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SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF

The SBI Clerk Mains Exam 2025 is expected to be conducted in April 2025, and the General Awareness (GA) section plays a crucial role in determining candidates’ overall performance. This section covers current affairs, banking awareness, and static GK, making it an essential part of the exam preparation.

To help candidates maximize their scores, we have compiled a comprehensive GA Capsule PDF covering all major topics required for the SBI Clerk Mains 2025.

Why is the GA Capsule Important for SBI Clerk Mains 2025?

The General Awareness section is one of the most scoring parts of the SBI Clerk Mains Exam. Unlike quantitative aptitude or reasoning, this section does not require calculations, allowing aspirants to answer questions quickly and accurately. A well-prepared candidate can boost their overall score significantly with proper GA preparation.

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025 – Download PDF

To assist candidates in their SBI Clerk Mains 2025 preparation, we are providing a free downloadable PDF covering all the important General Awareness topics.

Download SBI Clerk General Awareness PDF (Part-1 and 2): Click Here

Share Your Feedback: Click Here

Topics Covered in the SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025

  • UNION BUDGET 2025-26
  • Economic Survey 2024-25
  • Padma Awards
  • Republic Day Parade 2025
  • RBI Monetary Policy- February 2025
  • Golden Globe Awards
  • 8th Pay Commission

How to Use the GA Capsule Effectively?

  • Revise Regularly: Read the PDF daily to stay updated with important events.
  • Make Notes: Write down key points for quick revision before the exam.
  • Attempt Quizzes: Solve daily quizzes on current affairs to strengthen your knowledge.
  • Focus on Banking & Economy: Since SBI Clerk is a banking exam, prioritize banking and financial awareness.
Featured

States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

States and Capitals

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO State Capital CM Governor
1 Andhra Pradesh Amaravati Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu S. Abdul Nazer
2 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Pema Khandu Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3 Assam Dispur Himanta Biswa Sarma Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4 Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar Arif Mohammed Khan
5 Chhattisgarh Raipur Vishnu Deo Sai Ramen Deka
6 Goa Panaji Pramod Sawant P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7 Gujarat Gandhinagar Bhupendra Patel Acharya Dev Vrat
8 Haryana Chandigarh Nayab Singh Saini Bandaru Dattatraya
9 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu Shiv Pratap Shukla
10 Jharkhand Ranchi Hemant Soren Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11 Karnataka Bengaluru Siddaramaiah Thaawarchand Gehlot
12 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Pinarayi Vijayan Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Mohan Yadav Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14 Maharashtra Mumbai Devendra Fadnavis C.P. Radhakrishnan
15 Manipur Imphal N. Biren Singh
Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16 Meghalaya Shillong Conrad Kongkal Sangma
C H Vijayashankar
17 Mizoram Aizawl Lalduhoma General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18 Nagaland Kohima Neiphiu Rio
La. Ganesan
19 Odisha Bhubaneswar Mohan Charan Majhi
Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20 Punjab Chandigarh Bhagwant Singh Mann Gulab Chand Kataria
21 Rajasthan Jaipur Bhajan Lal Sharma Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22 Sikkim Gangtok PS Golay Om Prakash Mathur
23 Tamil Nadu Chennai M. K. Stalin R. N. Ravi
24 Telangana Hyderabad Anumula Revanth Reddy Jishnu Dev Varma
25 Tripura Agartala Dr. Manik Saha Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Yogi Aditya Nath Anandiben Patel
27 Uttarakhand Dehradun Pushkar Singh Dhami Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28 West Bengal Kolkata Mamata Banerjee Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO Union Territories Capital CM Lt. Governor
1 Andaman and Nicobar Island Port Blair NA D K Joshi
2 Chandigarh Chandigarh NA Banwarilal Purohit
3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Daman NA Praful Patel
4 Delhi Delhi Rekha Gupta Vinai Kumar Saxena
5 Ladakh NA NA B. D. Mishra
6 Lakshadweep Kavaratti NA Praful Patel
7 Jammu and Kashmir NA Omar Abdullah Manoj Sinha
8 Puducherry Pondicherry N. Rangaswamy C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference States Union Territories
Head of Administration Governor Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type Elected by the People Managed by the central government
Powers Shares power with the central government. Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No. States Language
1 Andhra Pradesh Telugu and Urdu
2 Arunachal Pradesh Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3 Assam Assamese
4 Bihar Hindi
5 Chhattisgarh Hindi
6 Goa Marathi Konkani
7 Gujarat Gujarati
8 Haryana Hindi
9 Himachal Pradesh Hindi and Pahari
10 Jharkhand Hindi
11 Karnataka Kannada
12 Kerala Malayalam
13 Madhya Pradesh Hindi
14 Maharashtra Marathi
15 Manipur Manipuri
16 Meghalaya Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17 Mizoram Mizo and English
18 Nagaland Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19 Odisha Oriya
20 Punjab Punjabi
21 Rajasthan Rajasthani and Hindi
22 Sikkim Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23 Tamil Nadu Tamil
24 Telangana Telugu
25 Tripura Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26 Uttar Pradesh Hindi
27 Uttarakhand Hindi
28 West Bengal Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

  • Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
  • Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
  • Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
  • Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
  • Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
  • Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
  • Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
  • Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

Top 10 Countries by Active Military Personnel in 2025

Why in News

In the face of rising global instability, regional conflicts, and fast-paced technological advancements, many nations are revisiting and strengthening their defence strategies. This has led to a significant rise in both military spending and the deployment of active-duty personnel across the world.

As per the latest data from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), global military expenditure surged to 2.718 trillion US dollars in 2024. This marks a substantial 9.4 percent increase compared to 2023. Parallelly, a report from Global Firepower has ranked countries based on their active military manpower for the year 2025, highlighting a major strategic shift among the world’s most powerful nations.

Background and Introduction

In recent years, the global defence environment has undergone considerable transformation. With ongoing conflicts such as the Russia-Ukraine war, growing tensions in the Indo-Pacific region, and the rise of non-traditional security threats, the emphasis on national defence has grown stronger.

Although modern warfare is becoming increasingly reliant on technologies like artificial intelligence, cyber warfare, and autonomous weapons, the importance of a robust active military force remains critical. Active-duty personnel play a vital role not only in warfare but also in peacekeeping, disaster response, and national security operations.

Top 10 Countries by Active Military Personnel in 2025

Below is a detailed look at the top 10 countries based on their active military manpower, according to Global Firepower:

Rank Country Active Military Personnel
1 China 2,035,000
2 India 1,455,550
3 United States 1,328,000
4 North Korea 1,320,000
5 Russia 1,320,000
6 Ukraine 900,000
7 Pakistan 654,000
8 Iran 610,000
9 South Korea 600,000
10 Vietnam 600,000

Strategic Significance

Maintaining a large number of active military personnel offers several strategic advantages:

  • It ensures quick mobilization in times of war, natural disasters, or international crises.
  • It supports border security, counter-insurgency operations, and international peacekeeping efforts.
  • It reflects a country’s ability to project power and maintain geopolitical influence in regional and global affairs.

Moreover, countries like China, India, and the United States continue to emphasize a balance between technological advancement and manpower strength, reinforcing a hybrid model of modern defence.

Changing Defence Priorities

The 2025 data also shows how countries are adapting their military strategies:

  • The United States has slightly reduced its active personnel, reflecting its strategic transition towards AI, cyber warfare, and autonomous military systems.
  • Russia and Ukraine have expanded their forces significantly since 2022, driven by the continued conflict.
  • Vietnam’s rise in personnel from 470,000 in 2022 to 600,000 in 2025 indicates growing regional defence initiatives.

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_6.1

Madhya Pradesh Introduced India’s First AI-Powered Real-Time Forest Alert System

Madhya Pradesh has taken a significant leap towards forest conservation with the launch of India’s first AI-based real-time forest alert system. This system uses satellite data, AI, and mobile-based field reporting to detect land encroachment, deforestation, and other changes in forest areas. The initiative is being piloted in five forest divisions and is poised to become a model for effective forest management in India.

Why in the News?

Madhya Pradesh has launched India’s first AI-based real-time forest alert system, a groundbreaking initiative aimed at enhancing forest conservation efforts. By leveraging advanced technologies like satellite imagery, mobile feedback, and artificial intelligence (AI), this system promises to strengthen forest monitoring and improve responses to land encroachment and forest degradation.

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_8.1

Aim of the System

  • Proactive Monitoring: The system aims to detect changes in land use, deforestation, and encroachment, facilitating immediate corrective actions.
  • Real-Time Alerts: Alerts are generated from satellite images and sent to field staff for immediate verification and action.

Significance of the Initiative

  • First of Its Kind: Madhya Pradesh is the first state to integrate AI and satellite data for forest monitoring, setting a precedent for other states.
  • Efficiency: The use of real-time data allows forest officers to act swiftly to address issues like illegal logging and land encroachment.
  • Sustainability: By identifying and responding to environmental changes faster, the system contributes to better conservation and sustainable forest management.

Background

  • The project is a response to frequent issues like illegal logging and land encroachment in forest-rich areas of Madhya Pradesh.
  • The system uses satellite imagery from the Google Earth Engine and AI algorithms to track land use changes like vegetation shifts, construction, or agricultural encroachment.

Key Facts

  • Pilot Project: The system is currently being tested in five sensitive forest divisions: Shivpuri, Guna, Vidisha, Burhanpur, and Khandwa.
  • AI Integration: Machine learning models continuously improve the accuracy of alerts and predictions based on field data.
  • Data Features: Each alert includes over 20 data points, including GPS-tagged photos, voice notes, and survey comments from mobile apps.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Madhya Pradesh Introduced India’s First AI-Powered Real-Time Forest Alert System
System Type AI-based real-time forest alert system
Technology Used Google Earth Engine, AI algorithms, Mobile apps
Pilot Locations Shivpuri, Guna, Vidisha, Burhanpur, Khandwa
Key Features Alerts with GPS data, photos, voice notes, and satellite-derived indices
Primary Goal Monitor land use changes, deforestation, and encroachment in real-time

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_9.1

Kamla Persad-Bissessar’s Historic Return as Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago

Kamla Persad-Bissessar, the first woman to ever lead Trinidad and Tobago, has emerged victorious in the recent general elections, securing the position of Prime Minister once again. Her win represents a major shift in the Caribbean nation’s political dynamics, as the United National Congress (UNC) ousted the long-standing People’s National Movement (PNM). This marks a remarkable comeback for Persad-Bissessar, who previously served from 2010 to 2015. The political upheaval comes at a time of rising economic challenges and escalating crime rates, making the election highly significant for the country’s future.

Why in the News?

Kamla Persad-Bissessar, the former Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, has successfully regained the leadership of the nation following a snap election. Her victory marks a significant political shift in the Caribbean nation, with the United National Congress (UNC) ousting the ruling People’s National Movement (PNM).

Significance

  • The UNC’s victory under Kamla Persad-Bissessar’s leadership signals a desire for change and reform within Trinidad and Tobago.
  • The election was pivotal in restoring public confidence in the political process, offering voters a clear alternative to the PNM’s policies.
  • Persad-Bissessar has vowed to address key issues such as public service salaries, job creation, and social welfare programs like pensions and health services.

Background

  • Kamla Persad-Bissessar served as Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 2010 to 2015, becoming the country’s first female leader.
  • Her leadership had been marked by significant reforms but was also plagued by internal party strife and high-profile resignations.
  • The snap election was triggered by former Prime Minister Keith Rowley’s unexpected resignation amidst public dissatisfaction over rising living costs and crime rates.

Key Facts

  • Kamla Persad-Bissessar, 73, led the United National Congress (UNC) to a decisive victory, ending the People’s National Movement (PNM)’s hold on power.
  • The election was held in the wake of a three-month state of emergency, triggered by rising gang violence and homicides.
  • Persad-Bissessar has promised to create over 50,000 jobs, reopen children’s hospitals, and provide laptops to schoolchildren, among other reforms.

Static GK Details

  • Capital of Trinidad and Tobago: Port of Spain.
  • Currency: Trinidad and Tobago Dollar (TTD).
  • Current President: Paula-Mae Weekes.
  • Population: Approximately 1.5 million.
  • Key Political Parties: United National Congress (UNC) and People’s National Movement (PNM).
  • First Woman Prime Minister: Kamla Persad-Bissessar, who became the first woman to hold the office in 2010.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Kamla Persad-Bissessar’s Historic Return as Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago
Election Trigger Snap election following Keith Rowley’s resignation
Winner Kamla Persad-Bissessar (UNC)
Party Defeated People’s National Movement (PNM)
Key Promises 50,000 jobs, senior citizen pensions, hospital reopening, laptops for students
Current Challenges Economic instability, crime surge, political party rifts
Country Population 1.5 million
Capital Port of Spain

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_11.1

“Victory of Faith”: Vietnam Marks 50 Years Since the End of the Vietnam War

Vietnam celebrated the 50th anniversary of the fall of Saigon, which marked the official end of the Vietnam War on April 30, 1975. Known in Vietnam as the “Day of Southern Liberation for National Reunification,” this anniversary is of deep historical significance, symbolizing the triumph of communist North Vietnam over the U.S.-supported South. The 2025 celebrations included military parades, an air show, and diplomatic gestures involving both China and the U.S., reflecting Vietnam’s evolving international relationships.

Why in the News?

On April 30, 2025, Vietnam marked the 50th anniversary of the end of the Vietnam War with grand celebrations, including a military parade in Ho Chi Minh City. The event commemorated the fall of Saigon in 1975, symbolizing the reunification of Vietnam and the victory of North Vietnam over U.S.-backed South Vietnam.

Aim of the Celebrations

  • To commemorate the reunification of Vietnam.
  • To pay tribute to the soldiers and civilians who fought in the 20-year Vietnam War.
  • To showcase Vietnam’s growing military capabilities and diplomatic ties.

Historical Background

The Vietnam War (1955–1975) was a conflict between,

  • North Vietnam (supported by the USSR, China)
  • South Vietnam (supported by the U.S. and its allies)
  • Saigon, capital of South Vietnam, fell on April 30, 1975, leading to reunification.

The war caused

  • ~3 million Vietnamese deaths
  • ~60,000 American deaths

Key Facts from 2025 Celebrations

  • Military Parade in Ho Chi Minh City with thousands of troops
  • Air show with Russian fighter jets and helicopters
  • Participation of 118 Chinese troops
  • U.S. representation by Susan Burns, Consul General
  • Parade was attended by top Vietnamese leaders, including Party chief To Lam

Vietnam’s Global Relations

  • U.S.-Vietnam ties normalized in 1995
  • Strengthened in 2023 during U.S. President Biden’s visit
  • Currently facing strain due to proposed 46% tariffs under Donald Trump’s administration
  • Russia remains Vietnam’s top arms supplier
  • China is both a major investor and a historical rival (especially in the South China Sea)

Static GK & Geography

  • Capital of Vietnam – Hanoi
  • Largest City – Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon)
  • Currency – Vietnamese đồng (VND)
  • Current Communist Party Chief – To Lam
  • Previous Colonial Power – France
  • War-ending Year – 1975
  • Reunification Year – 1976
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? “Victory of Faith”: Vietnam Marks 50 Years Since the End of the Vietnam War
Event 50th Anniversary of the Fall of Saigon
Date of Saigon’s Fall April 30, 1975
Celebrated In Ho Chi Minh City
Key Leaders To Lam (Party Chief)
International Participants China (Troops), U.S. (Consul General)
Original War Timeline 1955–1975

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_13.1

India’s Coal Sector Records Growth in April 2025

India’s coal sector has begun FY 2025–26 on a strong note, with both production and dispatch registering positive growth in April 2025. The consistent increase in coal output highlights the strategic role coal continues to play in India’s energy security and industrial development. With a focus on reducing import dependency and enhancing domestic availability, this performance is significant for India’s energy ecosystem and self-reliance goals.

Why in the news?

India’s coal production rose by 3.63% in April 2025, reaching 81.57 million tonnes (MT), as per data released by the Ministry of Coal on May 1, 2025. This growth reflects the robust performance of both public and captive coal mining entities.

Coal Production Performance (April 2025)

  • Total production: 81.57 MT (Provisional) – 3.63% increase over April 2024 (78.71 MT).
  • Captive/Other Mines: 14.51 MT, compared to 11.46 MT in April 2024 – showing a 26.6% jump.

Coal Dispatch (April 2025)

  • Total coal dispatch reached 86.64 MT, up from 85.11 MT in April 2024.

Coal Stock Status (as on 30 April 2025)

  • Total stock with coal companies: 125.76 MT, up from 102.41 MT last year.
  • Coal India Limited (CIL) stock: 105 MT, showing a 22.10% annual growth over 86.60 MT in April 2024.

Significance

  • Ensures fuel availability for power generation and industrial use.
  • Reduces coal import dependency, saving valuable foreign exchange.
  • Supports Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat missions.

Background

  • India is the world’s second-largest producer of coal.
  • Coal continues to be a dominant source of energy, powering over 70% of electricity generation.
  • Captive coal mines were allowed post-2015 reforms to ensure supply to key industries like power, steel, and cement.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? India’s Coal Sector Records Growth in April 2025
Ministry Ministry of Coal
Minister (as of 2025) Pralhad Joshi
Largest Coal Producer Coal India Limited (CIL)
Key Coal States Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh
Coal production (Apr 2025) 81.57 MT (up 3.63%)
Captive mines contribution 14.51 MT (up 26.6%)
Coal dispatch 86.64 MT (up from 85.11 MT)

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_15.1

SBI PO Mains GA Capsule 2025: Download (Part-1, Part-2 and Part-3)

The SBI PO Mains Exam 2025 is expected to be conducted in April 2025, and the General Awareness (GA) section plays a crucial role in determining candidates’ overall performance. This section covers current affairs, banking awareness, and static GK, making it an essential part of the exam preparation. To help candidates maximize their scores, we have compiled a comprehensive GA Capsule PDF covering all major topics required for the SBI PO Mains 2025.

Why is the GA Capsule Important for SBI PO Mains 2025?

The General Awareness section is one of the most scoring parts of the SBI PO Mains Exam. Unlike quantitative aptitude or reasoning, this section does not require calculations, allowing aspirants to answer questions quickly and accurately. A well-prepared candidate can boost their overall score significantly with proper GA preparation.

SBI PO Mains GA Capsule 2025 – Download PDF

To assist candidates in their SBI PO Mains 2025 preparation, we are providing a free downloadable PDF covering all the important General Awareness topics.

Share Your Feedback: Click Here

Topics Covered in the SBI PO Mains GA Capsule 2025

  • UNION BUDGET 2025-26
  • Economic Survey 2024-25
  • Padma Awards
  • Republic Day Parade 2025
  • RBI Monetary Policy- February 2025
  • Golden Globe Awards
  • 8th Pay Commission

How to Use the GA Capsule Effectively?

  • Revise Regularly: Read the PDF daily to stay updated with important events.
  • Make Notes: Write down key points for quick revision before the exam.
  • Attempt Quizzes: Solve daily quizzes on current affairs to strengthen your knowledge.
  • Focus on Banking & Economy: Since SBI PO is a banking exam, prioritize banking and financial awareness.

RBI Launches 3 Key Surveys for Monetary Policy Input

To fine-tune India’s monetary policy based on real-time household sentiments, the RBI has initiated three surveys: the Inflation Expectations Survey of Households (IESH), the Urban Consumer Confidence Survey (UCCS), and the Rural Consumer Confidence Survey (RCCS). These tools are vital for assessing inflation trends, consumer confidence, and economic sentiment in both urban and rural India, helping the central bank make informed decisions.

Why in the News?

On April 29, 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) launched three important consumer surveys aimed at gathering public perception on inflation, employment, income, and overall economic confidence. The data from these surveys will serve as crucial inputs for the RBI’s upcoming Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) meeting scheduled from June 4–6, 2025.

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_18.1

1. Inflation Expectations Survey of Households (IESH)

  • Purpose: Gathers subjective views on future inflation trends based on household consumption.
  • Coverage: Conducted across 19 major Indian cities.
  • Focus: 3-month and 1-year ahead inflation outlooks.

2. Urban Consumer Confidence Survey (UCCS)

Respondents: Urban households across the same 19 cities.

Focus Areas

  • General economic situation
  • Employment
  • Price levels
  • Income and spending patterns
  • Nature: Qualitative survey based on consumer sentiments.

3. Rural Consumer Confidence Survey (RCCS)

  • Coverage: 31 states/UTs in rural and semi-urban areas.
  • Purpose: Measures current sentiment and expectations for the next year regarding,
  • Employment
  • Economic conditions
  • Income levels
  • Expenditure plans

Common Goals

  • Help Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) gauge economic conditions.
  • Provide data-driven inputs for interest rate decisions and inflation control.

Periodicity

  • Part of regular bi-monthly surveys conducted before MPC meetings (6 per financial year).
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? RBI Launches 3 Key Surveys for Monetary Policy Input
Surveys IESH, UCCS, RCCS
Purpose Support monetary policy with household sentiment data
Coverage IESH & UCCS: 19 cities; RCCS: 31 states/UTs (rural & semi-urban areas)
Key Themes Inflation, employment, income, spending, economic sentiment
Next MPC Meeting June 4–6, 2025
Conducted By Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_19.1

Ex-RAW Chief Alok Joshi Appointed Head of Revamped National Security Board

Amid rising tensions with Pakistan following the Pahalgam terror attack, India has overhauled its National Security Advisory Board (NSAB). The former chief of Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), Alok Joshi, has been appointed as the new Chairman of the NSAB. This restructuring, driven by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, aims to enhance the nation’s security framework, with a focus on addressing the recent wave of terror attacks and bolstering India’s security response.

Why in the news?

This development comes in the aftermath of the Pahalgam terror attack and heightened tensions with Pakistan. The Indian government has restructured the National Security Advisory Board (NSAB) to strengthen national security and implement a broader recalibration of security strategies.

Purpose

  • The primary purpose of revamping the NSAB is to strengthen India’s security response amidst growing threats, particularly from Pakistan, and to oversee critical decisions regarding national security strategy in the wake of the Pahalgam terror attack.

Aim

  • The board is tasked with advising the government on enhancing national security, offering strategic insights on military, intelligence, and diplomatic matters, and implementing effective responses to recent terror attacks.

Significance

  • This restructuring comes at a critical time for national security, as the country faces escalating tensions with Pakistan.
  • The move signals India’s commitment to reassessing and recalibrating its security posture, ensuring stronger measures to counter terrorism and enhance defense strategies.
  • This shift also highlights the importance of a cohesive national security approach involving various sectors like defense, intelligence, and foreign policy.

Background

  • Historically, the NSAB has played a significant role in advising the government on matters related to national security.
  • The revamping of the board follows the Pahalgam attack, which claimed the lives of 26 civilians, reigniting concerns over the vulnerability of citizens to cross-border terrorism.
  • The government’s review of the Indus Waters Treaty and reactivation of the Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs underscore the urgency of the situation.

Important Details

  • Alok Joshi, ex-R&AW chief, appointed Chairman of NSAB
  • The new board includes senior officers from various sectors:
  • Air Marshal PM Sinha (former Western Air Commander)
  • Lt Gen AK Singh (former Southern Army Commander)
  • Rear Admiral Monty Khanna (armed forces)
  • Rajiv Ranjan Verma and Manmohan Singh (retired officers from the Indian Police Service)
  • B Venkatesh Varma (retired Indian Foreign Service officer)
  • The reconstituted board will provide strategic security advice, with an emphasis on immediate national security threats and broader defense strategies.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Ex-RAW Chief Alok Joshi Appointed Head of Revamped National Security Board
Purpose Strengthen national security and security response amidst ongoing threats.
Aim Advise government on military, intelligence, and diplomatic strategies, and oversee national security decisions.
Significance Highlights India’s commitment to recalibrating its security framework in response to terror attacks and cross-border threats.
Key Stakeholders Prime Minister Narendra Modi, National Security Advisor Ajit Doval, R&AW, Indian Armed Forces, Cabinet Committees on Security & Political Affairs.

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_21.1

The Return of Raghuji Bhosale’s Legendary Sword to Bharat

On April 29, 2025, the Maharashtra government successfully purchased the iconic sword of Raghuji Bhosale I from an auction in London for Rs 47.15 lakh. The sword, an emblem of the Maratha warrior’s valor and legacy, was crafted in the firangi-style with a European-style single-edged blade, gold inlays, and inscriptions in Devanagari script. Raghuji Bhosale I played a pivotal role in consolidating the Maratha Empire and expanding its influence across east-central India. This historic acquisition is seen as a step toward preserving the Maratha culture and heritage.

Why in the News?

The iconic sword of Raghuji Bhosale I, a prominent Maratha warrior and the founder of the Nagpur Bhosale dynasty, has been acquired by the Maharashtra government at an auction in London for Rs 47.15 lakh. This historic acquisition aims to reclaim a significant piece of Maratha heritage, symbolizing the valor and legacy of the Maratha Empire. The sword, adorned with a Mulheri hilt and gold inlay, holds both ceremonial and historical value.

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_23.1

Key Features of Raghuji Bhosale’s Sword

  • Sword Type: Basket-hilt with a firangi-style blade.
  • Blade Features: Single-edged, slightly curved, with two fullers (grooves/channels running the blade).
  • Hilt: Mulheri-style with gold inlays.
  • Inscription: Devanagari script reading Shrimant Raghuji Bhosale Sena Saheb Subah Firang.
  • Historical Value: Likely a gift from Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj to Raghuji Bhosale after he was conferred the title Sena Saheb Subah.

Who Were the Nagpur Bhonsles?

  • The Nagpur Bhonsle family was a royal Kshatriya clan and a prominent faction within the Maratha Empire.
  • Known as the descendants of Udaipur’s Sisodia Rajputs, they played a key role in expanding the Maratha territories.
  • They were associated with the Hinganikar clan, with ancestral roots tracing back to the Pune district.
  • Raghuji Bhosale I established the Nagpur Bhosale dynasty after securing leadership through his victory in 1730.

Raghuji Bhonsale I: His Role in Maratha History

Background: Raghuji Bhonsale I rose to prominence in the early 18th century with the backing of Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj in 1728.

Major Achievements

  • Confronted family conflicts, particularly with his uncle Kanhoji.
  • Expanded Maratha control over Berar, Gondawana, and Odisha.
  • Played a key role in the reclamation of Odisha after the 1751 treaty with Nawab Alivardi Khan.
  • Revived the Shree Jagannath Temple and supported pilgrimage infrastructure.
  • Expanded Maratha territory across Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and West Bengal.
  • Contributed to the Maratha military campaigns in Bengal.

How the Sword Left India

  • The sword was possibly part of the loot from the 1817 Battle of Sitabuldi, following the defeat of the Nagpur Bhonsles by the British East India Company.
  • The British forces, led by General Sir Alexander Campbell, seized treasures from the Bhonsle treasury after the battle.
  • The Bhonsle palace in Nagpur was set ablaze, and the sword might have either been looted or gifted to the British afterward.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? The Return of Raghuji Bhosale’s Legendary Sword to Bharat
Sword Purchase Sword bought by Maharashtra government for Rs 47.15 lakh at London auction
Sword Type Firangi-style, basket-hilt, gold inlays
Inscription “Shrimant Raghuji Bhosale Sena Saheb Subah Firang”
Historical Significance Symbolizes Maratha valor; acquired to preserve heritage
Who Was Raghuji Bhosale I? Founder of Nagpur Bhonsle dynasty; expanded Maratha Empire
Key Contributions Expanded empire, revived Jagannath Temple, strategic military victories

 SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_24.1

Right to Digital Access: Supreme Court Directs Changes in KYC Process for Disabled Persons

The Supreme Court’s ruling to calls for the revision of digital KYC norms to accommodate individuals with disabilities, particularly those with visual disabilities and facial disfigurement (such as acid attack survivors). The case arose from two writ petitions that sought to make the digital KYC process more accessible. The court emphasized the obligation of the state to create a digitally inclusive ecosystem that accommodates all citizens, particularly marginalized groups.

Why in the news?

 Supreme Court of India directed the Centre and public entities like the RBI to revise digital KYC (Know Your Customer) norms to make them more inclusive for persons with disabilities. The court emphasized that the right to digital access is integral to the right to life and liberty under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.

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Purpose

  • To ensure that digital KYC processes are inclusive of persons with disabilities, particularly those with visual impairments, low vision, and facial disfigurement.
  • To make sure that digital platforms, such as banking services, are accessible to marginalized communities.

Aim

  • Make digital platforms accessible for persons with disabilities, ensuring equal participation in essential services like governance, education, and healthcare.
  • Ensure inclusive digital ecosystems that do not exclude persons with disabilities from economic opportunities and governance processes.

Significance

  • This landmark judgment redefines the right to life by expanding it to include digital access as an essential aspect of life and liberty.
  • The ruling mandates that both government and private entities adopt measures that ensure digital inclusivity, benefiting persons with vision impairment, acid attack survivors, and other marginalized groups.
  • The decision has broader implications for policy reforms, making it a constitutional imperative to bridge the digital divide.

Background

  • In an era where access to digital services is increasingly essential for basic services and economic survival, the right to digital access has become a critical human right.
  • The Supreme Court’s intervention follows two writ petitions highlighting the issues faced by individuals with disabilities in completing digital KYC processes.
  • Digital KYC processes, which rely on biometric data and live photos, often discriminate against people who are unable to perform the necessary actions (like blinking or head tilting) due to physical impairments.

Important Details

  • Case Origin: The petitions were filed by acid attack survivors and persons with visual disabilities who found the current KYC system discriminatory.
  • The court directed the RBI to implement new guidelines for alternative modes of verification.
  • The Supreme Court asked all regulated entities (both government and private) to adopt accessibility standards and involve accessibility experts in app and website design.
  • Nodal officers should be appointed in each department to ensure compliance with these digital accessibility norms.

Other Relevant Points

  • International Context: The judgment aligns with international human rights frameworks that advocate for digital inclusion as a fundamental right.
  • The court’s directive reflects India’s commitment to the UN’s SDG 10, which focuses on reducing inequalities and ensuring inclusive societies.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Because Supreme Court’s decision to make digital KYC accessible to persons with disabilities
Purpose Ensure accessibility of digital KYC for persons with disabilities
Significance Redefines the right to life by including digital access as a fundamental right
Key Stakeholders Supreme Court of India, RBI, Ministry of Social Justice, Persons with Disabilities, Regulatory Bodies
Suggestion Given To RBI

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