Top 10 Countries with the Most Technological Innovation in 2025

In 2025, the global landscape of technological innovation is more dynamic than ever. Driven by artificial intelligence, biotechnology, quantum computing, and sustainable energy, countries are racing not only to create advanced technologies but also to commercialize and scale them for global impact.

While traditional leaders like the United States, Japan, and Germany continue to shape global innovation, rising tech powers such as China, India, and South Korea are rapidly closing the gap, supported by strong state policies, educational reform, and venture capital flows.

This article explores the top 10 countries leading in technological innovation in 2025, focusing on their research ecosystems, intellectual property output, start-up activity, and influence in shaping the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

Top 10 Countries with the Most Technological Innovation in 2025

Rank	Country	Key Innovation Areas	Notable Strengths
1	United States	AI, biotech, semiconductors, space tech, clean energy	Silicon Valley, top R&D spend, strong VC ecosystem
2	China	5G, AI, EVs, facial recognition, green manufacturing	Government-led strategy, mass production, fast scaling
3	South Korea	Semiconductors, robotics, smart cities	High R&D-to-GDP ratio, tech giants like Samsung and LG
4	Germany	Industry 4.0, mobility, green hydrogen, robotics	Engineering excellence, EU innovation leadership
5	Japan	Robotics, deep tech, quantum, space robotics	Strong in hardware and automation, aging tech solutions
6	Israel	Cybersecurity, medtech, fintech, quantum encryption	High start-up density, military-to-commercial innovation
7	United Kingdom	AI, fintech, biosciences, quantum computing	Academic research, global start-up hub, government funding
8	Singapore	Smart cities, fintech, AI governance, cybersecurity	Smart Nation strategy, regional innovation hub
9	India	SaaS, space tech, fintech, public digital infrastructure	Huge STEM talent, digital public goods leadership
10	Sweden	Green tech, digital health, circular economy, design innovation	Sustainability-driven innovation, clean energy solutions

1. United States: The Global Powerhouse of Innovation

The United States remains the world’s leading hub for technological innovation in 2025, thanks to its combination of top-tier universities, a thriving start-up culture, and massive R&D investment.

American companies continue to lead in semiconductors, AI, space tech, biotech, and clean energy, with giants like Apple, Google, Tesla, NVIDIA, and SpaceX setting global trends. The U.S. government, through agencies like DARPA and NSF, continues to support cutting-edge innovation in areas such as quantum computing and defense technology.

The Silicon Valley ecosystem, supported by world-class VC funding and an open immigration policy for tech talent, ensures the U.S. retains its crown in global innovation.

2. China: Strategic Innovation and Technological Self-Sufficiency

China has emerged as a leading force in global innovation through state-driven technology development, massive industrial subsidies, and a rapidly growing base of STEM graduates.

In 2025, China leads in 5G deployment, AI implementation, facial recognition, e-commerce platforms, and green tech manufacturing. It also dominates global electric vehicle production and is making strong inroads into semiconductor self-sufficiency.

The Chinese government’s “Made in China 2025” and “China Standards 2035” initiatives have accelerated the nation’s push toward technological leadership across strategic sectors. Cities like Shenzhen, Beijing, and Hangzhou serve as thriving tech ecosystems for domestic and global innovation.

3. South Korea: High-Tech Infrastructure and R&D Leadership

South Korea continues to punch far above its weight in innovation. In 2025, the country maintains its status as one of the highest R&D spenders relative to GDP and leads in advanced manufacturing, robotics, and telecommunications.

South Korean firms like Samsung, LG, and Hyundai are global leaders in consumer electronics, semiconductor innovation, and automated mobility solutions. The country’s national strategy supports AI and quantum computing research, as well as the deployment of smart cities and green technologies.

Education excellence and a tightly integrated public-private partnership model contribute to South Korea’s strong global tech competitiveness.

4. Germany: Engineering Excellence Meets Digital Transition

Germany remains Europe’s most innovative economy in 2025, excelling in industrial automation, clean tech, mobility engineering, and advanced materials. The country continues to lead in Industry 4.0, combining its manufacturing strength with digital transformation.

With a strong research ecosystem centered around Fraunhofer Institutes, TU Munich, and corporate R&D labs, Germany fosters deep innovation in robotics, green hydrogen, and cybersecurity. German automakers are pivoting towards electric and autonomous vehicles, positioning the country as a future mobility leader.

Germany’s innovation edge is enhanced by high levels of patent activity and collaborative innovation across the European Union.

5. Japan: Deep-Tech Innovation and Future Mobility

Japan remains a global leader in robotics, electronics, and nanotechnology. In 2025, the country continues to push the frontiers of automated systems, AI integration, and space robotics, backed by companies like Toyota, Sony, and SoftBank.

Japan’s strategy focuses on solving societal problems through technology, including aging population support systems, AI healthcare, and clean transport. The country’s universities and research institutes are pioneering breakthroughs in quantum materials and neuroscience-based computing.

Although it faces demographic and labor challenges, Japan’s focus on quality over scale ensures continued leadership in deep-tech innovation.

6. Israel: Start-Up Nation Driving Deep Tech

In 2025, Israel remains one of the most innovative countries per capita, with a strong focus on cybersecurity, fintech, medtech, and military-grade technologies. With over 9 percent of GDP spent on R&D, Israel has one of the most vibrant tech start-up ecosystems globally.

Israel’s innovation model is built on military-to-civilian tech transfer, robust academic collaboration, and access to global capital. Tel Aviv is a thriving hub for start-ups working on autonomous systems, AI, biotechnology, and quantum encryption.

The nation’s reputation as a testbed for high-impact tech continues to grow, with increasing global partnerships and unicorn start-ups.

7. United Kingdom: Academic Strength and Global Start-Up Hub

The United Kingdom remains a powerhouse of scientific research and innovation in 2025, supported by prestigious institutions like Oxford, Cambridge, and Imperial College London. Despite Brexit-related challenges, the UK has sustained momentum in AI, quantum tech, biosciences, and fintech.

The London tech ecosystem continues to thrive, producing unicorns across digital health, green finance, and enterprise AI. Government-backed programs like Innovate UK and increased private VC funding have further accelerated the country’s innovation capacity.

Strategic collaboration with both U.S. and EU partners also strengthens the UK’s global R&D reach.

8. Singapore: Smart Nation with Strategic Innovation Focus

In 2025, Singapore stands out as one of the world’s most digitally advanced economies, with leadership in urban tech, health innovation, fintech, and AI governance.

Government initiatives like Smart Nation Singapore and public investments in research parks, tech incubators, and cybersecurity centers have made Singapore a magnet for regional innovation. Its focus on digital regulation, ethical AI, and data transparency offers a global model for future-ready governance.

Singapore’s connectivity, multilingual workforce, and investor-friendly environment make it a top choice for start-ups, researchers, and multinational R&D operations in Southeast Asia.

9. India: A Rising Force in Scalable Tech Innovation

India’s innovation ecosystem continues to evolve rapidly, driven by a massive talent pool, increased government support for R&D, and booming start-up activity. In 2025, India is a global leader in software development, space technology, digital infrastructure, and financial inclusion platforms.

Initiatives like Digital India, Startup India, and the National Quantum Mission are bearing fruit, with Indian firms excelling in SaaS, medtech, agri-tech, and AI-based governance. India is also playing a pivotal role in open-source digital public infrastructure, with models like Aadhaar and UPI being adopted worldwide.

With growing patent filings and strong tech exports, India is emerging as a global innovation engine for the next decade.

10. Sweden: Sustainable Innovation and Design Thinking

Sweden rounds out the list as a leader in sustainable technologies, green mobility, and digital health innovation. Companies like Ericsson, Spotify, Klarna, and Northvolt exemplify Sweden’s balanced approach to technology, ethics, and the environment.

In 2025, Sweden leads in renewable energy R&D, climate tech start-ups, and circular economy systems. The country benefits from strong educational institutions, state-backed innovation funding, and a national culture of design thinking and tech experimentation.

Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Lund continue to serve as hotbeds for deep-tech, AI, and sustainability-driven innovation.

“Original Sin: Jake Tapper’s Explosive Account of Biden’s Mental Decline”

In a revealing new book titled Original Sin: President Biden’s Decline, Its Cover-Up, and His Disastrous Choice to Run Again, CNN anchor Jake Tapper and Axios journalist Alex Thompson uncover the behind-the-scenes reality of Joe Biden’s alleged cognitive decline during his presidency. The book paints a picture of a dual presidency—one marked by legacy and statesmanship, and the other increasingly defined by memory lapses, confusion, and strategic shielding by his close aides.

Why in News?

The book has sparked major political and public discourse since its release in May 2025. It follows the aftermath of Biden’s debated performance during the June 2024 debate with Donald Trump and his eventual withdrawal from the presidential race. With Biden now diagnosed with advanced prostate cancer, the revelations have renewed discussions on presidential fitness, transparency, and media responsibility.

Key Highlights from ‘Original Sin’

Dual Image of Biden

The book portrays two Bidens—one as the seasoned, empathetic Vice President, and another as a struggling figure behind closed doors during his presidency.

Alarming Incidents Cited

Failure to recognize close political allies.
Forgetting important personal milestones like his son Beau’s death anniversary.
Struggles to maintain coherent thought during conversations.

Shielded Presidency

Aides reportedly managed the presidency like a “five-member board,” with Biden as a nominal chairman.
Tapper admits the media failed to fully investigate and report the decline in real-time.

Timeline & Related Developments

2019–2020: Early signs of decline began appearing.
2024: The June debate exposed visible cognitive strain.
July 2024: Biden withdrew from the presidential race.
May 2025: Book release coincides with news of Biden’s aggressive cancer diagnosis.

Media and Public Response

Tapper reflects on missed opportunities to question Biden’s health more assertively.
Raises ethical concerns about how health-related matters are reported in Washington.

Static Facts

Joe Biden: 46th President of the U.S., served from January 2021 to January 2025.
Beau Biden: Joe Biden’s son, died in 2015 due to brain cancer.
Jake Tapper: CNN journalist, known for moderating presidential debates and political commentary.

Overall Significance

Public Trust: Raises vital questions about the electorate’s right to transparency.
Health Disclosure Norms: Suggests a need for standardized health transparency among political leaders.
Media Role: Highlights journalistic responsibility in holding leaders accountable, even on sensitive issues like health.

Top 10 Countries with the Lowest Income Tax in 2025

In an increasingly globalized and remote-friendly world, personal taxation plays a significant role in shaping migration, investment, and employment decisions. Whether for digital nomads, crypto investors, or high-income professionals, countries with low or zero income tax offer appealing financial advantages.

In 2025, while many nations continue to raise tax rates to fund social programs and recover from fiscal deficits, others have chosen to attract global talent and capital by maintaining minimal income tax regimes. This article explores the top 10 countries with the lowest income tax in 2025, along with the reasons behind their policies, and the broader implications for global taxation and lifestyle.

Understanding Income Tax Models

Income tax is the percentage of an individual’s earnings paid to the government. While progressive tax systems are the norm in developed economies, some nations have adopted territorial, flat-tax, or zero-tax systems. These approaches are typically supported by:

Natural resource revenues (oil and gas)
Tourism and financial services
Sovereign wealth funds or government subsidies
Economic diversification models with low public expenditure

1. United Arab Emirates: A Tax-Free Oasis for Professionals

As of 2025, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) remains a zero income tax country, with no tax on personal earnings or capital gains. This policy has played a key role in attracting expatriates, entrepreneurs, and remote workers from around the world.

The UAE compensates for its lack of income tax through revenues generated from oil exports, real estate, and business licensing fees. Dubai and Abu Dhabi have become global hubs for fintech, crypto, and media professionals. Despite introducing a corporate tax on businesses, personal income remains untaxed, making the UAE a top destination for tax-efficient living.

2. Qatar: Wealth Without Personal Taxation

Qatar, one of the wealthiest nations per capita, continues to levy no personal income tax on salaries, wages, or capital income. In 2025, it retains its reputation as one of the most financially advantageous places to live and work, especially for foreign professionals in the energy, finance, and logistics sectors.

Qatar’s generous tax model is sustained by its natural gas exports and its role as a regional investment powerhouse. The government’s strategic diversification into infrastructure, tourism, and education continues without burdening individual taxpayers.

3. Saudi Arabia: Zero Income Tax Policy Continues

Saudi Arabia maintains its zero income tax regime for individuals in 2025. While residents are required to pay Zakat (a religious wealth tax), this is applied only to Muslim citizens and does not function like traditional income tax.

The country funds its ambitious Vision 2030 transformation plan through state-owned enterprises, oil revenues, and sovereign investments. As it diversifies into entertainment, tourism, and technology, Saudi Arabia remains a favored destination for foreign workers seeking tax-free earnings.

4. Bermuda: No Income Tax in a Global Finance Hub

Bermuda, a British overseas territory, imposes no personal income tax and is widely known for its offshore finance and insurance industry. In 2025, the island continues to attract high-net-worth individuals, hedge funds, and digital entrepreneurs looking for low-tax environments.

Government revenues are generated primarily through payroll taxes (paid by employers), import duties, and tourism-related levies. Bermuda’s combination of natural beauty and tax efficiency makes it one of the most attractive zero-tax jurisdictions in the Western Hemisphere.

5. Monaco: Tax Haven with Luxury and Exclusivity

Famous for its luxury lifestyle and Mediterranean glamour, Monaco has retained its zero income tax policy for individuals since 1869. In 2025, it remains a favorite destination for sports stars, celebrities, and international business leaders.

Despite its high cost of living, Monaco’s real estate, banking, and tourism sectors allow the principality to maintain its generous tax regime. The country enforces strict residency requirements, ensuring only long-term residents can fully benefit from its tax laws.

6. The Bahamas: Tax-Free Living in the Caribbean

The Bahamas charges no income tax, no capital gains tax, and no wealth tax on individuals in 2025. The island nation relies heavily on tourism and offshore banking for government revenues.

Its combination of English-speaking infrastructure, tropical climate, and stable legal system makes it a go-to destination for remote workers, retirees, and crypto investors. The government encourages economic residency programs, making it easier for foreigners to settle long-term.

7. Brunei: Oil Wealth and Tax-Free Salaries

Brunei Darussalam continues its zero income tax policy in 2025, supported by rich oil and gas reserves. Citizens and expatriates pay no tax on personal income, while corporate taxes are limited to businesses operating outside the oil sector.

As a small but resource-rich nation, Brunei maintains generous state welfare programs and subsidized healthcare and education, all without taxing individual earnings.

8. Cayman Islands: Offshore Power with Zero Personal Tax

The Cayman Islands, another British territory, has built its reputation on zero personal taxation, making it one of the world’s most prominent offshore financial centers. In 2025, there is still no income tax, property tax, or capital gains tax for individuals.

The government collects revenue through licensing fees, import duties, and tourism. With strong privacy laws and a stable political environment, the Cayman Islands remain popular among investors, fund managers, and digital asset firms.

9. Oman: Low Tax Environment in the Gulf

While Oman introduced a value-added tax (VAT) in recent years, personal income remains untaxed in 2025. The country relies on oil exports, corporate taxes, and customs duties for state revenue.

Oman is seen as a more peaceful and scenic alternative to some of its Gulf neighbors, making it appealing to retirees and mid-level expatriate professionals seeking tax-free salaries and a slower pace of life.

10. Kuwait: Tax-Free Wages and Public Subsidies

In 2025, Kuwait continues to offer zero income tax for individuals, including both citizens and foreign workers. The government covers a wide range of services, from fuel subsidies to free healthcare, funded by its massive sovereign oil wealth.

Despite regional competition and fiscal pressures, Kuwait has resisted imposing personal taxes, maintaining its position as one of the world’s most generous rentier states.

Top 10 Countries with the Lowest Income Tax in 2025

Rank	Country	Personal Income Tax Rate	Key Revenue Sources	Popular Among
1	United Arab Emirates	Zero	Oil, business licenses, VAT	Expats, crypto professionals
2	Qatar	Zero	Natural gas exports	Energy sector workers, high-income expats
3	Saudi Arabia	Zero	Oil exports, corporate taxes	Expats, engineers, executives
4	Bermuda	Zero	Payroll taxes, tourism, financial services	Finance professionals, HNWIs
5	Monaco	Zero	Banking, real estate, tourism	Celebrities, athletes, wealthy individuals
6	The Bahamas	Zero	Tourism, offshore banking	Digital nomads, investors, retirees
7	Brunei	Zero	Oil and gas revenues	Public sector workers, expats
8	Cayman Islands	Zero	Financial services, licensing fees	Fund managers, entrepreneurs, tech firms
9	Oman	Zero	Oil, VAT, import duties	Middle-income expats, retirees
10	Kuwait	Zero	Oil exports, state-owned investments	Public sector workers, Gulf expats

Morgan Stanley Raises India’s Growth Forecast for FY26 and FY27

Morgan Stanley, a leading global financial services firm, has modestly upgraded India’s GDP growth forecast to 6.2% for FY26 and 6.5% for FY27, citing a strong domestic demand outlook and improving macroeconomic stability. The upward revision reflects confidence in India’s internal growth engines despite global uncertainties.

Why in News?

Morgan Stanley’s latest economic outlook report released on May 21, 2025, revises India’s growth projections upward for the next two fiscal years. This development is crucial as it signals growing investor confidence in India’s economic fundamentals and resilience amid global trade tensions and uncertain external conditions.

Key Points

FY26 Forecast: Revised from 6.1% to 6.2%
FY27 Forecast: Revised from 6.3% to 6.5%

Reasons for the Upgrade

De-escalation of US-China trade tensions, improving external demand marginally.
Domestic demand as the key driver, particularly urban consumption and robust rural demand.
Continued government policy support, especially through capex-focused fiscal policy.
Easier monetary policy anticipated from the RBI due to stable inflation and growth moderation.

Detailed Factors Behind the Forecast

Consumption Recovery

Becoming more broad-based.
Urban consumption is improving.
Rural demand remains strong.

Investment Scenario

Public and household capital expenditure (capex) are leading.
Gradual recovery expected in private corporate capex.

Policy Outlook

RBI expected to ease monetary policy further.
Fiscal consolidation to continue with a focus on capital expenditure.
Overall macroeconomic stability remains “within the comfort zone” with robust buffers.

Background

Morgan Stanley is among the top financial institutions globally, frequently cited for economic forecasting.
India had previously received projections of 6.1% (FY26) and 6.3% (FY27) from the firm.
The RBI’s official projection for FY26 stands at 6.5%.

Summary/Static	Details
Why in the news?	Morgan Stanley Raises India’s Growth Forecast for FY26 and FY27
Forecast for FY26	Revised to 6.2% (from 6.1%)
Forecast for FY27	Revised to 6.5% (from 6.3%)
Primary Growth	Driver Domestic demand
Consumption Trends	Urban improving; rural robust
Investment Trends	Public & household capex strong; corporate capex to recover
Policy Support	Easing monetary policy, capex-focused fiscal consolidation
RBI’s FY26 GDP Projection	6.5%

FSSAI Launches Crackdown on Illegal Fruit Ripening Practices

In a proactive step to ensure food safety, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has directed all states and Union Territories to intensify monitoring and enforcement against the use of banned ripening agents like calcium carbide. This directive, aimed primarily at curbing unsafe practices in fruit markets and storage facilities, comes in light of rising concerns over the harmful effects of chemically ripened mangoes on public health.

Why in News?

The FSSAI issued a nationwide directive on May 21, 2025, asking food safety commissioners and regional directors to conduct special enforcement drives to prevent the use of prohibited chemicals, especially calcium carbide, in ripening fruits like mangoes.

Objective of the Directive

Ensure the sale of naturally ripened fruits.
Protect consumers from exposure to toxic and carcinogenic chemicals.
Strengthen enforcement at the state and regional level to monitor fruit markets and storage facilities.

Calcium Carbide: The Key Concern

Commonly used to artificially ripen fruits, especially mangoes.
Highly hazardous, as it may contain traces of arsenic and phosphorus.
Known to cause mouth ulcers, neurological symptoms, and has carcinogenic properties.

FSSAI’s Key Directives

Intensify inspections in mandis, fruit markets, and cold storages.
Conduct awareness campaigns for farmers, traders, and consumers.
Encourage use of ethylene gas, a safer alternative, under controlled conditions.
Take legal action against violators under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006.

Background

Artificial ripening with calcium carbide has been a recurring problem, especially during mango season.
FSSAI has issued several advisories in the past, but enforcement remains inconsistent across states.

Significance

A critical move to ensure food safety and public health.
Promotes organic and natural food handling practices.
Enhances consumer confidence in food quality.

List of Countries with the Most Nuclear Weapons, Know About Them

As of 2025, nine countries in the world have nuclear weapons. These weapons are very powerful and can cause massive destruction. Some countries have more nuclear warheads than others, and they are also modernizing their weapons. Knowing which countries have the most nuclear warheads helps us understand global power and the need for peace and safety in the world.

What are Nuclear Weapons?

Nuclear weapons are very strong bombs that get their power from nuclear reactions. They can be made in two ways:

Fission bombs (atomic bombs): These use the splitting of atoms to release energy.
Fusion bombs (hydrogen bombs): These join atoms together and are even more powerful than fission bombs.

These weapons can kill millions of people and damage the environment badly.

History of Nuclear Weapons

The first nuclear bomb was made in 1945. After that, a few countries developed their own:

The United States was the first to make and use a nuclear bomb during the World War II.
Russia (then the Soviet Union) quickly followed.
Other countries like China, the UK and France also made nuclear weapons.
Later, India and Pakistan built them too, even though they were not part of the NPT.
North Korea first joined the NPT but later left and made nuclear bombs.
Israel has nuclear weapons but has not officially said so.
South Africa once had nuclear weapons but gave them up in 1991.

Country with the Most Nuclear Weapons

Russia has the highest number of nuclear weapons in the world.

Here are some quick facts:

Country: Russia
Capital: Moscow
Continent: Europe and Asia
Population: About 144 million
President: Vladimir Putin
Defence Minister: Andrey Belousov
Total nuclear weapons: 5,449

List of Countries with Nuclear Weapons

Several countries in the world have nuclear weapons. These powerful weapons are used mainly for defense. Only a few nations legally own them, while others have developed them secretly.

Here is the list of 9 countries that have nuclear weapons, along with how many they have:

Rank	Country	Number of Nuclear Weapons
1.	Russia	5,449
2.	United States	5,277
3.	China	600
4.	France	290
5.	United Kingdom	225
6.	India	180
7.	Pakistan	170
8.	Israel	90
9.	North Korea	50

Supreme Court Mandates Three Years of Legal Practice for Judicial Service Entry

In a landmark judgment delivered on May 20, 2025, the Supreme Court of India mandated a minimum of three years of legal practice as a prerequisite for applying to the Civil Judge (Junior Division) post. The ruling, led by a bench headed by Chief Justice of India B.R. Gavai, aims to enhance the quality of the judiciary by ensuring that candidates have hands-on experience in litigation before assuming judicial roles.

Why in News?

The decision is significant because it restores a legal practice requirement that had been waived by several High Courts, allowing fresh law graduates with no courtroom experience to become judges. The Supreme Court found this practice ineffective over the past two decades and deemed it detrimental to judicial efficiency and public trust.

Background

Earlier, several High Courts permitted direct recruitment of fresh law graduates into the judiciary.
The SC reviewed affidavits submitted by High Courts, which reported negative outcomes of appointing inexperienced candidates.

Key Judgments and Directions

All High Courts and State Governments must amend service rules.
Minimum three years of practice as an advocate is now mandatory for applying to the Civil Judge (Junior Division) post.
The period of practice will be counted from the date of provisional enrollment with the Bar Council.

Certification Requirements

Candidates must provide proof of practice certified by,

Principal Judicial Officer of the court, or
Advocate with at least 10 years’ experience, endorsed by a judicial officer.

Additional Considerations

Experience as a law clerk to a judge or judicial officer will be counted toward the three-year requirement.
The rule will apply to future recruitment cycles only and not those already underway.

Objectives and Significance

Ensures that newly appointed judges have practical exposure to court proceedings.
Strengthens the judiciary by appointing officers who understand the realities of litigation.
Aims to reduce errors and inefficiencies stemming from inexperience.

Summary/Static	Details
Why in the news?	Supreme Court Mandates Three Years of Legal Practice for Judicial Service Entry
Judgment Date	May 20, 2025
Delivered By	Supreme Court of India (Bench led by CJI B.R. Gavai)
Main Directive	3 years of legal practice mandatory to apply for Civil Judge (Junior Division)
Applicable From	Next recruitment cycle onwards
Exemptions	Ongoing recruitment processes prior to judgment
Proof Required	Certificate from court or senior advocate endorsed by judicial officer
Experience	Count From date of provisional enrollment; includes clerkship experience
Purpose	To enhance judicial competence and reduce inefficiencies

IREDA Secures ‘Excellent’ DPE Rating, Tops Power & NBFC Sector CPSEs

The Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd. (IREDA), India’s premier green financing non-banking financial company (NBFC), has earned an ‘Excellent’ rating from the Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) for the financial year 2023-24. IREDA is now ranked among the top 4 Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) in the country, and it leads the Power and NBFC sectors.

Why in News?

IREDA has been awarded the top performance rating by the Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) for its performance-based Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for FY 2023-24. This recognition reflects the company’s strong financial and strategic performance and its leadership role in renewable energy financing in India.

Key Highlights

IREDA received a score of 98+, placing it among the top 4 CPSEs nationwide.
The MoU ‘Excellent’ rating was awarded on 7th January 2025 for FY 2023-24.
It marks the fourth consecutive year of IREDA receiving the ‘Excellent’ rating.
Recognized as the best performing CPSE in the NBFC and Power sectors.
The ranking is based on performance against MoU targets, covering financial, operational, and strategic criteria.

Background and Role of IREDA

IREDA is a Mini-Ratna (Category I) CPSE under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE).
It was established in 1987 as a Public Limited Government Company.
Its primary role is to promote, develop, and finance renewable energy projects in India.
It has been instrumental in achieving the nation’s green energy goals by financing wind, solar, bioenergy, and hydro projects.

Importance of the Recognition

Strengthens IREDA’s credibility as a green financing leader.
Encourages other CPSEs to align with national sustainability goals.
Supports the Government of India’s commitment to achieving 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030.
Enhances investor confidence and international cooperation in renewable energy sectors.

Summary/Static	Details
Why in the news?	IREDA Secures ‘Excellent’ DPE Rating, Tops Power & NBFC Sector CPSEs
Organization	Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd. (IREDA)
Recognition	‘Excellent’ MoU Rating by DPE
Ranking	Top 4 CPSEs overall; No.1 in Power & NBFC sectors
Financial Year	FY 2023–24
Parent Ministry	Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE)
Score Achieved	98 and above
CMD	Pradip Kumar Das
Established	1987

Top 10 Countries Most Affected by Inflation in 2025

Inflation remains one of the most pressing economic challenges of 2025, particularly in developing nations and politically unstable economies. While many countries have begun to stabilize after the inflation shocks of the early 2020s, others continue to suffer from skyrocketing consumer prices, currency depreciation, and economic mismanagement.

This article takes an in-depth look at the top 10 countries most affected by inflation in 2025, examining the causes, consequences, and global implications of prolonged inflationary pressure.

Understanding Inflation in 2025

Inflation refers to the general increase in prices of goods and services over time, resulting in a decline in purchasing power. Moderate inflation is normal in healthy economies, but hyperinflation or high single-to-double-digit inflation can erode savings, distort investment, and push populations into poverty.

In 2025, inflation is being driven by a combination of factors:

Global energy price volatility
Currency devaluation
Post-pandemic fiscal imbalances
Geopolitical conflicts and trade disruptions
Extreme weather events impacting food supply

Top 10 Countries Most Affected by Inflation in 2025

Rank	Country	Estimated Inflation Rate (2025)	Key Drivers
1	Argentina	Over 140 percent	Fiscal deficit, currency devaluation, monetary issues
2	Venezuela	Around 120 percent	Hyperinflation legacy, sanctions, oil collapse
3	Lebanon	About 95 percent	Currency crash, political crisis, banking collapse
4	Zimbabwe	Over 85 percent	Monetary instability, gold-backed reforms
5	Turkey	Around 65 percent	Lira depreciation, policy missteps
6	Sudan	Near 60 percent	Conflict, economic breakdown
7	Nigeria	About 50 percent	Fuel subsidy removal, naira float
8	Pakistan	Around 45 percent	External debt, energy import shocks
9	Egypt	Close to 40 percent	Food and fuel import inflation, currency drop
10	Sri Lanka	Around 35 percent	Post-default recovery, weak rupee

1. Argentina: Persisting Crisis Amid Political Turmoil

Argentina continues to experience one of the highest inflation rates globally. In 2025, the country’s annual inflation remains above 140 percent, driven by long-standing fiscal deficits, monetary overexpansion, and loss of investor confidence. Despite repeated reforms and IMF interventions, inflationary pressures have not been sustainably reduced. Citizens face skyrocketing prices for basic goods, and the peso continues to lose value on the parallel exchange market.

2. Venezuela: Hyperinflation Remains a Structural Problem

Despite a slight reduction from peak hyperinflation years, Venezuela still suffers from three-digit inflation, hovering around 120 percent in 2025. The Bolivar remains severely devalued, and dollarization has become widespread in urban centers. Political instability, reduced oil output, and sanctions have prevented any real macroeconomic recovery, making inflation a persistent and structural issue.

3. Lebanon: Economic Breakdown Fuels Price Instability

Lebanon’s economy continues to be in deep crisis. In 2025, inflation is estimated around 95 percent, following years of currency collapse, banking sector paralysis, and political deadlock. The Lebanese pound has lost over 95 percent of its value since 2019. Food and fuel prices have skyrocketed, and public services have nearly collapsed, fueling mass migration and social unrest.

4. Zimbabwe: Inflation Returns Despite Past Reform Attempts

Zimbabwe once again finds itself battling inflation rates exceeding 85 percent in 2025. Despite monetary policy reforms, including the introduction of the gold-backed digital Zimbabwe dollar, structural weaknesses like corruption, a lack of investor confidence, and reliance on imports have reawakened old inflationary demons. The informal economy has grown as citizens seek alternative survival strategies.

5. Turkey: Currency Devaluation and Unorthodox Policy

Turkey’s inflation, although lower than its 2023 peak, remains dangerously high at around 65 percent in 2025. The Turkish lira continues to depreciate amid politically influenced monetary policies and capital outflows. Persistent current account deficits and high energy costs have further strained household budgets, making food and housing less affordable for millions.

6. Sudan: Conflict and Economic Collapse

Sudan has been dealing with both civil unrest and economic freefall, leading to inflation rates near 60 percent. With institutions weakened, public debt surging, and supply chains broken, price levels for essential goods have exploded. Food insecurity is rising, and the Sudanese pound continues to plunge against major currencies.

7. Nigeria: Fuel Subsidy Removal and Currency Reforms

In 2025, Nigeria faces inflation of around 50 percent, largely driven by the removal of fuel subsidies and a currency float policy that has led to naira devaluation. While the reforms were intended to attract foreign investment and reduce fiscal pressure, they also triggered immediate spikes in transportation, food, and energy prices, disproportionately affecting low-income households.

8. Pakistan: External Debt Crisis and Energy Shocks

With inflation reaching approximately 45 percent, Pakistan struggles with external debt obligations, fluctuating fuel prices, and heavy import dependency. The Pakistani rupee has weakened, and price volatility in essential commodities like wheat and fuel continues to burden the population. IMF-supported austerity has also reduced subsidies and lifted utility rates.

9. Egypt: Currency Devaluation and Food Inflation

Egypt’s inflation rate stands around 40 percent in 2025 due to currency devaluation and rising food prices. Heavy reliance on imported grain and energy has made Egypt particularly vulnerable to external shocks such as war in trade corridors and global price hikes. Central bank rate hikes have failed to curb core inflation effectively.

10. Sri Lanka: Lingering Effects of Sovereign Default

After its 2022 sovereign default, Sri Lanka is still grappling with economic recovery. In 2025, inflation remains around 35 percent, especially affecting food and fuel. IMF assistance and tourism recovery have helped stabilize some indicators, but household purchasing power remains weak, and currency depreciation continues to elevate import costs.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy Jayanti 2025, Know About His Life and Contributions

Raja Ram Mohan Roy Jayanti is celebrated every year on 22nd May to remember the birth of a great social reformer. He is called the Father of Bengal Renaissance because he worked hard to bring important changes in education, religion and women’s rights in India. His efforts helped stop many bad customs and started a new way of thinking that shaped modern India.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy Jayanti 2025 – Date

Raja Ram Mohan Roy Jayanti 2025 will be celebrated on 22nd May. This day marks the birth anniversary of Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a great social reformer who changed India’s society with his ideas on education, religion women’s rights. It is an important day to remember his contributions.

Who was Raja Ram Mohan Roy?

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a visionary Indian reformer, scholar and social activist of the 19th century. Born on May 22, 1772, in Radhanagar (now in West Bengal), he played a key role in India’s social, educational and religious transformation during the Bengal Renaissance. Known as the ”Father of Modern India,” Roy worked tirelessly to eradicate social evils, champion women’s rights, promote education and encourage rational religious thinking.

Early Life and Education of Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Ram Mohan Roy was born into a well-off Brahmin family. His father, Ramkanta Roy, was a revenue officer in the Mughal empire, and his mother, Tarinidevi, was a devout and traditional woman. From an early age, Ram Mohan Roy showed a deep interest in religion and philosophy.

He studied Persian and Arabic in Patna, where he read Islamic texts and the writings of Greek philosophers. Later, he went to Varanasi to learn Sanskrit and gained a thorough knowledge of the Vedas and Upanishads. He also mastered English, Bengali and Hindi.

Religious Views and Reforms

Roy believed in monotheism, or the worship of one Supreme God and rejected idol worship. He formed the Atmiya Sabha in 1815 to promote rational religious thinking and later founded the Brahmo Samaj in 1828, which became a leading reform movement in India.

He studied Christianity as well, learning Hebrew and Greek to read the Bible in its original languages. In 1820, he published ”Precepts of Jesus,’‘ emphasizing moral teachings over miracles.”

Abolition of Sati and Other Social Reforms

The most notable achievement of Raja Ram Mohan Roy was his campaign against Sati Pratha, the practice where widows were forced to burn themselves on their husband’s funeral pyres. Through persistent efforts, he influenced the British Government, and with the help of Governor Lord William Bentinck, the practice was banned in 1829 by Bengal Sati Regulation XVII.

Roy also opposed:

Child marriage
Polygamy
Caste discrimination
Denial of property rights to women

He strongly supported widow remarriage, women’s education and equal rights for all.

Educational Reforms

In 1822, he founded the Anglo-Hindu School to teach modern subjects using a blend of Indian and Western knowledge. In 1826, he established Vedanta College to teach both the Upanishads and Western science.

When the British planned a traditional Sanskrit college in 1823, Roy protested, saying it would not Indian youth for the modern world. He advocated for a modern curriculum with science, mathematics and philosophy.

Political Activism and Journalism

In 1823, when the British government imposed censorship on the press, Roy raised his voice for freedom of speech and expression. He started some of India’s earliest weekly newspapers and used them to spread awareness and fight against social evils.

Roy also spoke against the unfair revenue and legal systems in British India and highlighted the need for better administration and laws.

Visit to England and Death

In 1829, Raja Ram Mohan Roy went to England as the representative of the Mughal Emperor Akbar II to lobby for his passion. The emperor gave him the honorary title of Raja.

In England, Roy was warmly welcomed, especially by Unitarians and reformers. Sadly, he died of meningitis on September 27, 1833, in Bristol, where he was buried. His tomb still stands there as a memorial to his global influence.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy – Family Life

Roy had three wives in his lifetime. His first wide died young. From his second wife, he had two sons- Radhaprasad and Ramaprasad. She passed away in 1824. His third wife outlived him.

Major Works and Writings

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a prolific writer and thinker. Some of his important works include:

Tuhfat-al-Muwahhiddin (A Gift to Monotheists)
Precepts of Jesus
Translations of Vedas and Upanishads
Articles on women’s rights, religious reform and political freedom

Legacy of Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Raja Ram Mohan Roy is remembered as:

The Father of Indian Renaissance
The Father of Modern India
A pioneer of social justice and reform
A bridge between Eastern tradition and Western modernity.

His progressive ideas and fearless activism paved the way for future reformers like Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Swami Vivekananda and Mahatma Gandhi.