Gharial Conservation: Why They Are Endangered & How Madhya Pradesh is Leading the Way

Gharials (Gavialis gangeticus), a unique species of long-snouted crocodilians, are critically endangered due to habitat destruction, pollution, and fishing practices. Madhya Pradesh (MP) has emerged as a leader in their conservation, hosting over 80% of India’s gharials. Recently, CM Mohan Yadav released 10 gharials into the Chambal River, reinforcing MP’s commitment to their protection.

What are Gharials?

• Gharials are fish-eating crocodilians with long, narrow snouts adapted for catching fish.
• The name ‘gharial’ comes from the Hindi word ghara, meaning pot, referring to the bulbous snout tip of adult males.
• Males grow 3–6 meters, while females range from 2.6–4.5 meters.
• They are culturally significant in Indian mythology, often associated with the goddess Ganga.
• Play a crucial role in river ecosystems by cleaning up carrion and maintaining ecological balance.

Why are Gharials Endangered?

Historical Threats

• Overhunting for skins, trophies, and traditional medicine.
• Collection of eggs for consumption and trade.

Modern Threats

• Habitat destruction: Dam construction, embankments, irrigation canals, and river course alterations.
• Illegal sand mining: Reduces nesting areas and disrupts natural habitat.
• Pollution: Industrial and agricultural waste contaminates river systems.
• Fishing nets: Gill nets accidentally trap and kill gharials, even in protected areas.
• Declining river flows: Climate change and excessive water extraction affect water levels.

Madhya Pradesh’s Leadership in Gharial Conservation

• Chambal River as a Key Habitat
• Home to over 80% of India’s gharial population.
• National Chambal Sanctuary (NCS) protects a 435-km stretch of one of India’s cleanest rivers.
• Also hosts over 290 bird species, including the endangered Indian Skimmer.

Recent Conservation Initiatives

• CM Mohan Yadav released 10 gharials (9 males, 1 female) into the Chambal River (Feb 17, 2025).
• 2024 census: 2,456 gharials recorded in MP’s Chambal sanctuary.
• Strong river protection, sandbank restoration, and community involvement are key strategies.

Captive Breeding & Reintroduction

• Between 1975–1982, India established 16 breeding and release centers and five gharial sanctuaries.
• MP’s Deori Gharial Center has successfully reintroduced gharials to Punjab’s rivers.
• 2017: First batch sent to Punjab.
• 2018: 25 gharials sent to the Sutlej River.