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States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

States and Capitals

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO State Capital CM Governor
1 Andhra Pradesh Amaravati Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu S. Abdul Nazer
2 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Pema Khandu Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3 Assam Dispur Himanta Biswa Sarma Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4 Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar Arif Mohammed Khan
5 Chhattisgarh Raipur Vishnu Deo Sai Ramen Deka
6 Goa Panaji Pramod Sawant P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7 Gujarat Gandhinagar Bhupendra Patel Acharya Dev Vrat
8 Haryana Chandigarh Nayab Singh Saini Bandaru Dattatraya
9 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu Shiv Pratap Shukla
10 Jharkhand Ranchi Hemant Soren Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11 Karnataka Bengaluru Siddaramaiah Thaawarchand Gehlot
12 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Pinarayi Vijayan Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Mohan Yadav Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14 Maharashtra Mumbai Devendra Fadnavis C.P. Radhakrishnan
15 Manipur Imphal N. Biren Singh
Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16 Meghalaya Shillong Conrad Kongkal Sangma
C H Vijayashankar
17 Mizoram Aizawl Lalduhoma General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18 Nagaland Kohima Neiphiu Rio
La. Ganesan
19 Odisha Bhubaneswar Mohan Charan Majhi
Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20 Punjab Chandigarh Bhagwant Singh Mann Gulab Chand Kataria
21 Rajasthan Jaipur Bhajan Lal Sharma Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22 Sikkim Gangtok PS Golay Om Prakash Mathur
23 Tamil Nadu Chennai M. K. Stalin R. N. Ravi
24 Telangana Hyderabad Anumula Revanth Reddy Jishnu Dev Varma
25 Tripura Agartala Dr. Manik Saha Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Yogi Aditya Nath Anandiben Patel
27 Uttarakhand Dehradun Pushkar Singh Dhami Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28 West Bengal Kolkata Mamata Banerjee Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO Union Territories Capital CM Lt. Governor
1 Andaman and Nicobar Island Port Blair NA D K Joshi
2 Chandigarh Chandigarh NA Banwarilal Purohit
3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Daman NA Praful Patel
4 Delhi Delhi Rekha Gupta Vinai Kumar Saxena
5 Ladakh NA NA B. D. Mishra
6 Lakshadweep Kavaratti NA Praful Patel
7 Jammu and Kashmir NA Omar Abdullah Manoj Sinha
8 Puducherry Pondicherry N. Rangaswamy C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference States Union Territories
Head of Administration Governor Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type Elected by the People Managed by the central government
Powers Shares power with the central government. Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No. States Language
1 Andhra Pradesh Telugu and Urdu
2 Arunachal Pradesh Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3 Assam Assamese
4 Bihar Hindi
5 Chhattisgarh Hindi
6 Goa Marathi Konkani
7 Gujarat Gujarati
8 Haryana Hindi
9 Himachal Pradesh Hindi and Pahari
10 Jharkhand Hindi
11 Karnataka Kannada
12 Kerala Malayalam
13 Madhya Pradesh Hindi
14 Maharashtra Marathi
15 Manipur Manipuri
16 Meghalaya Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17 Mizoram Mizo and English
18 Nagaland Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19 Odisha Oriya
20 Punjab Punjabi
21 Rajasthan Rajasthani and Hindi
22 Sikkim Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23 Tamil Nadu Tamil
24 Telangana Telugu
25 Tripura Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26 Uttar Pradesh Hindi
27 Uttarakhand Hindi
28 West Bengal Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

  • Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
  • Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
  • Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
  • Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
  • Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
  • Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
  • Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
  • Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

IPL Winners List (2008 to 2025): Year-Wise Champions, Runner-Ups & Final Match Highlights

The IPL 2025 season, which kicked off on March 22, 2025, has been nothing short of exhilarating. From unexpected upsets and intense rivalries to game-changing performances from rising stars, the tournament continues to keep cricket fans glued to their screens. With teams evolving, strategies intensifying, and competition at an all-time high, this season could go down as the most competitive IPL edition ever.

IPL Winners List (2008 to 2025): Champions, Runner-Ups & Venues

This year-wise IPL winners list includes the champions, runner-up teams, and the venue of each IPL final match:

Year Winner Runner-Up Venue
2008 Rajasthan Royals Chennai Super Kings Mumbai
2009 Deccan Chargers Royal Challengers Bangalore Johannesburg
2010 Chennai Super Kings Mumbai Indians Mumbai
2011 Chennai Super Kings Royal Challengers Bangalore Chennai
2012 Kolkata Knight Riders Chennai Super Kings Chennai
2013 Mumbai Indians Chennai Super Kings Kolkata
2014 Kolkata Knight Riders Kings XI Punjab Bangalore
2015 Mumbai Indians Chennai Super Kings Kolkata
2016 Sunrisers Hyderabad Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore
2017 Mumbai Indians Rising Pune Supergiant Hyderabad
2018 Chennai Super Kings Sunrisers Hyderabad Mumbai
2019 Mumbai Indians Chennai Super Kings Hyderabad
2020 Mumbai Indians Delhi Capitals Dubai
2021 Chennai Super Kings Kolkata Knight Riders Dubai
2022 Gujarat Titans Rajasthan Royals Ahmedabad
2023 Chennai Super Kings Gujarat Titans Ahmedabad
2024 Kolkata Knight Riders Sunrisers Hyderabad Chennai
2025 To Be Updated To Be Updated To Be Updated

Most IPL Trophy Wins by Teams (2008–2025)

Here’s a quick summary of the most successful IPL franchises based on titles won:

Team Titles Won Winning Years
Mumbai Indians (MI) 5 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2020
Chennai Super Kings (CSK) 5 2010, 2011, 2018, 2021, 2023
Kolkata Knight Riders (KKR) 3 2012, 2014, 2024
Sunrisers Hyderabad (SRH) 1 2016
Rajasthan Royals (RR) 1 2008
Deccan Chargers (DC) 1 2009
Gujarat Titans (GT) 1 2022

IPL Finals: Captains, Man of the Match & Player of the Series (2008–2024)

This table provides valuable insights into each season’s final performance highlights:

Year Winner Captain Final MOM Player of the Series
2008 Rajasthan Royals Shane Warne Yusuf Pathan Shane Watson
2009 Deccan Chargers Adam Gilchrist Anil Kumble Adam Gilchrist
2010 Chennai Super Kings MS Dhoni Suresh Raina Sachin Tendulkar
2011 Chennai Super Kings MS Dhoni Murali Vijay Chris Gayle
2012 Kolkata Knight Riders Gautam Gambhir Manvinder Bisla Sunil Narine
2013 Mumbai Indians Rohit Sharma Kieron Pollard Shane Watson
2014 Kolkata Knight Riders Gautam Gambhir Manish Pandey Glenn Maxwell
2015 Mumbai Indians Rohit Sharma Rohit Sharma Andre Russell
2016 Sunrisers Hyderabad David Warner Ben Cutting Virat Kohli
2017 Mumbai Indians Rohit Sharma Krunal Pandya Ben Stokes
2018 Chennai Super Kings MS Dhoni Shane Watson Sunil Narine
2019 Mumbai Indians Rohit Sharma Jasprit Bumrah Andre Russell
2020 Mumbai Indians Rohit Sharma Trent Boult Jofra Archer
2021 Chennai Super Kings MS Dhoni Faf du Plessis Harshal Patel
2022 Gujarat Titans Hardik Pandya Hardik Pandya Jos Buttler
2023 Chennai Super Kings MS Dhoni Devon Conway Shubman Gill
2024 Kolkata Knight Riders Shreyas Iyer Mitchell Starc Sunil Narine

Orange Cap Winners List (2008–2024)

The Orange Cap is awarded to the highest run-scorer of each season. Here are some notable winners:

  • 2016 – Virat Kohli (RCB) – 973 Runs
  • 2022 – Jos Buttler (RR) – 863 Runs
  • 2023 – Shubman Gill (GT) – 890 Runs
  • 2024 – Virat Kohli (RCB) – 741 Runs

Purple Cap Winners List (2008–2024)

The Purple Cap honors the leading wicket-taker in a season. Some standout performances include:

  • 2013 & 2015 – Dwayne Bravo (CSK)
  • 2021 – Harshal Patel (RCB) – 32 Wickets
  • 2023 – Mohammed Shami (GT) – 28 Wickets
  • 2024 – Harshal Patel (PBKS) – 24 Wickets

IPL Team Performance Summary (2008–2025)

Team Best Result Titles Seasons Played Playoff Appearances
CSK 1st (5 times) 5 15 12
MI 1st (5 times) 5 17 10
KKR 1st (3 times) 3 17 8
RCB 2nd (3 times) 0 17 9
DC 2nd (2020) 0 17 6
PBKS 2nd (2014) 0 17 2

Who Won IPL 2024?

Kolkata Knight Riders (KKR) won their third IPL title in 2024 by defeating Sunrisers Hyderabad at the MA Chidambaram Stadium in Chennai. SRH were dismissed for just 113 runs — the lowest total in any IPL final — as KKR delivered a dominant all-round performance.

What is the State Fish of Jammu and Kashmir? Know About It

Jammu and Kashmir is a land of natural beauty, with snow-covered mountains, clear rivers and peaceful lakes. It is home to many unique animals and plants that are found only in cold places. Just like each state in India has special symbols to show its culture and nature, Jammu and Kashmir also has a special fish chosen as the state fish, which lives in its clean, cold waters

An Overview of Jammu and Kashmir

Jammu and Kashmir is a union territory of India. It covers the southern part of the larger Kashmir region. This area has been in dispute between India, Pakistan and China for many years. The Line of Control separates it from areas controlled by Pakistan. Jammu and Kashmir is located north of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab, west of Ladakh, which is also a union territory of India.

State Fish of Jammu and Kashmir

The Golden Mahseer, also called Tor putitora, is the state fish of Jammu and Kashmir. It is a beautiful golden-colored fish found in the fast rivers of the Himalayan region. This fish is loved for its strength and size. Sadly, it is endangered due to overfishing and habitat loss and needs protection.

Where is the Golden Mahseer Found?

The Golden Mahseer lives in fast-flowing rivers, streams and lakes. It is mainly found in the river basins of the Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra. Rare sightings have also been reported from the Salween River, which flows between Thailand and Myanmar.

How Does it look?

The fish has a reddish-golden color on its fins and a golden body when fully grown. It can grow up to 2.7 meters in length and weigh up to 54 kilograms, but such large ones are very rare today. Young fish may not have the golden color.

Special Features of the Golden Mahseer

Earlier, a scientist named Hamilton described the Golden Mahseer as having a small head and small mouth, but later studies show that it can have a large head and mouth, which helps identify this species correctly. The fish also has a clear line running along its body called the lateral line.

Why is it Important?

The Golden Mahseer is not only a symbol of nature but also an important part of the ecosystem. It is omnivorous, which means it eats both plants and animals and helps keep the water clean. Famous writer Rudyard Kipling even wrote about the strength and size of this fish, calling it stronger than a tarpon.

What are the Threats to this Fish?

Sadly, the Golden Mahseer is now an endangered species, which means it is a risk of disappearing. Some major reasons are:

  • Habitat loss due to dam building and water pollution
  • Overfishing using harmful methods like dynamite and poison
  • Introduction of the fish to non-native rivers, which may harm other local fish

Conservation Efforts

Scientists and government programs are trying to save this fish by:

  • Breeding them in hatcheries and releasing them into rivers
  • Protecting their natural homes
  • Creating awareness among local people and fishermen

However, some researchers say the Golden Mahseer is still found in good numbers in some rivers, which raises questions about how endangered it truly is.

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Sukhoi Su-57 vs Chengdu J-20: Russia vs China Air Power

In the evolving landscape of modern aerial warfare, stealth fighters have become the cornerstone of air superiority strategies. Two of the most prominent non-Western fifth-generation fighter jets—Russia’s Sukhoi Su-57 and China’s Chengdu J-20—represent a significant leap in the capabilities of their respective nations. Both aircraft aim to rival the American F-22 Raptor and F-35 Lightning II, but they reflect distinct design philosophies, combat doctrines, and strategic priorities.

This article delves deep into the comparison between the Sukhoi Su-57 Felon and the Chengdu J-20 Mighty Dragon, examining their technology, combat roles, performance, and strategic implications in global military balance.

1. Development History and Design Philosophy

Sukhoi Su-57: A Blend of Agility and Multirole Versatility

The Sukhoi Su-57, originally known as the PAK FA, was developed by Sukhoi Design Bureau under Russia’s fifth-generation fighter program. It had its first flight in 2010 and entered limited service with the Russian Aerospace Forces in 2020. The aircraft was designed with a focus on supermaneuverability, multirole flexibility, and situational awareness.

Russia’s design philosophy emphasizes air superiority and multirole capability in contested environments. The Su-57 was intended to replace the Su-27 and operate effectively in both air-to-air and air-to-ground missions.

Chengdu J-20: Focused on Stealth and Long-Range Engagement

The Chengdu J-20, developed by Chengdu Aerospace Corporation (CAC), is China’s answer to fifth-generation air dominance. It made its maiden flight in 2011 and officially entered service with the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) in 2017. Unlike the Su-57, the J-20 design philosophy is centered around stealth, long-range interception, and first-strike capability.

China’s approach is strategic—prioritizing beyond-visual-range combat, radar evasion, and advanced sensor fusion to challenge adversaries in the Asia-Pacific region, especially the United States and its allies.

2. Stealth Capabilities and Radar Cross Section (RCS)

Chengdu J-20: Designed for Stealth from the Ground Up

The J-20 employs a canard-delta configuration, which traditionally compromises stealth, but has been mitigated by extensive radar-absorbing materials (RAM) and low-observable shaping. The aircraft’s internal weapon bays, carefully contoured air intakes, and reduced RCS allow it to evade detection and carry out first-strike missions with minimal risk.

China has reportedly invested heavily in radar-absorbent coatings and stealth shaping, making the J-20’s frontal RCS significantly smaller than previous Chinese jets. Its stealth advantage is particularly effective in head-on engagements.

Sukhoi Su-57: Low Observability with a Balanced Trade-off

The Su-57 features serpentine air intakes, internal weapons bays, and RAM coatings, but it doesn’t prioritize stealth to the same extent as the J-20. Instead, it balances low observability with maneuverability and sensor fusion. Analysts suggest that the Su-57 has a larger RCS compared to the J-20 and Western counterparts like the F-22.

Russia has openly stated that the Su-57 is not purely a stealth aircraft but a “multi-spectrum” platform capable of excelling in electronic warfare and close-in dogfights where stealth alone may not guarantee victory.

3. Engines and Supercruise Capability

Su-57: Saturn AL-41F1 and the Future Izdeliye 30

The current Su-57 units are powered by Saturn AL-41F1 engines, which are upgraded versions of the Su-35’s powerplant. However, these do not provide true supercruise capability (sustained supersonic flight without afterburners).

The next-generation Izdeliye 30 engines, currently under testing, are expected to deliver improved thrust-to-weight ratios, better fuel efficiency, and supercruise performance, potentially bringing the Su-57 in line with Western fifth-gen standards.

J-20: Transition from Russian Engines to WS-15

Early J-20s were powered by Russian AL-31F engines, which limited the aircraft’s stealth and agility. However, China has begun integrating the indigenously developed WS-10C and testing the WS-15, which reportedly offers supercruise and increased thrust.

Once fully equipped with the WS-15, the J-20 is expected to achieve its design potential in terms of performance and stealth compatibility.

4. Avionics and Sensor Fusion

J-20: Advanced Sensors for Network-Centric Warfare

The J-20 features a suite of sensors including the Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar, electro-optical targeting systems, and infrared search and track (IRST). Its sensor fusion and data linking allow it to operate as part of a networked battle system, sharing real-time data across air, land, and sea platforms.

China is increasingly integrating AI-based situational awareness and electronic warfare systems to further enhance its capabilities in information-dominant warfare.

Su-57: 360-Degree Spherical Awareness

Russia’s Su-57 boasts a unique Distributed Aperture System (DAS) equivalent known as 101KS ‘Atoll’, providing 360-degree coverage. It uses N036 Byelka AESA radar, IRST, and L-band radar arrays in its wings for counter-stealth capability.

The Su-57 also integrates electronic countermeasures (ECM) and active jamming, making it exceptionally capable in high-threat environments.

5. Armament and Combat Roles

Su-57: Versatile Weapon Load

The Su-57 is armed with air-to-air, air-to-ground, and anti-ship weapons, including:

  • R-77M long-range missiles
  • R-74M2 short-range IR missiles
  • Kh-59MK2 stealth cruise missile
  • Future hypersonic Kinzhal-like missiles

It is designed to perform in multirole missions—from dogfights to precision strikes.

J-20: Focused Arsenal for Air Dominance

The J-20 primarily focuses on long-range air superiority, with a weapon suite designed to neutralize threats before visual contact:

  • PL-15 long-range radar-guided missiles
  • PL-10 short-range infrared missiles
  • Future directed-energy and anti-radiation missiles

Its internal bays enhance stealth while allowing it to strike from standoff ranges, making it ideal for first-look, first-shot tactics.

6. Strategic Implications: Russia vs China Air Power

Russia’s Su-57: Power Projection through Versatility

Despite limited production, the Su-57 serves as a symbol of Russian aerospace innovation and aims to restore air parity against NATO. Russia seeks to export the Su-57 to countries like India and Algeria, promoting it as a cost-effective alternative to Western jets.

It fits into Russia’s doctrine of integrated, multirole aerial warfare, especially in contested environments like Eastern Europe and the Middle East.

China’s J-20: Regional Dominance and Deterrence

The J-20 represents China’s ambition to achieve regional air dominance in the Asia-Pacific, particularly over the South China Sea, Taiwan Strait, and East China Sea. With growing production and indigenous upgrades, the J-20 is central to China’s A2/AD (Anti-Access/Area Denial) strategy.

Its long-range and stealth capabilities are designed to challenge US air superiority and deter allied air presence in the Indo-Pacific.

President Murmu Confers Highest Literary Honour to Gulzar & Rambhadracharya

In a momentous celebration of India’s literary richness, President Droupadi Murmu presented the 58th Jnanpith Award to poet-lyricist Gulzar and scholar-saint Rambhadracharya at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi. This prestigious event honoured two iconic figures whose contributions have profoundly shaped Indian literature—Gulzar through his emotionally resonant poetry and songwriting, and Rambhadracharya through his erudite Sanskrit and Hindi compositions, along with his work in education and spiritual literature.

Why in News?

The 58th Jnanpith Award, India’s highest literary honour, was conferred on Gulzar and Rambhadracharya by President Droupadi Murmu on 17 May 2025. The award ceremony took place at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi, recognising the literary and cultural contributions of the two recipients. Gulzar was honoured for his lyrical poetry, screenwriting, and storytelling, while Rambhadracharya was celebrated for his Sanskrit epics, spiritual works, and educational leadership.

About the Jnanpith Award

  • Instituted: 1961 by Bharatiya Jnanpith.
  • Presented by: Bharatiya Jnanpith organization.
  • Purpose: To honour outstanding contributions to Indian literature.
  • Components of the award: Citation, cash prize, and a bronze idol of Vagdevi (Saraswati).
  • Previous notable recipients: Mahadevi Verma, Amrita Pritam, Girish Karnad, Pratibha Ray.

Rambhadracharya

  • Real name: Jagadguru Ramanandacharya Swami Rambhadracharya.
  • Known for: Four Sanskrit epics including Geet Ramayan and Dashavatara Charitam.

Special facts

  • Lost eyesight in infancy.
  • Memorised Bhagavad Gita and Ramcharitmanas by age 5.
  • Established Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Divyang State University (JRDSU) in Chitrakoot in 2001.
  • University serves over 2,000 visually impaired students.
  • Recognised for integrating literature, education, and national spirit.

Gulzar

  • Real name: Sampooran Singh Kalra.
  • Known for: Iconic poems and songs like Tujhse Naraz Nahi Zindagi, Chaiyya Chaiyya, Humko Mann Ki Shakti Dena.

Notable achievements

  • Oscar, Grammy, Dadasaheb Phalke Award winner.
  • Over 20 books authored.
  • Contributions to Hindi literature, cinema, and television.
  • Known for expressing tenderness amidst life’s harshness.
  • Could not attend the ceremony due to health issues.

Significance of the Event

  • Reflects the unity of Indian literary diversity — from devotional Sanskrit to contemporary Hindi poetry.
  • Highlights the inclusive nature of Indian awards by recognising both traditional spiritual literature and modern artistic expression.
  • Emphasises literature’s role in shaping national identity and cultural unity, as stated by President Murmu.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? President Murmu Confers Highest Literary Honour to Gulzar & Rambhadracharya
Event 58th Jnanpith Award Ceremony
Location Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi
Date 17 May 2025
Presented By President Droupadi Murmu
Awardees Gulzar and Rambhadracharya
Gulzar’s Contributions Poetry, film lyrics, screenwriting, emotional storytelling
Rambhadracharya’s Contributions Sanskrit epics, spiritual literature, education for disabled students
Award Significance Highest literary honour in India, started in 1961
Organiser Bharatiya Jnanpith
Award Components Citation, Cash Prize, Bronze idol of Vagdevi

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_9.1

IPL 2025 Purple Cap Winners: Top 10 Wicket-Takers of the Season

The IPL 2025 season thrilled fans with high-octane performances, but alongside the power-hitters, it was the bowlers who truly turned games with their skill and precision. The race for the Purple Cap — awarded to the tournament’s highest wicket-taker — saw fierce competition with fast bowlers and spinners alike making crucial breakthroughs.

In this article, we spotlight the top 10 highest wicket-takers of IPL 2025, highlighting their stats, teams, and impact throughout the season.

IPL 2025 Purple Cap Table

Rank Player Wickets Team Matches Played
1 Prasidh Krishna 21 GT 12
2 Noor Ahmad 20 CSK 12
3 Josh Hazlewood 18 RCB 10
4 Trent Boult 18 MI 12
5 Varun Chakaravarthy 17 KKR 12
6 Arshdeep Singh 16 PBKS 12
7 Vaibhav Arora 16 KKR 11
8 Sai Kishore 15 GT 12
9 Mohammed Siraj 15 GT 12
10 Harshit Rana 15 KKR 12

Top Bowling Performers of IPL 2025

1. Prasidh Krishna – 21 Wickets (Gujarat Titans)

Prasidh Krishna emerged as the Purple Cap winner for IPL 2025, finishing with 21 wickets in just 12 games. His ability to strike early in the powerplay and execute yorkers at the death made him a standout bowler for Gujarat Titans (GT).

2. Noor Ahmad – 20 Wickets (Chennai Super Kings)

The Afghan spin sensation Noor Ahmad continued to impress with his variations and guile, claiming 20 wickets for Chennai Super Kings (CSK). His left-arm wrist spin was crucial in choking opposition batsmen in the middle overs.

3. Josh Hazlewood – 18 Wickets (Royal Challengers Bangalore)

Josh Hazlewood, despite playing only 10 matches, made a massive impact for RCB. With 18 wickets, he provided vital breakthroughs with the new ball and bowled economically during the death overs.

4. Trent Boult – 18 Wickets (Mumbai Indians)

The ever-reliable Trent Boult delivered yet another consistent season for Mumbai Indians (MI). Known for his swing and precision, Boult picked up 18 wickets and was instrumental in MI’s bowling attack.

5. Varun Chakaravarthy – 17 Wickets (Kolkata Knight Riders)

Varun Chakaravarthy, with his mystery spin, bamboozled batsmen and ended the season with 17 wickets. Playing for Kolkata Knight Riders (KKR), he was a constant threat in the middle overs.

“US Doctors Use CRISPR to Cure Rare Liver Disorder in 9-Month-Old Baby”

In a historic milestone for precision medicine, doctors in the United States have successfully used a customised CRISPR-based gene-editing therapy to treat a nine-month-old infant suffering from a rare and life-threatening liver disorder. Baby KJ, diagnosed with carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) deficiency, became the first person in the world to receive a personalised DNA correction specifically designed to address his unique genetic mutation. The breakthrough, achieved by a team at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, marks a revolutionary step in the treatment of ultra-rare genetic diseases.

Why in News?

A nine-month-old baby, KJ Muldoon, suffering from a rare genetic liver disorder, became the first person in the world to receive a personalized CRISPR-based gene-editing therapy. Developed by researchers at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, this pioneering treatment marks a milestone in precision medicine and offers new hope for patients with rare, untreatable genetic conditions.

Key Highlights

  • Patient: KJ Muldoon, a 9-month-old infant from the United States
  • Condition: CPS1 deficiency – a rare, life-threatening liver disorder
  • Treatment: Personalized CRISPR-based gene editing, specifically base editing
  • Delivery method: Lipid nanoparticles targeting the liver
  • Institutions involved: Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine
  • Doctors leading the research: Dr. Kiran Musunuru and Dr. Rebecca Ahrens-Nicklas
  • Outcome: Significant improvement in KJ’s health with no severe side effects reported

Background on CPS1 Deficiency

  • CPS1 (Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase 1) deficiency is an inherited urea cycle disorder.
  • The liver fails to convert toxic ammonia into urea, leading to dangerous ammonia accumulation.
  • This condition can cause brain damage or death within days of birth if left untreated.
  • Standard treatments include protein-restricted diets, medications, and in some cases, liver transplants.

How CRISPR Was Used

  • CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) is a gene-editing tool that enables scientists to modify DNA with high precision.
  • The treatment for KJ used base editing, a technique that changes a single letter of DNA without cutting the strand.
  • This precision is especially useful in treating rare, one-off genetic mutations like the one affecting KJ.
  • The therapy was developed, tested, and administered within six months of diagnosis.
  • Significance of the Achievement
  • First-of-its-kind therapy tailored to an individual patient’s mutation.
  • Demonstrates the real-time application of gene editing in personalized medicine.
  • Potential to create a framework for treating other rare disorders with similar customization.
  • Minimizes reliance on lifelong medications or invasive surgeries like transplants.
  • Offers a blueprint for researchers globally to replicate such models.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? “US Doctors Use CRISPR to Cure Rare Liver Disorder in 9-Month-Old Baby”
Patient KJ Muldoon, 9-month-old infant
Disorder CPS1 deficiency (urea cycle disorder)
Therapy Used Personalized CRISPR-based base editing
Institutions Involved CHOP and Penn Medicine
Outcome Improved protein tolerance, reduced medication, no major side effects
Global Significance Opens doors for precision medicine in rare diseases

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_12.1

IPL 2025 Orange Cap Winners: Top 10 Run Scorers of the Season

The Indian Premier League (IPL) 2025 season delivered a spectacular display of batting prowess, with several players rising to the occasion and producing match-winning knocks. From blistering centuries to steady anchors, the race for the Orange Cap — awarded to the highest run-scorer of the tournament — saw intense competition throughout the league stages.

In this article, we take a look at the top 10 highest run-scorers of IPL 2025, their performances, teams, and impact on the tournament.

IPL 2025 Orange Cap Table

Rank Player Runs Team Matches Played
1 Sai Sudharsan 617 GT 12
2 Shubman Gill 601 GT 12
3 Yashasvi Jaiswal 523 RR 13
4 Suryakumar Yadav 510 MI 12
5 Virat Kohli 505 RCB 11
6 Jos Buttler 500 GT 12
7 KL Rahul 493 DC 11
8 Prabhsimran Singh 458 PBKS 12
9 Shreyas Iyer 435 PBKS 12
10 Nicholas Pooran 410 LSG 11

Top Performers: A Closer Look

1. Sai Sudharsan – 617 Runs (Gujarat Titans)

Emerging as the Orange Cap winner of IPL 2025, Sai Sudharsan had a breakout season with the bat. The young left-hander consistently provided solid starts for Gujarat Titans (GT) and anchored key chases. With 617 runs in just 12 matches, his composure and shot selection were praised across the cricketing world.

2. Shubman Gill – 601 Runs (Gujarat Titans)

Right behind his teammate, Shubman Gill continued to showcase why he is regarded as the future of Indian cricket. Scoring 601 runs in 12 games, Gill’s elegant stroke play and consistency were vital to GT’s strong campaign. Together with Sudharsan, he formed the most formidable opening pair of the season.

3. Yashasvi Jaiswal – 523 Runs (Rajasthan Royals)

Yashasvi Jaiswal reaffirmed his explosive talent by scoring 523 runs for Rajasthan Royals (RR). His ability to dominate the powerplay and take on any bowling attack gave RR early momentum in several matches.

4. Suryakumar Yadav – 510 Runs (Mumbai Indians)

The dynamic Suryakumar Yadav once again impressed with his 360-degree batting style, tallying 510 runs in 12 matches for Mumbai Indians (MI). He played several game-changing innings and remains one of the most entertaining batters to watch in T20 cricket.

5. Virat Kohli – 505 Runs (Royal Challengers Bangalore)

The ever-reliable Virat Kohli delivered another strong IPL season with 505 runs for Royal Challengers Bangalore (RCB). His aggressive intent and leadership at the top of the order were instrumental in RCB’s campaign, showing he’s far from done in T20s.

Key Highlights

  • Gujarat Titans dominated the Orange Cap leaderboard with three players — Sai Sudharsan, Shubman Gill, and Jos Buttler — all finishing in the top six.
  • Sai Sudharsan became the first uncapped Indian player in IPL history to top the Orange Cap standings.
  • Nicholas Pooran’s late-season form helped Lucknow Super Giants stay in playoff contention, making him one of the most impactful middle-order batsmen of IPL 2025.

Pralay vs Iskander: Tactical Ballistic Missile Comparison

Tactical ballistic missiles (TBMs) are short-range missiles designed primarily for battlefield use. Unlike intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), TBMs are deployed to deliver precision strikes over shorter distances, typically ranging from 100 to 1,000 kilometers. Two prominent examples from different military doctrines are India’s Pralay missile and Russia’s Iskander missile system. This article offers a comprehensive comparison between the two in terms of range, payload, accuracy, mobility, and strategic utility.

1. Overview of Tactical Ballistic Missiles

What is a Tactical Ballistic Missile?

A tactical ballistic missile (TBM) is a short-range missile designed for use on the battlefield. Unlike strategic ballistic missiles that target enemy cities or long-range infrastructure, TBMs are meant for close-to-medium-range combat, targeting command centers, enemy troop concentrations, airfields, and logistics hubs.

TBMs typically have a range of under 1,000 km and are characterized by rapid deployment, high mobility, and the ability to deliver a variety of warheads.

2. Introduction to Pralay Missile

Development Background

The Pralay missile is an Indian tactical surface-to-surface missile developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It is part of India’s efforts to enhance its conventional strike capabilities and to provide a powerful deterrent against regional threats.

Key Features of Pralay

  • Range: 150–500 km (extendable up to 700 km in newer versions)
  • Speed: Mach 5+
  • Warhead Type: Conventional (high explosive fragmentation or penetration)
  • Warhead Weight: 350 to 700 kg
  • Propulsion: Solid-fuel rocket motor
  • Launch Platform: Mobile Transporter Erector Launcher (TEL)
  • Guidance System: Inertial navigation system (INS) with satellite navigation (GPS/IRNSS)
  • Accuracy: Circular Error Probable (CEP) of less than 10 meters

Pralay is derived from technologies used in the Prithvi and Agni missile series and incorporates a quasi-ballistic trajectory with maneuverable re-entry vehicles (MaRV) for evading missile defense systems.

3. Introduction to Iskander Missile

Development Background

The Iskander missile system, also known as 9K720 Iskander, is a Russian tactical ballistic missile system designed to replace the older Scud missile family. Developed in the 1990s by KB Mashinostroyeniya, it became fully operational in the early 2000s.

Key Features of Iskander

  • Range: 50–500 km (extended versions reportedly reach up to 700 km)
  • Speed: Up to Mach 7
  • Warhead Type: Conventional and nuclear
  • Warhead Weight: 480 to 700 kg
  • Propulsion: Single-stage solid-fuel rocket motor
  • Launch Platform: Mobile TEL
  • Guidance System: Inertial navigation system, satellite navigation, and optical terminal guidance
  • Accuracy: CEP of 5–7 meters

Iskander is known for its stealthy launch, low radar cross-section, and ability to launch multiple types of warheads, including electromagnetic pulse (EMP), cluster munitions, and bunker busters.

4. Comparative Analysis: Pralay vs Iskander

Range and Coverage

While both missiles are in the same tactical class, the Pralay was initially built with a range up to 500 km, which can be extended, making it comparable to the Iskander, whose base range also hovers around 500 km. The Iskander-M, used by the Russian military, may exceed 700 km, especially in non-export versions.

Winner: Tie, depending on the variant.

Speed and Flight Characteristics

The Iskander travels at Mach 6 to Mach 7, making it slightly faster than Pralay, which operates around Mach 5 to Mach 6. Both use quasi-ballistic trajectories and maneuvering warheads to evade interception, giving them high survivability against missile defenses.

Winner: Iskander, for superior speed and mature evasion techniques.

Accuracy and Guidance

Both missiles use advanced guidance systems, but Iskander is equipped with optical terminal guidance, making it highly accurate in the final stage of flight. Pralay has satellite-aided INS guidance, providing sub-10 meter accuracy.

Winner: Slight edge to Iskander, though Pralay’s accuracy is extremely high.

Warhead Versatility

Pralay is currently intended for conventional warhead delivery only, which suits India’s No First Use (NFU) nuclear doctrine. In contrast, Iskander can be equipped with nuclear warheads, giving it broader strategic use.

Winner: Iskander, for greater warhead flexibility.

Mobility and Launch Platforms

Both systems are highly mobile, using road-mobile TELs. Pralay uses a locally developed launcher, while Iskander’s launcher is a more battle-tested, all-weather vehicle with multiple reloads and fast redeployment features.

Winner: Iskander, due to operational maturity and proven battlefield deployment.

5. Strategic Implications

Pralay’s Role in Indian Doctrine

Pralay is a key element in India’s Cold Start doctrine, offering the ability to strike deep into enemy territory without crossing the nuclear threshold. It strengthens India’s conventional deterrence posture against adversaries like China and Pakistan.

Iskander’s Role in Russian Doctrine

Iskander is central to Russia’s escalate to de-escalate strategy, providing the ability to deliver high-precision strikes and limited nuclear options. It has been deployed in Kaliningrad, Crimea, and used in the Ukraine conflict, showing its operational credibility.

6. Export Potential and Geopolitical Impact

  • Pralay is currently not exported, aligning with India’s doctrine of indigenous use and regional stability.
  • Iskander-E (export version) has been sold to countries like Armenia and Algeria, though with range restrictions under the MTCR (Missile Technology Control Regime).

The proliferation of systems like Iskander influences regional arms races, whereas Pralay remains a tool for strategic self-defense.

US Proposes 5% Remittance Tax on Non-Citizens: Impact on Indian Diaspora

A new bill introduced by US House Republicans is stirring concern among immigrant communities, especially Indians living and working in the United States. The proposed legislation seeks to impose a 5% excise tax on all international remittances sent by non-US citizens, including those on H-1B, F-1, and other visa categories. With Indians being one of the largest contributors to remittances globally, this measure could substantially affect both personal remittances and investment-related outflows.

Why in News?

A bill titled “The One Big Beautiful Bill” was introduced in the US Congress. It includes Section 112105, proposing a 5% excise tax on international remittances made by non-citizens. Indians, who sent over $23 billion in remittances from the US to India in 2023, could face a significant impact. The proposal is seen as a revenue-generating measure but has sparked debate and criticism over its discriminatory and economic implications.

Who Will Be Affected?

  • H-1B visa holders
  • F-1 student visa holders
  • Green card holders
  • Other non-resident Indians (NRIs) and non-citizens
  • Even post-tax investment proceeds transferred abroad

Key Provisions

  • 5% excise tax on any remittance sent outside the US by a non-citizen.
  • Tax is to be collected by remittance service providers.
  • Providers must remit collected taxes quarterly to the US Treasury.

Impact on Indians in the US

  • For every $1,000 sent, $50 would be taxed.
  • May discourage formal remittance channels, encouraging informal or unregulated transfers.

Could affect,

  • Monthly family support
  • Investment flows to India
  • Remittances from RSU (Restricted Stock Units) sales
  • Pressure on US employers to raise salaries to compensate for the tax.

Experts’ Opinions and Criticism

  • Akhilesh Ranjan (ex-CBDT, PwC): “This discriminates against non-citizens contributing equally to the US economy.”
  • Sandeep Jhunjhunwala (Nangia Andersen LLP): “Impacts legal immigrants; unfairly excludes US nationals.”
  • Ajay Rotti (Tax Compass): “It’s a policy shift that could influence foreign worker inflows.”
  • Amarpal Chadha (EY India): “Could force Indians to reconsider the frequency and volume of remittances.”
  • Indian Govt Official: “Could amount to a tax treaty override, unfavorably affecting international tax agreements.”
Summary/Static Details
Why in this news? US Proposes 5% Remittance Tax on Non-Citizens: Impact on Indian Diaspora
Proposed by US House Republicans
Tax Rate 5% excise on outward remittances
Affected Individuals Non-citizens including H-1B, F-1, green card holders
Collected by Remittance transfer providers
Potential Impact Decreased remittance volume, informal transfers, salary pressures
Key Concern Discrimination against lawful immigrants and treaty override

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_16.1

RBI to Issue New Rs 20 Banknotes with Governor Sanjay Malhotra’s Signature

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has announced that it will soon release new Rs 20 denomination banknotes bearing the signature of the newly appointed RBI Governor, Sanjay Malhotra. These banknotes will be part of the Mahatma Gandhi (New) Series and will retain the same design, features, and motifs as the notes currently in circulation. The update is part of a routine currency issuance process that follows the appointment of a new central bank chief.

Why in News?

The issuance of new Rs 20 banknotes with the signature of Governor Sanjay Malhotra has drawn attention due to the customary practice of updating legal tender to reflect changes in the RBI’s top leadership. This announcement by the RBI assures the public that existing notes remain valid and that no other changes are being made to the design or security features.

Key Highlights

  • The new Rs 20 notes will bear the signature of RBI Governor Sanjay Malhotra.
  • These notes will be part of the Mahatma Gandhi (New) Series.
  • Design, colour, size, and features remain unchanged.
  • The reverse side will continue to display the Ellora Caves motif.
  • All previously issued Rs 20 banknotes remain legal tender.

Background & Static Information

  • The Mahatma Gandhi (New) Series was introduced in 2016 with enhanced security features and a refreshed design.
  • The Rs 20 note in this series is greenish-yellow in colour and measures 63 mm × 129 mm.
  • It includes security features like a watermark, latent image, micro-lettering, and colour-shifting ink.
  • The motif on the reverse side, Ellora Caves, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Maharashtra.

Objectives of Issuing New Notes

  • To reflect the change in RBI leadership after the appointment of a new Governor.
  • To standardize currency issuance with updated official signatures.
  • To maintain public confidence in the currency system.

Significance

  • Reinforces RBI’s transparency and continuity in currency operations.
  • Ensures seamless circulation without causing confusion regarding the validity of old notes.
  • Important for record-keeping, authentication, and legal documentation involving currency verification.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? RBI to Issue New Rs 20 Banknotes with Governor Sanjay Malhotra’s Signature
Currency Denomination ₹20
Series Mahatma Gandhi (New) Series
New Governor’s Signature Sanjay Malhotra
Design/Colour/Security Features Remain unchanged
Motif on Reverse Ellora Caves
Validity of Old Notes Remain legal tender
Reason for New Issue Change in RBI Governor

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