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SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF

The SBI Clerk Mains Exam 2025 is expected to be conducted in April 2025, and the General Awareness (GA) section plays a crucial role in determining candidates’ overall performance. This section covers current affairs, banking awareness, and static GK, making it an essential part of the exam preparation.

To help candidates maximize their scores, we have compiled a comprehensive GA Capsule PDF covering all major topics required for the SBI Clerk Mains 2025.

Why is the GA Capsule Important for SBI Clerk Mains 2025?

The General Awareness section is one of the most scoring parts of the SBI Clerk Mains Exam. Unlike quantitative aptitude or reasoning, this section does not require calculations, allowing aspirants to answer questions quickly and accurately. A well-prepared candidate can boost their overall score significantly with proper GA preparation.

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025 – Download PDF

To assist candidates in their SBI Clerk Mains 2025 preparation, we are providing a free downloadable PDF covering all the important General Awareness topics.

Download SBI Clerk General Awareness PDF (Part-1 and 2): Click Here

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Topics Covered in the SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025

  • UNION BUDGET 2025-26
  • Economic Survey 2024-25
  • Padma Awards
  • Republic Day Parade 2025
  • RBI Monetary Policy- February 2025
  • Golden Globe Awards
  • 8th Pay Commission

How to Use the GA Capsule Effectively?

  • Revise Regularly: Read the PDF daily to stay updated with important events.
  • Make Notes: Write down key points for quick revision before the exam.
  • Attempt Quizzes: Solve daily quizzes on current affairs to strengthen your knowledge.
  • Focus on Banking & Economy: Since SBI Clerk is a banking exam, prioritize banking and financial awareness.
Featured

States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

States and Capitals

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO State Capital CM Governor
1 Andhra Pradesh Amaravati Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu S. Abdul Nazer
2 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Pema Khandu Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3 Assam Dispur Himanta Biswa Sarma Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4 Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar Arif Mohammed Khan
5 Chhattisgarh Raipur Vishnu Deo Sai Ramen Deka
6 Goa Panaji Pramod Sawant P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7 Gujarat Gandhinagar Bhupendra Patel Acharya Dev Vrat
8 Haryana Chandigarh Nayab Singh Saini Bandaru Dattatraya
9 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu Shiv Pratap Shukla
10 Jharkhand Ranchi Hemant Soren Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11 Karnataka Bengaluru Siddaramaiah Thaawarchand Gehlot
12 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Pinarayi Vijayan Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Mohan Yadav Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14 Maharashtra Mumbai Devendra Fadnavis C.P. Radhakrishnan
15 Manipur Imphal N. Biren Singh
Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16 Meghalaya Shillong Conrad Kongkal Sangma
C H Vijayashankar
17 Mizoram Aizawl Lalduhoma General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18 Nagaland Kohima Neiphiu Rio
La. Ganesan
19 Odisha Bhubaneswar Mohan Charan Majhi
Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20 Punjab Chandigarh Bhagwant Singh Mann Gulab Chand Kataria
21 Rajasthan Jaipur Bhajan Lal Sharma Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22 Sikkim Gangtok PS Golay Om Prakash Mathur
23 Tamil Nadu Chennai M. K. Stalin R. N. Ravi
24 Telangana Hyderabad Anumula Revanth Reddy Jishnu Dev Varma
25 Tripura Agartala Dr. Manik Saha Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Yogi Aditya Nath Anandiben Patel
27 Uttarakhand Dehradun Pushkar Singh Dhami Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28 West Bengal Kolkata Mamata Banerjee Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO Union Territories Capital CM Lt. Governor
1 Andaman and Nicobar Island Port Blair NA D K Joshi
2 Chandigarh Chandigarh NA Banwarilal Purohit
3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Daman NA Praful Patel
4 Delhi Delhi Rekha Gupta Vinai Kumar Saxena
5 Ladakh NA NA B. D. Mishra
6 Lakshadweep Kavaratti NA Praful Patel
7 Jammu and Kashmir NA Omar Abdullah Manoj Sinha
8 Puducherry Pondicherry N. Rangaswamy C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference States Union Territories
Head of Administration Governor Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type Elected by the People Managed by the central government
Powers Shares power with the central government. Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No. States Language
1 Andhra Pradesh Telugu and Urdu
2 Arunachal Pradesh Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3 Assam Assamese
4 Bihar Hindi
5 Chhattisgarh Hindi
6 Goa Marathi Konkani
7 Gujarat Gujarati
8 Haryana Hindi
9 Himachal Pradesh Hindi and Pahari
10 Jharkhand Hindi
11 Karnataka Kannada
12 Kerala Malayalam
13 Madhya Pradesh Hindi
14 Maharashtra Marathi
15 Manipur Manipuri
16 Meghalaya Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17 Mizoram Mizo and English
18 Nagaland Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19 Odisha Oriya
20 Punjab Punjabi
21 Rajasthan Rajasthani and Hindi
22 Sikkim Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23 Tamil Nadu Tamil
24 Telangana Telugu
25 Tripura Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26 Uttar Pradesh Hindi
27 Uttarakhand Hindi
28 West Bengal Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

  • Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
  • Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
  • Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
  • Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
  • Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
  • Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
  • Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
  • Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

PM Modi’s Visit to Saudi Arabia (April 22–23, 2025) What to Expect?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi is set to visit Saudi Arabia on April 22–23, 2025, marking his first trip to the Kingdom during his third term in office. The visit is expected to significantly boost India-Saudi Arabia relations across sectors like trade, energy, defence, and strategic connectivity. Modi will meet Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman in Jeddah. The visit comes at a crucial time when West Asia is dealing with geopolitical instability, and both nations aim to strengthen cooperation through multilateral initiatives such as the India-Middle East-Europe Corridor (IMEEC).

Key Focus Areas of the Visit

1. Strategic Dialogue and Diplomacy

  • Modi to meet Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman in Jeddah.
  • Visit comes ahead of US President Donald Trump’s scheduled visit to Saudi Arabia in May 2025.
  • Saudi Arabia is playing a diplomatic role in US-Russia-Ukraine talks.
  • India keen to discuss regional stability, especially in light of Houthi disruptions in the Red Sea.

2. IMEEC (India-Middle East-Europe Corridor)

  • Reviving and reviewing progress on IMEEC, which aims to connect India to Europe via the Middle East.
  • IMEEC was affected by Hamas’s attacks on Israel in October 2023 and the Gaza conflict.
  • Saudi Arabia is a crucial partner in this corridor project.
  • India sees this as a counterbalance to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).

3. Energy Cooperation

  • Saudi Arabia is India’s third-largest supplier of crude oil and LPG.

2023–24 data

  • Crude Oil: 33.35 MMT, accounting for 14.3% of India’s crude imports.
  • LPG: 18.2% of India’s total LPG imports.
  • India seeks better pricing and long-term energy security through this engagement.

4. Trade and Investment

Bilateral trade in 2023–24

  • Total: USD 42.98 billion
  • Indian exports: USD 11.56 billion
  • Imports (mainly oil): USD 31.42 billion
  • India: 2nd largest trading partner of Saudi Arabia.
  • Saudi Arabia: 5th largest trading partner of India.

Investment trends

  • Indian investments in Saudi Arabia: ~USD 3 billion (as of August 2023).
  • Saudi investments in India: ~USD 10 billion.

5. Defence and Security Cooperation

  • Growing collaboration in defence industries, naval cooperation, and training.

Key milestone

  • In February 2024, MoS (Defence) Ajay Bhatt visited Riyadh for the World Defence Show—first such visit in 12+ years.
  • Naval exercise ‘Al Mohed Al Hindi’: Two editions held so far.
  • Emphasis on maritime security and capacity building.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? PM Modi’s Visit to Saudi Arabia (April 22–23, 2025) What to Expect?
Visit Dates April 22–23, 2025
Host Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman
Location Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Key Focus Areas Trade, Energy, Defence, IMEEC, Regional Stability
Trade Volume (2023–24) USD 42.98 billion
Indian Exports USD 11.56 billion
Indian Imports USD 31.42 billion (mostly crude oil & LPG)
LPG Imports from Saudi 18.2% of India’s LPG imports

Government Clarifies No GST on UPI Transactions Above ₹2,000

In response to circulating media reports, the Finance Ministry of India has categorically denied any plans to impose Goods and Services Tax (GST) on Unified Payments Interface (UPI) transactions over ₹2,000. The Ministry termed such claims as false, baseless, and misleading. Reinforcing the government’s commitment to promoting digital payments, the clarification emphasizes that no MDR (Merchant Discount Rate) is charged on person-to-merchant (P2M) UPI transactions, and thus no GST applies to such transactions either.

Key Highlights

No GST on UPI Transactions Above ₹2,000

  • Finance Ministry Clarification: No proposal exists to levy GST on UPI transactions above ₹2,000.
  • False Reports: Media reports suggesting GST plans are completely unfounded and misleading.
  • No MDR on P2M UPI: Since January 2020, MDR has been removed on person-to-merchant UPI transactions.
  • No GST Without MDR: GST applies only where there’s a charge like MDR; hence, no GST is applicable to UPI transactions.

Exponential UPI Growth

  • FY 2019–20: ₹21.3 lakh crore
  • FY 2024–25 (as of March): ₹260.56 lakh crore
  • Government’s Commitment: The Ministry reaffirmed dedication to expanding digital payment infrastructure.

UPI Incentive Scheme

  • Initiated in FY 2021–22 to promote low-value P2M UPI transactions.
  • Encourages small merchants by easing transaction cost burden.

Incentive Payouts by Government

  • FY 2022–23: ₹2,210 crore
  • FY 2023–24: ₹3,631 crore
  • Focus on Small Merchants: Incentive scheme supports financial inclusion and digital innovation at grassroots levels.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Government Clarifies No GST on UPI Transactions Above ₹2,000
GST on UPI > ₹2,000 No GST applicable
Finance Ministry Stance No proposal; media reports are false
MDR Status (P2M UPI) Abolished since January 2020
GST Applicability Only if MDR or other charges exist
UPI Transaction Value FY20  ₹21.3 lakh crore
UPI Transaction Value FY25 ₹260.56 lakh crore (as of March 2025)
Govt UPI Incentive Scheme Start FY 2021–22
Incentive Payout FY23 ₹2,210 crore
Incentive Payout FY24 ₹3,631 crore
Purpose of Incentive Scheme Support low-value P2M UPI transactions
Focus of Govt Promote digital payments & small merchants

India’s Pharma Exports in FY25 Cross $30 Billion Mark

India’s pharmaceutical industry has achieved a significant milestone in FY25, with drug and pharma exports crossing the $30 billion mark for the first time ever. The impressive 31% year-on-year surge in March 2025 played a pivotal role in surpassing the annual target of $29.38 billion. This growth came amid several global challenges, including geopolitical tensions and threats of U.S. tariffs, which fortunately did not affect pharma exports. The United States remained India’s top export destination, while other key markets like the UK, Brazil, and France contributed modestly. Key product categories like drug formulations and biologicals led the surge, while some regions such as Africa and Northeast Asia saw slight declines.

Key Highlights

FY25 Total Pharma Exports

  • Touched $30.47 billion, up 9.39% from $27.85 billion in FY24.
  • Exceeded the FY25 target of $29.38 billion.

March 2025 Surge

  • Exports rose 31.21% YoY, reaching $3.68 billion.
  • One of the strongest monthly performances of the fiscal year.

Top Performing Months

  • January 2025: 21.47% growth
  • May 2024: 10.63% growth
  • February 2025: Only month with a contraction (-1.52%)

Product Categories (April–Feb FY25)

  • Drug formulations & biologicals: $20.12 billion (75%+ share, 9% growth)
  • Bulk drugs & intermediates: $4.31 billion (1.40% growth)
  • Vaccines: $1.04 billion (down 4.20%)
  • Surgical products: $683.47 million (up 5.16%)
  • Ayush & herbal products: $620.97 million (up 6.17%)

Top Markets

  • United States: $8.95 billion (14.29% growth, 1/3rd of total exports)
  • Others: UK, Brazil, France, South Africa (combined <10.5%)

Markets with Export Decline

  • UAE (-17.7%), Turkey (-16%), Sri Lanka (-14.6%),
  • Netherlands (-13.79%), China (-10.6%), Belgium (-7.37%)

Regional Export Share

  • NAFTA (incl. U.S.): 36.6% share, 14.06% growth to $9.8 billion
  • Europe, Africa, and LAC: Major contributors
  • Africa saw a decline of 1.74%, as did North-East Asia

U.S. Tariff Threats

  • A proposed 26% tariff on goods by President Trump spurred export rush
  • Pharma products excluded from tariff list
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? India’s Pharma Exports in FY25 Cross $30 Billion Mark
Total Pharma Exports (FY25) $30.47 billion
Total Pharma Exports (FY24) $27.85 billion
Growth in Total Exports (YoY) 9.39%
Target for FY25 $29.38 billion
March 2025 Exports $3.68 billion
Growth in March 2025 (YoY) 31.21%
Top Export Destination United States
U.S. Exports Value (FY25) $8.95 billion
Growth in U.S. Exports (YoY) 14.29%
Drug Formulations & Biologicals $20.12 billion (+9% YoY)
Bulk Drugs & Intermediates $4.31 billion (+1.40% YoY)
Vaccine Exports $1.04 billion (−4.20% YoY)
Surgical Products Exports $683.47 million (+5.16% YoY)
Ayush & Herbal Products $620.97 million (+6.17% YoY)
Region with Highest Share NAFTA (36.6% share)
NAFTA Export Value $9.80 billion (+14.06% YoY)
Regions with Decline Africa (−1.74%), N.E. Asia
Countries with Declining Exports UAE, Turkey, Sri Lanka, China, etc.
U.S. Tariff Impact on Pharma Exempted from 26% tariff threat
Tariff Status On hold for 90 days

2 Cheetahs Will Relocated to Gandhi Sagar WLS on April 20

Over two years after India reintroduced African cheetahs into the wild at Madhya Pradesh’s Kuno National Park (KNP), a significant milestone will be achieved on April 20, 2025, when two adult cheetahs will be relocated to Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary (GSWS). This move marks the expansion of the cheetah reintroduction initiative and aims to establish GSWS in Mandsaur district as the species’ second home. The decision, taken during a high-level review of the Cheetah Project, underscores the collaborative effort between the central and state governments to promote conservation, research, and eco-tourism.

Key Highlights and Developments

Relocation Decision & Preparation

  • Two male cheetahs (likely South African males Prabhas and Pavak) will be moved from Kuno to Gandhi Sagar on April 20, 2025.
  • The decision was taken during a review meeting attended by Union Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav and MP CM Mohan Yadav.
  • Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Mandsaur and Neemuch districts of Madhya Pradesh.

Infrastructure and Enclosures

  • Three large enclosures spread over 64 sq.km have been built at GSWS for the cheetahs.
  • These initial arrivals will be directly released into the large enclosures due to their adaptation to local conditions.
  • The prey base in GSWS has doubled in the past two months, making it more suitable for cheetah habitation.

Delayed International Translocation

  • Original plans included bringing 6–8 cheetahs from South Africa to GSWS before summer 2025.
  • Delays in negotiations with South Africa have shifted the expected timeline to September.
  • Talks are also ongoing with Botswana and Kenya for additional cheetah translocations:
  • Four cheetahs expected from Botswana in May.
  • Another batch later in the year.

Inter-State Conservation Collaboration

  • GSWS borders Rajasthan, prompting both states to plan an inter-state cheetah conservation complex for regional coordination.

Success in Breeding and Adaptation

  • MP’s cheetah cubs show the highest survival rate in the world, per CM Mohan Yadav.
  • Cheetahs in India are adapting better than in other reintroduction attempts globally.

Tourism & Infrastructure Initiatives

  • Plans to boost tourism at Kuno with direct road and air connectivity from Gwalior.

Proposed infrastructure includes,

  • All-season paved road from Gwalior to KNP.
  • Tent city in the forest.
  • State-of-the-art veterinary hospital and rescue center at Kuno.
  • Training of women SHGs and ‘Cheetah Mitras’ as guides and conservation volunteers.

Current Cheetah Status in India

  • As of now, Kuno National Park houses 26 cheetahs, including 17 in the wild and 9 in enclosures.
  • The cheetah reintroduction began in September 2022 with 8 Namibian cheetahs.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? 2 Cheetahs Will Relocated to Gandhi Sagar WLS on April 20
Relocation Date April 20, 2025
Source Sanctuary Kuno National Park, Madhya Pradesh
Target Sanctuary Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary, Mandsaur
Cheetahs Being Moved 2 (likely South African males: Prabhas and Pavak)
Enclosure Size 64 sq.km
Initial Plans from South Africa 6–8 cheetahs
New Expected Arrival from Africa Botswana (4 in May), more later
Infrastructure Projects Tent city, Gwalior-KNP road, veterinary hospital
Cheetah Count at Kuno 26 total (17 wild, 9 enclosures)
Tourism Plan Involve youth & women; promote eco-tourism
Cheetah Cubs’ Survival Rate Highest globally (per MP CM)
International Cooperation South Africa, Botswana, Kenya
New Regions Considered Banni Grasslands, Gujarat

Which City of Poland is Known as the City of Hundred Bridges?

There is a charming city in Poland that stands out because of its many rivers and islands. It is known for having a large number of bridges that connect different parts of the city. These bridges not only help people travel easily but also make the city look very beautiful. With its mix of nature, history and modern life, this city attracts many visitors every year.

An Overview of Poland

Poland, officially called the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It shares its borders with seven other countries. Poland is known for its long and interesting history, beautiful natural areas and colorful culture. The country is run as a parliamentary republic, which means it has a president as the head of state and a prime minister as the head of government. Poland is also a member of the European Union and NATO.

City of Hundred Bridges in Poland

The city in Poland known as the ”City of a Hundred Bridges” is Wroclaw. It earned this nickname because it has over 100 bridges connecting its islands and different parts of the city. Wroclaw is built on several rivers and has many canals, making it unique and beautiful, often compared to Venice in Italy.

Why is Wroclaw Known as the City of Hundred Bridges?

Wroclaw is called the ”City of a Hundred Bridges” because it has many bridges and canals. The city is built on several rivers and has many small islands. To connect these islands and different parts of the city, over 100 bridges have been made. This is why the city got its famous nickname. Some people also call it the ”Venice of the Poland” because it reminds them of Venice in Italy, which also has many bridges and canals.

An Overview of Wroclaw

Wroclaw is a city in southern Poland and the capital of the Lower Silesian region. It is the largest city in the Silesia area and has a rich history. The city is located along the Order River in Central Europe, about 40 kilometers from the Sudeten Mountains to the south. Wroclaw has a population of around 674,132, making it the third-largest city in Poland. The metropolitan area of Wroclaw has about 1.25 million people.

Centre Notifies Radar Speed Measurement Equipment Rules under Legal Metrology Act

To strengthen road safety and ensure fair enforcement of traffic rules, the Department of Consumer Affairs has officially notified rules for the use of radar equipment for measuring the speed of vehicles under the Legal Metrology (General) Rules, 2011. These rules will take effect from 1st July 2025, allowing adequate time for industries and law enforcement agencies to prepare for compliance.

Key Highlights

Radar Speed Enforcement

  • Purpose: Improve road safety and transparency in speed enforcement through accurate, verified radar-based speed measurement systems.
  • Effective Date: The rules will come into force from 1st July 2025.
  • Mandatory Verification: All radar equipment used for measuring vehicle speed must be verified and stamped by Legal Metrology authorities.
  • Accuracy and Calibration: Ensures the equipment is scientifically validated, accurate, calibrated, and tamper-proof.

International Standards

  • Drafted in alignment with OIML R 91, an international standard for radar speed measuring devices.

Stakeholder Involvement

Consultations held with.

  • State Legal Metrology Departments
  • RRSLs (Regional Reference Standard Laboratories)
  • Manufacturers

Consumer organizations

  • Public Trust & Fair Penalties: Prevents wrongful fines and boosts public confidence in traffic enforcement mechanisms.
  • Benefits to Industries: Promotes domestic manufacturing and increases export competitiveness by aligning with global norms.
  • Support for Law Enforcement: Certified equipment enhances operational effectiveness, credibility, and evidence-based enforcement.

National Impact

  • Supports data-driven traffic governance
  • Reduces road fatalities
  • Lowers infrastructure wear and tear
  • Promotes economic sustainability

Technical Provisions

Covers

  • Doppler radar technology
  • Environmental stability
  • Tamper resistance
  • Precise calibration standards

Broader Reform

  • Part of India’s larger effort to modernize legal metrology infrastructure in public safety and enforcement.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Centre Notifies Radar Speed Measurement Equipment Rules under Legal Metrology Act
Notification Date 18 April 2025
Effective From 1 July 2025
Regulating Body Department of Consumer Affairs
Legal Framework Legal Metrology (General) Rules, 2011
Key Equipment Covered Radar equipment for speed measurement
Mandatory Verification Required by Legal Metrology authorities
Drafting Basis International Standard OIML R 91
Stakeholders Consulted States, RRSLs, manufacturers, consumer orgs
Main Technologies Used Doppler radar, environmental calibration, anti-tampering design
Benefits to Citizens
Fair enforcement, reduced wrongful penalties, increased road safety

Government Announced Pilot Program of ANPR-FASTag-based Barrier-Less Tolling System

In response to certain media reports claiming that a Satellite-based Tolling System will be launched from 1st May 2025 to replace the current FASTag-based toll collection, the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) and the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) have officially denied any such decision. Instead, the government has announced a pilot implementation of a more advanced ANPR-FASTag-based Barrier-Less Tolling System at selected toll plazas.

Key Highlights

No Nationwide Rollout of Satellite Tolling Yet

  • The Ministry clarifies that there is no plan to replace FASTag with satellite tolling starting 1st May 2025.

What is Being Introduced?

  • A new system combining Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) and the existing FASTag (RFID) system is set to be piloted at selected locations.

Barrier-Less Toll Collection

  • The new method enables seamless travel without stopping at toll plazas, as cameras and readers will auto-detect and deduct toll.

Technology Used

  • ANPR cameras: Detect vehicles through number plate recognition.
  • FASTag readers: Deduct toll from linked accounts using RFID.

E-Notice for Non-Compliance

  • Vehicles evading toll or lacking valid FASTag will receive E-Notices.
  • Penalties may include FASTag suspension or VAHAN-related restrictions.

Pilot Implementation

  • NHAI is inviting bids for implementation at selected toll plazas. Based on the system’s efficiency and user experience, a decision on nationwide adoption will follow.

Status as of April 2025

  • Only ANPR-FASTag technology is being introduced on a trial basis. Satellite-based tolling is NOT yet implemented.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Government Announced Pilot Program of ANPR-FASTag-based Barrier-Less Tolling System
Rumor Clarified No decision to launch satellite-based tolling from 1st May 2025
Actual Implementation ANPR-FASTag-based Barrier-Less Tolling System
Tech Used ANPR Cameras + RFID-based FASTag Readers
Purpose Seamless toll collection, reduce travel time, eliminate stoppage
Non-Compliance E-Notices, FASTag suspension, VAHAN penalties
Current Rollout Limited to selected toll plazas
Nationwide Rollout? To be decided based on pilot results

PM Narendra Modi will inaugurate the Vizhinjam International Seaport

On May 2, 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi will inaugurate the Vizhinjam International Seaport near Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. This marks a major milestone in India’s maritime infrastructure as it becomes the country’s first semi-automated and truly deep-water international container transshipment port. The project is a result of a collaborative Public-Private Partnership (PPP) between the Kerala government, the Centre, and Adani Ports. With a strategic location close to international shipping routes, the port is expected to significantly enhance India’s trade capabilities and position Kerala as a crucial maritime hub.

Key Highlights

  • Inauguration Date: May 2, 2025
  • By: Prime Minister Narendra Modi
  • Location: Vizhinjam, near Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
  • Status: India’s first semi-automated deepwater international container transshipment port
  • Handled so far: 265 ships and 5.48 lakh TEUs (Twenty-foot Equivalent Units) since its commercial launch
  • Key Milestone: First Mother Ship, MV San Fernando, docked in July 2024

Project Details

  • Mode of Development: Public-Private Partnership (PPP)
  • Partners: Government of Kerala + Adani Vizhinjam Port Private Ltd. (AVPPL)
  • Year of Concession Agreement: 2015
  • Total Investment: Over ₹18,000 crore
  • Significance: First Greenfield port project initiated by a state government in India

Strategic Importance

  • Proximity to international shipping routes reduces transit times for vessels
  • Natural deep-water port allows docking of large cargo/container ships
  • Boosts regional trade with Southeast Asia, Middle East, and Africa
  • Job creation and economic growth for Kerala
  • Supports India’s “Make in India” initiative through infrastructure advancement

Adani Group’s Role

  • Operates 7 ports on the west coast (e.g., Mundra, Hazira, Vizhinjam)
  • Operates 8 ports on the east coast (e.g., Dhamra, Krishnapatnam)
  • Manages international ports: Haifa Port (Israel), Dar es Salaam (Tanzania), and Colombo Port (Sri Lanka)
  • Handles 27% of India’s total port volumes
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? PM Narendra Modi will inaugurate the Vizhinjam International Seaport
Inauguration Date May 2, 2025
Inaugurated By PM Narendra Modi
Location Vizhinjam, Kerala (near Thiruvananthapuram)
Significance India’s first semi-automated deep-water transshipment port
TEUs Handled 5.48 lakh
Ships Handled 265
First Mother Ship Arrival July 2024 (MV San Fernando)
Development Mode PPP (Kerala Govt + Adani Vizhinjam Port Pvt. Ltd.)
Total Investment ₹18,000+ crore
Strategic Role Trade hub connecting Southeast Asia, Middle East, and Africa
Operator Adani Ports and SEZ (APSEZ)

In Which State is Samaspur Bird Sanctuary Located?

Samaspur Bird Sanctuary is a peaceful place in India where many birds live happily. It is known for its natural beauty, calm water bodies and a large number of birds, both local and from other countries. This sanctuary is a perfect place for people who enjoy nature and bird watching. Many visitors come here to see colorful birds and enjoy the fresh air and quiet surroundings.

Where is Samaspur Sanctuary Located?

Samaspur Bird Sanctuary is located in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is near a town called Salon, in the Raebareli district. The sanctuary is about 122 kilometers away from Lucknow, on the Lucknow-Varanasi highway.

When was it Made?

The sanctuary was started in the year 1987. It was made to protect birds and give them a safe place to live. The sanctuary spreads across 780 hectares of land, which is full of water bodies, trees or plants.

How to reach the Sanctuary?

The nearest railway station to the sanctuary is Unchahar. The closest airport is in Fursatganj. Visitors can also reach the sanctuary easily by road from nearby cities like Lucknow or Raebareli.

Birds Found in the Sanctuary

Over 250 types of birds can be seen in Samaspur Sanctuary. Some birds travel more than 5000 kilometers to come here. These birds include:

  • Greylag goose
  • Pintail
  • Common teal
  • Eurasian wigeon
  • Northern shoveler
  • Ruddy shelduck

Local birds are also found in large numbers, like:

  • Knob-billed duck
  • Lesser whistling-duck
  • Indian spot-billed duck
  • Kingfishers
  • Vultures

Life in the Lake

The lake inside Samaspur Sanctuary is also rich in water life. There are 12 types of fish living in the lake. These fish help provide food to the birds.

Why is Samaspur Sanctuary Special?

Samaspur is special because it is home to many colorful birds. It also has clean water, fresh air, and peaceful nature. People can enjoy bird watching, take pictures and learn about wildlife.

Hike In Minimum Pension under EPS, Complete Evaluation by 2025

A Parliamentary Standing Committee on Labour, chaired by BJP MP Basavaraj Bommai, has urged the Ministry of Labour and Employment to finish the first-ever third-party evaluation of the Employees’ Pension Scheme (EPS) by end of 2025. The panel also emphasized revising the minimum pension amount of ₹1,000, considering the sharp rise in the cost of living since the scheme’s inception in November 1995.

Key Highlights

First Third-Party Evaluation Since 1995

  • The EPS, launched in November 1995, has never undergone an independent evaluation. This marks the first such assessment in nearly 30 years.

Evaluation Underway

  • The Ministry has awarded the evaluation contract through the Request for Proposal (RFP) process, and the process is currently ongoing.

Deadline Set: End of 2025

  • The committee has strongly recommended that the evaluation be completed within a specific timeline, ideally by December 2025, to ensure actionable insights and improvements.

Urgent Call to Raise Minimum Pension

  • The panel urged the government to urgently reconsider the current minimum pension of ₹1,000, which is inadequate given the rising cost of living.

Administered by EPFO

  • The Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) administers the EPS, catering to organized sector workers and providing pension benefits post-retirement.

No Past Evaluations

  • Ministry officials confirmed that no evaluations were conducted earlier since the scheme began, highlighting a critical gap in policy review.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Hike In Minimum Pension under EPS, Complete Evaluation by 2025
Scheme Name Employees’ Pension Scheme (EPS)
Administered By Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO)
Evaluation Status First-ever third-party evaluation currently underway
Deadline for Completion End of 2025 (as recommended by the panel)
Minimum Pension (Current) ₹1,000
Panel Recommendation Urgently raise minimum pension and complete evaluation on time
Committee Head BJP MP Basavaraj Bommai

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_15.1
SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_16.1

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