Featured

States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

States and Capitals

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO State Capital CM Governor
1 Andhra Pradesh Amaravati Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu S. Abdul Nazer
2 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Pema Khandu Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3 Assam Dispur Himanta Biswa Sarma Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4 Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar Arif Mohammed Khan
5 Chhattisgarh Raipur Vishnu Deo Sai Ramen Deka
6 Goa Panaji Pramod Sawant P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7 Gujarat Gandhinagar Bhupendra Patel Acharya Dev Vrat
8 Haryana Chandigarh Nayab Singh Saini Bandaru Dattatraya
9 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu Shiv Pratap Shukla
10 Jharkhand Ranchi Hemant Soren Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11 Karnataka Bengaluru Siddaramaiah Thaawarchand Gehlot
12 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Pinarayi Vijayan Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Mohan Yadav Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14 Maharashtra Mumbai Devendra Fadnavis C.P. Radhakrishnan
15 Manipur Imphal N. Biren Singh
Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16 Meghalaya Shillong Conrad Kongkal Sangma
C H Vijayashankar
17 Mizoram Aizawl Lalduhoma General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18 Nagaland Kohima Neiphiu Rio
La. Ganesan
19 Odisha Bhubaneswar Mohan Charan Majhi
Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20 Punjab Chandigarh Bhagwant Singh Mann Gulab Chand Kataria
21 Rajasthan Jaipur Bhajan Lal Sharma Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22 Sikkim Gangtok PS Golay Om Prakash Mathur
23 Tamil Nadu Chennai M. K. Stalin R. N. Ravi
24 Telangana Hyderabad Anumula Revanth Reddy Jishnu Dev Varma
25 Tripura Agartala Dr. Manik Saha Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Yogi Aditya Nath Anandiben Patel
27 Uttarakhand Dehradun Pushkar Singh Dhami Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28 West Bengal Kolkata Mamata Banerjee Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO Union Territories Capital CM Lt. Governor
1 Andaman and Nicobar Island Port Blair NA D K Joshi
2 Chandigarh Chandigarh NA Banwarilal Purohit
3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Daman NA Praful Patel
4 Delhi Delhi Rekha Gupta Vinai Kumar Saxena
5 Ladakh NA NA B. D. Mishra
6 Lakshadweep Kavaratti NA Praful Patel
7 Jammu and Kashmir NA Omar Abdullah Manoj Sinha
8 Puducherry Pondicherry N. Rangaswamy C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference States Union Territories
Head of Administration Governor Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type Elected by the People Managed by the central government
Powers Shares power with the central government. Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No. States Language
1 Andhra Pradesh Telugu and Urdu
2 Arunachal Pradesh Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3 Assam Assamese
4 Bihar Hindi
5 Chhattisgarh Hindi
6 Goa Marathi Konkani
7 Gujarat Gujarati
8 Haryana Hindi
9 Himachal Pradesh Hindi and Pahari
10 Jharkhand Hindi
11 Karnataka Kannada
12 Kerala Malayalam
13 Madhya Pradesh Hindi
14 Maharashtra Marathi
15 Manipur Manipuri
16 Meghalaya Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17 Mizoram Mizo and English
18 Nagaland Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19 Odisha Oriya
20 Punjab Punjabi
21 Rajasthan Rajasthani and Hindi
22 Sikkim Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23 Tamil Nadu Tamil
24 Telangana Telugu
25 Tripura Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26 Uttar Pradesh Hindi
27 Uttarakhand Hindi
28 West Bengal Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

  • Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
  • Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
  • Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
  • Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
  • Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
  • Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
  • Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
  • Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

Iga Swiatek Makes History With Double-Bagel Win to Capture Maiden Wimbledon Title

Iga Swiatek from Poland won her first Wimbledon title on July 12, 2025, beating Amanda Anisimova of the United States in just 57 minutes. The final score was 6-0, 6-0, making it one of the most one-sided women’s finals in tennis history. This match was important because it added another major title to Swiatek’s record and made history with a rare “double bagel” win.

Swiatek’s Stunning Victory

Iga Swiatek, 24, dominated the match on Centre Court at the All England Club, giving Amanda Anisimova no chance to settle. Swiatek won 55 of the 79 points and hit only 10 winners, letting Anisimova defeat herself with 28 unforced errors. This was only the third time in Grand Slam history that a women’s final ended in 6-0, 6-0, and the first time since 1988.

This win gave Swiatek her sixth Grand Slam title, and her first-ever win on grass, making her the only active female player to win major titles on clay, hard, and grass courts. It also marked her 100th match win at a Grand Slam tournament, which she achieved in just 120 matches, faster than most in history.

Anisimova’s Tough Day

Amanda Anisimova, 23, was playing in her first Grand Slam final and had a strong tournament, even beating world number one Aryna Sabalenka in the semifinals. But in the final, she couldn’t keep up with Swiatek’s pace and made many mistakes. After the match, she was seen crying on the bench while Swiatek celebrated with her team.

Anisimova had taken a break from tennis due to mental health reasons two years ago and returned with great determination. Just last year, she didn’t even qualify for Wimbledon. Now, despite the loss, she will enter the WTA Top 10 rankings for the first time in her career.

Swiatek’s Journey and Comeback

Swiatek had not won a title since June 2024 at the French Open, and her form had dipped. She was even seeded No. 8 at Wimbledon due to a year-long title drought. She also faced a setback in 2024 due to a one-month doping ban, which was later cleared as accidental exposure to a medical substance. Despite these challenges, she made a strong comeback by trusting her training and coach’s strategies for grass courts.

She said after the match, “I didn’t even dream of this. My team believed in me more than I did.” The Princess of Wales, Kate Middleton, was also present in the Royal Box and took part in the prize ceremony.

Which District has the Longest Name in Punjab? Know About It

Punjab, a vibrant state in northern India, is known for its colorful culture, delicious food and strong history. It has many districts, each with its own unique name and background. Some district names are short and simple, while others are long and meaningful. Among all these, one district stands out for having the longest name. Let’s explore and find out which district it is!

An Overview of Punjab

Punjab, meaning ”Land of Five Rivers,’‘ is a state in northwestern India known for its rich history, farming and vibrant culture. It has fertile lands, making it a major farming region and earning it the title ”Granary of India.” Punjab is also the birthplace of Sikhism and has seen many important historical events, including the rise of the Sikh Empire. It’s a land full of tradition and pride.

Number of Districts in Punjab

Punjab has 23 districts, with the newest one being Malerkotla, which was created on May 14, 2021. This addition brought the total to 23, reflecting the region’s evolving administrative structure.

District with the Longest Name in Punjab

The district with the longest name in Punjab is Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar. It was named to honor the famous freedom fighter Shaheed Bhagat Singh. Earlier, it was known as Nawanshahr. With 23 characters in its name, it stands out as the longest-named district in the state. It is located in the Doaba region.

Number of Letter in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar

The name Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar has 23 characters. It is the longest district name in Punjab. The name honors a great Indian freedom fighter, making it both meaningful and unique.

An Overview of Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar

Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar is one of the 23 districts of Punjab, located in the Doaba region. It has three subdivisions: Nawashahr, Banga and Balachaur. These areas also serve as its legislative seats and are part of the Anandpur Sahib Lok Sabha Constituency. Nawanshahr is the district headquarters, about 92 km from Chandigarh.

Brazil vs Mexico: Latin America’s Giants in Culture and Cuisine

Brazil and Mexico are two of the most famous and exciting countries in Latin America. Both are known for their rich culture, delicious food, lively music and colorful festivals. While they share many similarities, they also have unique traditions, languages and flavors. This article explores the differences and special qualities of Brazil and Mexico, showing why both countries are loved all around the world.

An Overview of Brazil

Brazil is the largest country in South America and the fifth-largest in the world by area. It has over 212 million people, making it the seventh most populated country. The capital is Brasilia, and the biggest city is Sao Paulo. Brazil has 26 states and a Federal District. It’s the only country in the Americas where Portuguese is the official language, spoken by most of its people.

An Overview of Mexico

Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a large country in North America. It borders the United States to the north and Guatemala and Belize to the south. Surrounded by oceans on three sides, it has beautiful coastlines. Mexico is the 13th-largest country in the world and has over 130 million people. Its capital, Mexico City, is one of the biggest cities globally. Spanish is the main language spoken.

Comparison Between Brazil and Mexico

Brazil and Mexico are two main countries in Latin America. They have rich cultures, unique languages and delicious foods. This comparison shows their key differences in areas like traditions, language, festivals and lifestyle.

Here is the difference between Brazil and Mexico:

Basis of Difference Brazil Mexico
Language Portuguese Spanish
Popular Music Samba, Bossa Nova Mariachi, Ranchera
Popular Dance Samba Jarabe Tapatio
Main Festival Carnival (parades, dancing, costumes) Dia de los Muertos
Signature Dishes Feijoada, Pão de Queijo, Acai bowls Tacos, Tamales, Churros
Flavors Mild, tropical fruits, beans and meats Spicy, with chilies, corn and rich seasonings
Landmarks Christ the Redeemer, Amazon Rainforest Chichén Itzá, Cancún beaches
Sports Football (soccer) – Pelé, Neymar Football, Lucha Libre

Global Influence of Brazil and Mexico

Brazil and Mexico have strong global influence through music, food and sports. Brazilian samba and football are loved worldwide, and its Amazon rainforest is vital for the planet. Mexico’s spicy food, like tacos and colorful traditions, like Day of the Dead, are celebrated across teh world. Both countries share their rich culture proudly and attract tourist artists, and businesses from many nations.

Do You Know What is the Old Name of Varanasi?

Varanasi is one of the oldest and most spiritual cities in the world. Located on the banks of the River Ganga in India, it has been a center of learning, culture and religion for thousands of years. This ancient city is known by many for its temples, rituals and ghats. But before it became known as Varanasi, the city had other names that tell interesting stories from the past.

Old Names of Varanasi

Varanasi is one of India’s oldest and most sacred cities. Over time, it has been known by different names, each showing its rich history, culture and spiritual value. Here are some of the names that Varanasi has been called:

  • Kashi
  • Banaras

Varanasi, Once Called Kashi

Before it was known as Varanasi, this city had an ancient name – Kashi. The word Kashi means ”light” or ”shining,” showing how spirituality bright and pure this place was considered. Kashi is mentioned in many ancient Hindu texts like the Rig Veda and Skanda Purana.

People believe that Lord Shiva, one of the most powerful gods in Hinduism, made Kashi his home. That’s why Kashi is also called the eternal city.

Another Name of Varanasi, Banaras

Another name that became very popular over time is Banaras (also written as Benares). This name became more common during the Mughal and British times. Even though it’s not the official name today, people still use Banaras in songs, movies and everyday talk. It reminds many of the city’s rich traditions and timeless charm.

Why is Kashi So Holy?

Kashi has been a major spiritual hub for thousands of years. Hindus believe that anyone who dies in Kashi is freed from the cycle of rebirth and reaches moksha (liberation). That’s why many come here in their final years or bring the ashes of loved ones to be scattered in Ganga.

It is also said that the city was created by Lord Shiva himself, making it one of the most divine places in the universe.

Famous Places that Must Visit in the City

Here are some sacred and well-known spots that shows the spiritual heart of Varanasi:

  • Kashi Vishwanath Temple: This temple is one of the 12 Jyotirlingas (holy shrines of Shiva). Pilgrims from all over India come here to worship and seek blessings.
  • Dashashwamedh Ghat: Close to the temple, this ghat is famous for the evening Ganga Aarti, a beautiful ritual with lamps, music and chanting that lights up the river.
  • Assi Ghat: Located where the Assi River meets the Ganga, this spot is popular with students, travelers and spiritual seekers. It’s peaceful and full of energy in the early mornings.
  • Banaras Hindu University: Founded in1 916, BHU is one of the largest residential universities in Asia. It is not just a center of learning but also a symbol of the city’s culture and pride.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India By 2025, Check the List

India is a country full of history, culture and natural beauty. Many special places in India have been recognized by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites because they are important to the whole world. These include famous monuments, temples, forts, national parks and ancient cities. By 2025, India proudly has 44 World Heritage Sites, showing its rich past, traditions and beautiful landscapes to the world.

Total Number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India

As of 2025, India has 44 UNESCO World Heritage Sites – including 35 cultural, 7 natural, 1 mixed and the newly added Maratha Military Landscapes.

India’s 44th UNESCO Heritage Site

The Maratha Military Landscapes of India, comprising 11 forts in Maharashtra and 1 in Tamil Nadu, were inscribed in July 2025, now marking India’s 44th UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Names of the Forts Added to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Here is the list of forts that are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites:

In Maharashtra

  • Raigad Fort
  • Rajgad Fort
  • Pratapgad Fort
  • Panhala Fort
  • Shivneri Fort
  • Lohgad Fort
  • Salher Fort
  • Sindhudgarh Fort
  • Suvarnadurg Fort
  • Vijaydurg Fort
  • Khanderi Fort

In Tamil Nadu

  • Gingee Fort

44 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India

The UNESCO World Heritage Convention, which was established in 1972, recognizes and protects important cultural and natural sites around the world. India has recently added two more sites to the UNESCO World Heritage list, bringing the total number of Indian sites to 44. This makes India the sixth country in the world with the most UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The list of 44 Indian sites includes 35 cultural, 7 natural, 1 mixed and the newly added Maratha Military Landscapes.

In other words, UNESCO has recognized 44 places in India as being of outstanding universal value, worthy of protection for future generations. These sites include ancient temples, forts, palaces, caves, national parks, and wildlife sanctuaries. India’s rich cultural and natural heritage is on display in these sites, which are a must-see for any visitor to the country.

S.No Name of Sites Year Location
1 Ajanta Caves 1983 Maharashtra
2 Ellora Caves 1983 Maharashtra
3 Agra Fort 1983 Agra
4 Taj Mahal 1983 Agra
5 Sun Temple 1984 Orissa
6 Mahabalipuram Monuments 1984 Tamil Nadu
7 Kaziranga National Park 1985 Assam
8 Keoladeo National Park 1985 Rajasthan
9 Manas Wildlife Sanctuary 1985 Assam
10 Churches and Convents of Goa 1986 Goa
11 Monuments of Khajuraho 1986 Madhya
Pradesh
12 Monuments of Hampi 1986 Karnataka
13 Fatehpur Sikri 1986 Agra
14 Elephanta Caves 1987 Maharashtra
15 Great Living Chola Temples 1987 Tamil Nadu
16 Pattadakal Monuments 1987 Karnataka
17 Sundarbans National Park 1987 West Bengal
18 Nanda Devi & Valley of Flowers National Park 1988 Uttarakhand
19 Monuments of Buddha 1989 Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh
20 Humayun’s Tomb 1993 Delhi
21 Qutub Minar and its Monuments 1993 Delhi
22 Mountain Railways of Darjeeling, Kalka
Shimla & Nilgiri
1999 Darjeeling
23 Mahabodhi
Temple
2002 Bihar
24 Bhimbetka Rock Shelters 2003 Madhya Pradesh
25 Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus 2004 Maharashtra
26 ChampanerPavagadh Archaeological Park 2004 Gujarat
27 Red Fort 2007 Delhi
28 Jantar Mantar 2010 Delhi
29 Western Ghats 2012 Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra
30 Hill Forts 2013 Rajasthan
31 Rani Ki Vav (The Queen’s Stepwell) 2014 Gujarat
32 Great Himalayan National Park 2014 Himachal Pradesh
33 Nalanda 2016 Bihar
34 Khangchendzonga National Park 2016 Sikkim
35 Architectural Work of Le Corbusier (Capitol Complex) 2016 Chandigarh
36 The Historic City 2017 Ahmedabad
37 Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles 2018 Mumbai
38 The Pink City 2019 Jaipur
39 Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple 2021 Telangana
40 Dholavira 2021 Gujarat
41 Santiniketan 2023 West Bengal
42 Hoysala temples of Belur, Halebid and Somananthpura 2023 Karnataka
43 Modiams 2024 Assam
44 Maratha Military Landscape of India 2025 Maharashtra & Tamil Nadu

What is UNESCO World Heritage Site?

UNESCO World Heritage Site is a place that is recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). This is exemplified by the Convention regarding the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, accepted by UNESCO in 1972.

Criteria for UNESCO World Heritage Sites:

1. Human creative genius.
2. Interchange of values.
3. Testimony to cultural tradition.
4. Significance in human history.
5. Traditional human settlement.
6. Heritage associated with events of universal significance.
7. Natural phenomena or beauty.
8. Major stages of Earth’s history.
9. Significant ecological and biological processes.
10. The significant natural habitat for biodiversity.

List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India:

Key points about UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India:

1. Ajanta Caves

  • Famous for Buddhist Rock-cut Cave Monuments. It is richly decorated with Paintings and Frescoes like Sigiriya Paintings.

2. Ellora Caves 

  • Jain and Hindu Temples and Monasteries. These caves were excavated out of Hills, and it is a rock-cut Architecture.

3. Agra Fort 

  • This is one of the most prominent monumental structures by the Mughal empire.

4. Taj Mahal 

  • This is one of the Seven Wonders of the World. King Shahjahan had built this structure in the memory of his third wife Begum Mumtaz Mahal.

5. Sun Temple 

  • This temple is famous for the traditional style of Kalinga Architecture.

6. Mahabalipuram Monuments

  • This monument is famous for the Mahabalipuram Largest. Open Air Rock Relief, Mandapas, Chariot Temples, It is a Pallava Dynasty Architecture.

7. Kaziranga National Park

  • Famous for Worlds 2/3rd population of Great One-Horned Rhinoceroses. It has the highest density of Tigers in the World, Wild Water Buffalo, Elephants, Swamp Deer, and the park is also recognized as the Important Bird Area.

8. Keoladeo National Park

  • This National Park is popular for Man-Made Wetland Bird Sanctuary, Hotspot for Ornithologists, and Siberian Cranes.

9. Manas Wildlife Sanctuary

  • This sanctuary is famous for Project Tiger Reserve, Biosphere Reserve and Elephant Reserve

10. Churches and Convents of Goa

  • It is famous for Rome of the Orient, First Manueline, Mannerist and Baroque Art Forms in Asia, First Latin Rite Mass in Asia.

11. Monuments of Khajuraho 

  • This monument is popular for a group of Jain and Hindu Temples. It is situated 175 km southeast of Jhansi. Well known for their Nagara style symbolism and erotic Figures and sculptures.

12. Monuments of Hampi

  • Prosperous kingdom of Vijayanagar. The ruins at Hampi depict the fine Dravidian style of art and architecture. The most important heritage monument in this site is the Virupaksha Temple.

13. Fatehpur Sikri

  • It structure constitutes of four main Monuments. The Jama Masjid, The Buland Darwaza,
    Panch Mahal or Jada Baai ka Mahal, Diwane-Khas, and Diwan-eaam.

14. Elephanta Caves

  • It is popular for Buddhist and Hindu caves. It is situated on Island in the Arabian Sea. And has Basal Rock Caves, and Shiva Temples.

15. Great Living Chola Temples

  • This temple is popular for Chola Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, and Bronze Casting.

16. Pattadakal Monuments

  • It is popular for its Chalukya style of architecture that originated in Aihole and blended with the Nagara and Dravidian styles of architecture.

17. Sundarbans National Park

  • This National Park is popular as Biosphere Reserve, Largest Estuarine Mangrove Forest, Bengal Tiger, and Salt-Water Crocodile.

18. Nanda Devi & Valley of Flowers National Park

  • It is famous for Snow Leopard, Asiatic Black Bear, Brown Bear, Blue Sheep, and Himalayan Monal, World Network of Biosphere

19. Monuments of Buddha

  • It is popular for Monolithic Pillars, Palaces, Monasteries, Temples Mauryan Architecture, Ye Dharma Hetu Inscriptions.

20. Humayun’s Tomb

  • It is popular for the Precursors to the Taj Mahal and Mughal Architecture. It constitutes a Tomb, a Pavilion, any Water Channels, and A Bath

21. Qutub Minar and its Monuments

  • Includes Qutub Minar, Alai Darwaza, Alai Minar, Qubbat-ul-Islam Mosque, Tomb of Iltumish, and Iron Pillar.

22. Mountain Railways of Darjeeling, Kalka Shimla & Nilgiri

  • The mountain railways of India comprise of the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, the Nilgiri
    Mountain Railway, and the Kalka-Shimla.

23. Mahabodhi Temple

  • An important religious center for the Buddhists as this was the place where Mahatma Buddha attained enlightenment. Bodh Gaya is considered as the holiest pilgrimage spot for the Buddhists.

24. Bhimbetka

  • It is famous for Rock Paintings within Natural Rock Shelters, Stone Age Inscriptions, Sitting Place of Bhima (Mahabharata).

25. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus

  • It is popular for central Railways Headquarters, Terror Attacks on Mumbai in 2008, Gothic Style Architecture.

26. ChampanerPavagadhArchaeological Park

  • This place is the only complete and unchanged Islamic pre-Mughal city. The park also houses some of the ancient Chalcolithic Indian Sites, from the Stone Age era.

27. Red Fort

  • It is popular for Shahjahanabad, Persian, Timuri and Indian Architectural Styles, Red Sandstone Architecture, Moti Masjid.

28. Jantar Mantar 

  • Famous for Architectural Astronomical Instruments, Maharaja Jai Singh II, Largest of its kind Observatory.

29. The Western Ghats

  • Famous for Among World’s Ten “Hottest Biodiversity Hotspots”. Includes many National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Reserve Forests.

30. Hill Forts 

  • This place is famous for its unique Rajput Military Defense Architecture. It includes six majestic forts in Chittorgarh, Kumbhalgarh, Ranthambore Fort, Gagron Fort, Amber Fort, and Jaisalmer Fort.

31. Rani Ki Vav

  • It is an explicit example of fine Ancient Indian architecture which is constructed during
    the time of the Solanki dynasty.

32. Great Himalayan National Park

  • It is home to about 375 fauna species and several floral species, including some very rare
    species of plants and animals such as blue sheep, snow leopard, Himalayan brown
    bear, Himalayan Tahr, musk deer spruces, horse chestnuts, and huge alpine meadows.
    It is a part of the Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspots.

33. Nalanda 

  • A centre of learning and a Buddhist monastery from the 3rd century BCE to the 13th century CE.

34. Khangchendzonga National Park

  • The national park is famous for its fauna and flora, with snow leopard being occasionally sighted.

35. Architectural Work of Le Corbusier (Capitol Complex)

  • Recognized as a World Heritage Site as part of an outstanding contribution to the Modern Movement.

36. The Historic City 

  • A walled city on the banks of Sabarmati where communities following Hinduism, Islam, and Jainism have co-existed for centuries.

37. Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles

  • It is a collection of 94 buildings of great cultural importance, located in the Fort Area of Mumbai.

38.  The Pink City

  • Jaipur is home to many magnificent forts, palaces, temples, and museums and also filled to the brim with local handicrafts and trinkets.

39. Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple

  • The Ramappa Temple is situated in Palampet Village, Telangana. The temple is estimated to be at least 800 to 900 years old. The temple is especially known for lightweight porous bricks which are known as floating bricks

40. Dholavira

  • Dholavira is an architectural site situated in the Kutch district of Gujarat. It is one of the most prominent Indus Valley Civilisation sites.

41. Santiniketan

  • Santiniketan, the cultural and educational hub founded by Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore, has earned a coveted spot on UNESCO’s World Heritage List. This recognition marks a significant milestone for India and celebrates the enduring legacy of this unique institution located in Bengal’s Birbhum district.

42. Hoysala Temples

  • The Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala, the famed Hoysala temples of Belur, Halebid and Somananthpura in Karnataka have been added to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage list. This inclusion marks the 42nd UNESCO World Heritage Site in India and comes just a day after Rabindranath Tagore’s Santiniketan also received this distinguished recognition.

43. Moidams 

  • In a significant cultural milestone for India, the “Moidams – the Mound-Burial System of the Ahom Dynasty” from Assam has been officially added to the UNESCO World Heritage List. Announced on 26th July 2024 during the 46th session of the World Heritage Committee in New Delhi, this recognition makes it the 43rd UNESCO World Heritage site from India.

44. Maratha Military Landscape of India

  • The Maratha Military Landscapes of India, comprising 11 forts in Maharashtra and 1 in Tamil Nadu, were inscribed in July 2025, now marking India’s 44th UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Indian Army Launches Operation SHIVA 2025 for Amarnath Yatra Security

The Indian Army has launched Operation SHIVA 2025 to ensure the safe and smooth conduct of the Shri Amarnath Yatra in Jammu and Kashmir. The operation, announced on Friday, involves heavy deployment of troops, modern surveillance tools, and disaster response measures. The security drive is vital due to increased threats from Pakistan-backed groups this year.

Strong Security Measures for Devotee Safety

As part of Operation SHIVA 2025, the Army has deployed over 8,500 troops along the northern and southern routes of the Yatra. This effort is in close coordination with the civil administration and Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs). A multi-layered counter-terror grid, supported by advanced surveillance, has been set up to monitor any suspicious activity.

To prevent drone threats, a counter-unmanned aerial system (C-UAS) grid of over 50 systems has been activated. Continuous drone and UAV surveillance is being conducted along the Yatra route and the holy cave. High-resolution PTZ cameras and live drone feeds are tracking convoys for early threat detection.

Medical, Communication, and Infrastructure Support

The Indian Army has also arranged strong medical support for pilgrims. This includes,

  • 150+ medical staff
  • 2 advanced dressing stations
  • 9 aid posts
  • A 100-bed hospital
  • 26 oxygen booths with 2 lakh litres of oxygen

Communication during the Yatra is being ensured through signal companies, while bomb detection squads are on high alert. Helicopters are ready for emergencies.

Engineer teams are building and repairing bridges, improving roads, and supporting disaster response. Other arrangements include emergency food supplies for 25,000 people, tent cities, bulldozers, and water points.

Commitment to Peaceful Pilgrimage

The Indian Army emphasized that Operation SHIVA 2025 shows its strong commitment to making the Amarnath Yatra peaceful and secure. Officials noted the importance of this security due to rising threats from proxy terror groups after recent encounters in the Kashmir Valley. Quick Reaction Teams (QRTs) are also in place to respond to any emergency swiftly.

Khmer Rouge Sites in Cambodia Added to UNESCO Heritage List

On July 11, 2025, UNESCO added three historic sites in Cambodia, linked to the Khmer Rouge’s brutal regime, to its World Heritage List. This decision was made during the 47th Session of the World Heritage Committee in Paris, marking 50 years since the regime’s rise. The move aims to preserve these places as reminders of the tragic past and promote peace and education.

Sites of Brutality Now Sites of Remembrance

The three sites added are,

  • Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum (S-21) in Phnom Penh — a former high school used as a prison where over 15,000 people were tortured.
  • M-13 prison in Kampong Chhnang province — an early secret prison operated by the Khmer Rouge.
  • Choeung Ek Killing Fields, 15 km south of Phnom Penh — used for mass executions and burials, known worldwide through the film The Killing Fields.

These sites represent some of the darkest events in Cambodian history, where nearly 1.7 million people died between 1975 and 1979 during the Khmer Rouge rule.

Honoring the Past, Educating the Future

Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Manet welcomed the recognition and urged citizens to beat drums across the country on Sunday morning to mark the event. In a video message, he said, “May this inscription serve as a lasting reminder that peace must always be defended.”

Youk Chhang, head of the Documentation Center of Cambodia, said these sites will help educate the younger generation and promote healing and awareness of the past.

The listing is Cambodia’s first nomination of a modern historical site, especially one related to recent conflict and genocide. Previously, Cambodia had four ancient sites on the list: Angkor, Preah Vihear, Sambo Prei Kuk, and Koh Ker.

Global Recognition of Cambodia’s Painful History

The Khmer Rouge took power on April 17, 1975, and forced people from cities into the countryside. Many were starved, tortured, or killed. The regime ended in 1979 when Vietnam invaded. In 2022, the Khmer Rouge Tribunal concluded its work, having convicted only three leaders over 16 years, despite spending $337 million.

The new UNESCO recognition shows a shift towards acknowledging modern conflict sites, not just ancient landmarks, as part of global heritage.

Harikrishnan A Becomes India’s 87th Grandmaster

Harikrishnan A. Ra., a 23-year-old chess player from Chennai, has officially become India’s 87th Grandmaster. He earned his final Grandmaster (GM) norm at the La Plagne International Chess Festival in France on July 11, 2025, completing a long seven-year journey from International Master (IM) to GM.

A Long Journey to Grandmaster Title

Harikrishnan had been an International Master for seven years, chasing the Grandmaster title by competing in many tournaments. Despite coming close multiple times, he could not complete all three GM norms until now. Coached by Shyam Sundar, he kept working hard and stayed committed to his goal.

He finally achieved his third and final GM norm in France by drawing his last-round match against fellow Indian P. Iniyan. He had earlier defeated Jules Moussard of France in the eighth round. This result helped him finish fourth overall in the tournament and earn the prestigious GM title.

Key Moments and Past Norms

Harikrishnan earned his first GM norm at the Biel International Chess Festival 2023 in Switzerland, and his second norm at the Lince Andujar Chess Open in Spain in June 2025. At the La Plagne tournament, he knew he needed 1.5 points in his final two games and performed under pressure to achieve exactly that.

Speaking from France, Harikrishnan said, “It’s been a long wait and struggle. I feel very happy to finally become a GM.”

Future Plans and Career Goals

Harikrishnan recently completed his Master of Commerce (M.Com) from SRM University. He plans to continue playing in Spain and Portugal before returning to India. His next goal is to reach an Elo rating of 2600, a mark of elite-level players.

He also shared plans to pursue an MBA in the USA, balancing academics with his growing chess career.

Italy and Netherlands Qualify for ICC T20 World Cup 2026

On the final day of the Europe Qualifiers for the ICC Men’s T20 World Cup 2026, Italy and the Netherlands secured their spots in next year’s tournament, which will be hosted by India and Sri Lanka. While the Netherlands won their match, Italy’s net run rate advantage helped them qualify for the first time ever in the history of the tournament.

Final Day Drama in Europe Qualifiers

The last day of the Europe Qualifiers saw all four teams still in the race for qualification. Despite a strong fight from Jersey and a historic win over Scotland, they missed out on qualification. Italy and the Netherlands eventually took the two available spots.

Italy faced the Netherlands and posted 134/7 in their 20 overs. Though the Dutch team chased down the total easily, Italy managed to qualify by stretching the match until the 17th over, securing the required net run rate to enter their first-ever ICC Men’s T20 World Cup.

Key Performers and Match Highlights

For Italy, Benjamin Manenti played a steady innings, while Grant Stewart added crucial runs in the final overs. On the bowling side, Roelof van der Merwe from the Netherlands stood out with figures of 3 wickets for 15 runs in 4 overs. He was well supported by Kyle Klein, who helped limit Italy’s scoring opportunities.

In the second innings, Michael Levitt and Max O’Dowd gave the Netherlands a quick start during the Powerplay. Although they lost some momentum later, the team still won comfortably while Italy achieved their qualification goal.

What Happens Next

So far, 15 teams have secured their place in the 2026 ICC Men’s T20 World Cup. The Asia EAP Qualifier will see three more teams qualify, and the Africa Qualifier will add two more, completing the full list of 20 teams for the mega event.

The 2026 T20 World Cup, co-hosted by India and Sri Lanka, is expected to be one of the biggest editions ever, with new teams like Italy making their debut on the world stage.

Top-10 Hardest Countries to Get Citizenship, Know About Them

Becoming a citizen of another country can offer many new opportunities, like better jobs, education and safety. But not all countries make it easy. Some have very strict rules and long waiting times. In some places, you must live there for many years, learn the language or give up your old citizenship. In this article, we will go through the list of top-10 countries where getting citizenship is the hardest.

Why is it So Hard?

There are many reasons why some countries are tough when it comes to granting citizenship. These includes:

  • Lengthy Residency Requirements: You must live in the country for many years – sometimes 10, 20 or even 30 years!
  • Language Proficiency: You need to speak and understand the national language fluently.
  • Cultural and Religious Factors: Some countries want people to fully adopt their culture, religion and values.
  • Strict Rules and Limited Dual Citizenship: Many countries don’t allow you to keep your old nationality.

List of Top-10 Hardest Countries to Get Citizenship

Here are the names of top-10 countries where getting citizenship is especially difficult:

  • Qatar
  • Vatican City
  • Liechtenstein
  • Bhutan
  • Saudi Arabia
  • Kuwait
  • Switzerland
  • China
  • North Korea
  • Japan

Qatar

Qatar, a rich country in the Middle East, makes it very hard for foreigners to become citizens. You must live there for 25 years without leaving, speak Arabic, have good behavior and prove you can support yourself financially. You also must give up your current  citizenship. In many cases, you may need to convert to Islam as well.

Vatican City

Vatican City, the smallest country in the world, only gives citizenship to a few special people. These include cardinals, diplomats for the Catholic Church, or those who work inside Vatican City. If you don’t meet one of these conditions, it’s nearly impossible to become a citizen.

Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein, a small and wealthy European country, requires foreigners to live there for 30 years before they can apply for citizenship. You can apply earlier if you marry a citizen or get special approval, but it still takes many years. This long wait makes it one of the hardest countries for citizenship.

Bhutan

Bhutan, a peaceful mountain kingdom, has very strict citizenship rules. If you don’t have Bhutanese parents, you must live there for 20 years and never speak badly about the king or the country. The government can also deny your application without giving a reason.

Saudi Arabia

To become a Saudi citizen, you must live in Saudi Arabia for 10 years, speak Arabic well and have a good character. You also need to give up your previous nationality. The final decision is made by the Ministry of Interior and it can be very hard to get approval.

Kuwait

Kuwait also makes it tough to become a citizen. You must live there for 20 years, speak Arabic and either be born Muslim or convert to Islam. Like Saudi Arabia, Kuwait does not allow dual citizenship.

Switzerland

Switzerland requires you to live in the country for 10 years and hold a special residence permit. You must also speak one of its national languages (German, French, Italian or Romansh). The process involves getting approval from local, regional and national authorities – each with their own set of rules.

China

China rarely gives citizenship to foreigners. The rules are unclear and usually, only people with Chinese family or strong reasons are considered. There’s no set number of years for residency, making the process even harder to understand.

North Korea

North Korea keep its rules on citizenship a secret. The decision is made by a high-level government body, and the country does not allow dual nationality. Very few outsiders even try to get citizenship because it’s nearly impossible and not widely desired.

Japan

Japan requires you to live there for five years, behave well and prove you can support yourself. You must also give up your current citizenship. Though the language requirement is basic, the overall process is strict and carefully checked by the authorities.

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_14.1

Monthly Current Affairs