighter, integrating artificial intelligence, swarming drones, and directed-energy weapons. It will use adaptive engines, offer sensor fusion, and feature low observability (stealth) in multiple spectrums.

Timeline and Development

Flight testing is expected to begin around 2027, with operational deployment projected in the early 2030s. The Tempest will serve as a cornerstone of European air superiority and defense cooperation.

2. NGAD (United States): The Next Evolution in American Air Dominance

The Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) program is the United States Air Force’s answer to future air threats. Unlike a single aircraft, NGAD is a system-of-systems, which includes a manned 6th generation fighter, loyal wingman drones, and AI-driven battlefield integration.

Technological Innovation

The NGAD fighter will have variable cycle engines, enhanced stealth, sensor fusion, and autonomous mission support. It is expected to carry hypersonic weapons and coordinate with drones in real-time through machine-learning algorithms.

Status and Secrecy

While details are classified, a prototype has already flown. The U.S. plans to introduce NGAD fighters by the early 2030s, maintaining its air superiority edge over peer adversaries like China and Russia.

3. FC-31 (China): Stealth Export Jet with 6th Gen Aspirations

China’s FC-31, also known as J-35 in its navalized form, is being developed by Shenyang Aircraft Corporation as a potential rival to Western stealth fighters. While initially a 5th gen prototype, newer versions show signs of 6th generation transition.

Design and Capabilities

The FC-31 features stealth shaping, internal weapon bays, and advanced electronic warfare systems. China is reportedly upgrading the platform with AI-enabled targeting, supercruise capabilities, and carrier-based variants.

Strategic Goals

The aircraft is likely intended for China’s aircraft carriers and export markets. It could serve as a bridge to more advanced domestic 6th gen platforms in the 2030s.

4. AMCA (India): Indigenous Stealth Fighter for Strategic Autonomy

India’s Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) is being developed by HAL and DRDO to equip the Indian Air Force with an indigenous 5.5 to 6th generation stealth fighter.

Unique Features

The AMCA will have internal weapon bays, supercruise capability, radar-absorbent materials, and sensor fusion. Phase-1 of development focuses on a twin-engine 5th gen design, while Phase-2 will integrate 6th generation technologies like directed energy weapons, loyal wingmen, and adaptive avionics.

Development Roadmap

Prototype rollout is targeted for 2026–2027, with the first induction expected in the early 2030s. AMCA is critical to India’s pursuit of self-reliance in aerospace defense.

5. Sukhoi Checkmate (Russia): Cost-Effective Stealth Fighter for Global Export

Unveiled in 2021, the Sukhoi Checkmate (Su-75) is a single-engine stealth fighter that aims to be a low-cost alternative to Western 5th and future 6th gen fighters. It is targeted at both domestic and international markets.

Design Philosophy

Checkmate features stealth shaping, internal weapons storage, modular avionics, and open architecture systems. Russia has hinted at integrating AI, pilot-assist automation, and future upgrades aligning with 6th gen capabilities.

Export Focus

Marketed as an affordable stealth solution for Africa, Latin America, and Asia, the Checkmate’s success depends on whether Russia can fund and complete development amid sanctions and economic pressure. Deliveries are expected post-2030.

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_19.1

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