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Aero India 2025: India’s Largest Defence Expo Begins

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh inaugurated Aero India 2025, the 15th edition of India’s premier aerospace and defence exhibition, on February 10, 2025, at Yelahanka Air Force Station, Bengaluru. This five-day event, regarded as Asia’s largest in the sector, is a key platform showcasing India’s advancements in defence technology, aerospace innovations, and global collaborations.

What Makes Aero India 2025 the Largest Edition Yet?

The scale of Aero India 2025 is unprecedented, spanning 42,438 square meters with participation from 30 defence ministers, 43 military chiefs, and representatives from 90 countries. The exhibition features an extensive display of 70 fighter jets, transport aircraft, and trainer aircraft, along with 30 helicopters performing aerial maneuvers.

One of the major highlights is the presence of Russian and American fifth-generation stealth fighter jets, including the Russian Su-57 and Lockheed Martin’s F-35 Lightning II. Their participation signals India’s growing stature as a global defence and aerospace hub.

Another key attraction is the India Pavilion, which showcases over 275 cutting-edge defence exhibits. Notable innovations on display include the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA), Combat Air Teaming System (CATS), and Twin-Engine Deck-Based Fighter (TEDBF). Alongside, the iDEX Pavilion, dedicated to Indian defence startups, features indigenously developed advanced technologies, reinforcing India’s push for self-reliance in defence.

How is the Indian Government Supporting Defence Growth?

The Indian government has made a strong commitment to defence modernization. The Union Budget 2025-26 allocated ₹6.81 lakh crore to the Ministry of Defence, with ₹1.80 lakh crore set aside for capital acquisition. Importantly, 75% of this modernization budget is earmarked for domestic procurement, strengthening the Indian defence ecosystem.

Rajnath Singh also emphasized public-private collaboration in boosting India’s defence manufacturing capabilities. A notable example is the Tata Advanced Systems Limited-Airbus joint venture for manufacturing C-295 transport aircraft in Gujarat. Such initiatives highlight the growing synergy between the government, private companies, and international defence firms.

How is India’s Defence Industry Growing in Manufacturing and Exports?

India’s domestic defence production is set to exceed ₹1.25 trillion ($14.24 billion) by March 2025, a major boost to its Make in India initiative. This growth is driven by indigenous production of advanced fighter jets, missiles, drones, and defence systems.

On the export front, India’s defence exports are expected to cross ₹210 billion, setting a new record. The Indian government has been aggressively promoting defence exports, securing deals with countries in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.

Aero India’s Journey from 1996 to 2025

Since its launch in 1996, Aero India has grown into one of the world’s most significant aerospace exhibitions. The 2023 edition recorded over seven lakh visitors, representatives from 98 countries, and 809 exhibitors, resulting in over ₹75,000 crore in MoUs and technology transfers. The 2025 edition aims to exceed these milestones, reinforcing India’s strategic position in global aerospace and defence.

Aero India 2025 is not just about showcasing military strength; it represents India’s ambitions to become a global defence hub, attract foreign investments, and strengthen international defence collaborations. The event reflects India’s vision for self-reliance, technological innovation, and strategic global partnerships in the aerospace sector.

Summary of the news

Key Points Details
Why in News? Defence Minister Rajnath Singh inaugurated Aero India 2025 on February 10, 2025, at Yelahanka Air Force Station, Bengaluru. It is Asia’s largest aerospace and defence expo, featuring 70 aircraft, including Su-57 (Russia) & F-35 (USA), with participation from 90 countries. India’s defence exports to exceed ₹210 billion, and the Union Budget 2025-26 allocated ₹6.81 lakh crore for defence, with ₹1.80 lakh crore for modernization.
Event Location Yelahanka Air Force Station, Bengaluru, Karnataka
Scale of Event 42,438 sq. meters, attended by 30 defence ministers, 43 military chiefs, and 90 countries
Major Aircraft Displayed Su-57 (Russia), F-35 Lightning II (USA), 70 fighter jets & cargo aircraft, 30 helicopters
Key Exhibitions India Pavilion (275+ defence exhibits), iDEX Pavilion (Indigenous defence tech & startups)
Defence Budget 2025-26 ₹6.81 lakh crore total, ₹1.80 lakh crore for capital acquisition, 75% reserved for domestic procurement
Defence Production Target Expected to exceed ₹1.25 trillion ($14.24 billion) in FY 2025
Defence Export Target Expected to cross ₹210 billion for the first time
Public-Private Collaboration Tata-Airbus C-295 aircraft production in Gujarat
Aero India First Edition 1996
Last Edition (2023) Highlights 7 lakh visitors, 98 countries, 809 exhibitors, 250+ partnerships, ₹75,000 crore deals
Karnataka Static GK CM: Siddaramaiah (as of 2025)
Governor: Thaawarchand Gehlot
Capital: Bengaluru

Who is Known as the Father of SMS? Know the Name

SMS (Short Message Service) is a famous way of sending and receiving messages through mobile phones. It allows people to communicate quickly and easily with short messages. But have you wondered you have created this simple yet useful technology? Let’s explore the person behind SMS and who earned the title of “Father of SMS.”

What is SMS?

SMS stands for Short Message Service which allows users to send and receive message through mobile phones in a short period of time. SMS is a key part of mobile communication and is supported by all mobile phones. Each SMS can have up to 160 characters, but some phones join longer messages.

Father of SMS

Matti Makkonen, a Finnish engineer, is often called the “Father of SMS” because of his key role in the development of text messaging. Although he did not invent SMS alone, his ideas and contributions helped make it a reality. Makkonen worked in the field of mobile communication for many years and played a big role in the early development of GSM technology.

Who was Matti Makkonen?

Matti Makkonen was a Finnish engineer who has earned the title of the “Father of SMS” for his key role in developing text messaging. He was born on 16 April 1952 in Suomussalmi, Finland. He studied electrical engineering at Oulu University and graduated in 1976. After completing his education, he started working in the telecommunications industry. He held top position at Telecom Finland and Nokia Networks. In 2008, he won The Economist Innovation Award for his work. He retired in 2013 due to illness and passed away in 2015.

Role of Matti Makkonen in SMS Development

Makkonen first introduced the idea of sending short text messages over mobile networks in 1984. However, he did not personally invent SMS or created its code. Instead, he played a major role in its early development and promotion. SMS technology was officially launched in the early 1990s and became widely used across the world.

Facts Related to SMS Development

  • The 160 character format was determined in 1985 by Friedham Hillebrand.
  • Neil Papworth was the first one to sent the SMS message in 1992.
  • Nokia introduced the first phone, Nokia 2010 in 1994, that enabled easy writing of SMS messages.

Which City Is Known As The ‘Rainbow Capital’ of the World?

Hawaii, with its unique climatic and atmospheric conditions, has earned the title of the “Rainbow Capital of the World.” The frequent interplay of sunshine and rain showers, coupled with exceptionally clean air, makes the islands an ideal place for witnessing nature’s spectacular color display. With rainbows adorning everything from buildings to license plates and sports teams, they have become an integral part of Hawaiian culture and tradition.

Why is Hawaii Known for Rainbows?

Hawaii’s regular sunshine, short rain showers, and clean air create perfect conditions for rainbows. The winter rainy season, which lasts from October through April, enhances the probability of spotting rainbows across the islands.

According to Steven Businger, a professor of atmospheric sciences at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii’s trade winds bring small but frequent showers with ample blue sky in between, allowing sunlight to refract through raindrops and create vibrant rainbows.

How Do Rainbows Form?

Rainbows appear when sunlight is refracted, or bent, as it passes through raindrops. This process splits white light into its component colors—red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

  • Best Viewing Conditions: Look for rainbows when it is both sunny and raining at the same time.
  • Optimal Timing: They are most visible in the early morning and late afternoon, when the sun is lower on the horizon.
  • Positioning: Rainbows always appear opposite the sun in the sky.

Hawaii’s Unique Atmospheric Conditions

Hawaii’s clean air quality enhances the clarity and vibrancy of its rainbows. Other locations around the world have more dust, pollen, and pollution, which scatter light and reduce the intensity of rainbow colors.

Additionally, Hawaii’s trade winds create passing showers while allowing sunlight to break through, providing near-perfect conditions for rainbows to form regularly.

Cultural and Symbolic Significance of Rainbows in Hawaii

Hawaiian Mythology and Rainbows

Rainbows have profound spiritual and cultural significance in Native Hawaiian traditions. According to Sam ‘Ohu Gon III, senior scientist and cultural adviser at The Nature Conservancy in Hawaii, rainbows represent the divine power of Kāne, one of the four primary gods in Hawaiian mythology.

  • In ancient Hawaiian beliefs, rainbows were seen as symbols of supernatural power.
  • The closer one got to a rainbow, the more likely they were to encounter a divine force or a powerful chief.
  • Many Hawaiian legends describe rainbows appearing over sacred places or noble figures.

Rainbows as Ancestral Guardians

For Hinaleimoana Wong-Kalu, a Native Hawaiian cultural practitioner, rainbows serve as an aumakua—a deified ancestor or family god.

  • She believes that rainbows are signs from ancestors showing their presence and providing spiritual protection.
  • This belief reflects how Hawaiians view nature as deeply interconnected with their spiritual heritage.

Rainbows in Hawaiian Culture and Daily Life

Sports Teams and Rainbow Mascots

The University of Hawaii’s sports teams have embraced rainbows as part of their identity:

  • The men’s teams are called the Rainbow Warriors.
  • The women’s teams are named the Rainbow Wahine (using the Hawaiian word for “women”).
  • The teams are often referred to as the ‘Bows’.

The rainbow mascot traces back to New Year’s Day in 1924, when a rainbow appeared over a football game between Hawaii and the Oregon Aggies. Hawaii soon scored and won the match, leading to the adoption of the “Rainbows” moniker.

In 2000, the football team dropped “Rainbow” from its name due to concerns over its association with the LGBTQ+ community, but the school reinstated the name in 2013, honoring its deep cultural ties.

Rainbows in Art, Architecture, and Daily Life

Rainbows are a common motif across Hawaii:

  • Buildings and murals feature vibrant rainbow designs.
  • Public buses and vehicle license plates showcase rainbow imagery.
  • The Children’s Discovery Center in Honolulu prominently displays rainbows on its exterior walls and exploration rooms.
  • Liane Usher, the center’s president, associates rainbows with hope and new beginnings.

Scientific Studies on Rainbows and Climate Change

The Future of Rainbows: Will Climate Change Impact Their Frequency?

Kimberly Carlson, a former professor at the University of Hawaii and now an environmental studies professor at New York University, has researched the impact of climate change on rainbows.

Her study, published two years ago, predicts that certain regions will experience fewer rainbows by 2100:

  • Areas like Brazil, the Mediterranean, and parts of Central Africa will likely see declining rainbow occurrences due to shifting weather patterns.
  • Regions with current snowfall, like Alaska, could see more rainbows as warming temperatures result in more rain instead of snow.

Hawaii’s Rainbow Future

While Hawaii will continue to have an abundance of rainbows, scientists warn that longer dry spells may reduce rainbow frequency on the arid, leeward sides of the islands, particularly in Maui and the Big Island.

Which District of Bihar has the Highest Sex Ratio in the State?

The sex ratio of a place shows the number of females for every 1,000 males. It is an important indicator of gender balance in society. A high sex ratio means better social conditions for women, while a low ratio can indicate gender inequality. In Bihar, some districts have a better sex ratio than others. Let’s find out which district has the highest sex ratio in Bihar.

An Overview of Bihar

Bihar is a state in eastern India. It is the third most populated state and the 12th largest by area. The Ganga River divides Bihar into two parts. It shares borders with Uttar Pradesh, Nepal, West Bengal and Jharkhand. In 2000, Jharkhand separated from Bihar. Most people live in villages and Bihar has the highest number of young people in India. Hindi, Urdu, Maithili, Magahi and Bhojpuri are commonly spoken.

Number of Districts in Bihar

Bihar has a total of 38 districts, which are grouped into nine divisions. These districts help in the smooth administration of the state. Each district has its own local government to manage development and public services.

District with the Highest Sex Ratio

According to the 2011 Census, Gopalganj has a sex ratio of 1,015 females for every 1,000 males. This is higher than the Bihar state average of 918 females per 1,000 males.

Why is the Sex Ratio High in Gopalganj?

There are a few reasons why Gopalganj has a high sex ratio:

  • Migration of Men: Many men from Gopalganj move to other states or countries for jobs.
  • Families Stay Behind: Most of these men belong to low-income families and leave their families, including women, in Gopalganj.
  • Better Gender Balance: Fewer cases of female foeticide and better social awareness contribute to a higher sex ratio.

More About Gopalganj

  • Location: Gopalganj is part of the Saran Division of Bihar.
  • District Headquarter: The main town in this district is Gopalganj.
  • Language: The main languages spoken here are Hindi and Bhojpuri.
  • Literacy Rate: The literacy rate in Gopalganj is 53.98%.
  • Population Density: The district has 1,260 people per square kilometer.
  • Total Area: Gopalganj covers an area of 2,033 square kilometers.

Shyam Benegal, The Maestro of Indian Parallel Cinema

Shyam Benegal evokes memories of cinematic brilliance. A visionary filmmaker and pioneer of Indian parallel cinema, Benegal redefined storytelling with realistic and socially relevant narratives. His passing on December 23, 2024, at the age of 90, marked the end of an era, leaving behind an unmatched legacy in Indian cinema.

Shyam Benegal-Early Life

Though born in Hyderabad, Shyam Benegal had deep roots in Karnataka. His father, Sridhar B Benegal, was a photographer from Udupi, and it was in this artistic environment that Benegal’s passion for cinema took shape. He nurtured his interest in storytelling and visual arts, later pursuing a career that would leave an indelible mark on Indian and world cinema.

A Lifelong Passion for Cinema

Shyam Benegal was actively involved in filmmaking till 2023, with his final major project being the Indo-Bangladesh collaboration, Mujib: The Making of a Nation. This film, based on the life and works of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the founding father and first president of Bangladesh, showcased Benegal’s ability to tell powerful historical narratives with authenticity and depth.

The Legacy of Cinematic Excellence

Iconic Films and Social Impact

Shyam Benegal’s films were known for their realistic portrayal of social issues. Some of his most celebrated works include:

  • Ankur (1974) – A story of feudal oppression and class struggle, which became a landmark in Indian cinema.
  • Bhumika (1977) – A biographical drama inspired by the life of actress Hansa Wadkar, exploring the conflicts between personal and professional life.
  • Manthan (1976) – A film based on the White Revolution in India, funded by 500,000 dairy farmers.
  • Nishant (1975) – A gripping tale of power, patriarchy, and rural injustice.
  • Kalyug (1981) – A modern-day retelling of the Mahabharata, set in the world of business and corporate rivalries.
  • Kondura (1978) – A thought-provoking film exploring spirituality, sexuality, and rural beliefs.

Each of these films carried a strong social message, making Benegal a champion of realism and meaningful storytelling.

Remembering Shyam Benegal: Anant Nag’s Tribute

Veteran actor Anant Nag, who worked with Benegal in six films, shared heartfelt memories of their collaboration. “Shyam was an enigma, a force that would cast his spell and leave you mesmerized,” he recalled. Nag, who won the Padma Bhushan in 2025, emphasized the profound impact Benegal had on actors and filmmakers alike.

Anant Nag’s Journey with Benegal

Anant Nag’s association with Benegal began when he was introduced by Satyadev Dubey. His first role under Benegal was in Ankur, where he played the character Surya. Despite being a negative role, Nag embraced the opportunity, recognizing the depth and complexity Benegal brought to his characters.

Benegal’s Directorial Approach and Influence

A Mentor to Actors

Benegal was known for his unique directorial style. He was not volatile on set but maintained a calm and composed demeanor. According to Anant Nag, “He would sit with every actor, brief them on their roles and character, and be available throughout the day for discussions.” His meticulous planning and keen eye for detail made his films authentic and engaging.

Collaboration with Writers and Technicians

Benegal worked closely with brilliant writers like Shama Zaidi and Girish Karnad, ensuring that his films had well-structured narratives. He also collaborated with cinematographer Govind Nihalani, whose stunning visuals added to the impact of his films.

Documentary and Government Film Contributions

Shyam Benegal was deeply involved in documentary filmmaking and worked extensively with the Films Division of India. According to KS Shridhar, Director of Films Division, Benegal believed in adhering to structured guidelines when creating government-funded projects. His ability to blend history, culture, and politics in films like Bharat Ek Khoj and Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero showcased his versatility.

Summary of the news

Category Details
Why in News? Renowned filmmaker Shyam Benegal passed away on December 23, 2024, at the age of 90, leaving behind a legacy in Indian parallel cinema.
Early Life & Roots Born in Hyderabad with roots in Karnataka; his father, Sridhar B Benegal, was a photographer from Udupi.
Notable Works Ankur (1974) – Feudal oppression and class struggle Bhumika (1977) – Inspired by actress Hansa Wadkar’s life Manthan (1976) – White Revolution, funded by dairy farmers Nishant (1975) – Power, patriarchy, and rural injustice Kalyug (1981) – Mahabharata in a corporate setting Kondura (1978) – Spirituality and rural beliefs
Final Project Mujib: The Making of a Nation (2023) – Indo-Bangladesh film on Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
Anant Nag’s Tribute Anant Nag, who worked with Benegal in six films, called him an “enigma” and emphasized his profound impact on Indian cinema.
Directorial Style Calm and composed, meticulous planning, worked closely with actors, writers (Shama Zaidi, Girish Karnad), and cinematographer Govind Nihalani.
Cinematic Legacy Championed realism, social issues, and independent storytelling, inspiring generations of filmmakers.
Documentaries & Govt. Films Worked with Films Division of India, made Bharat Ek Khoj and Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero.
Influences & Relations Second cousin of Guru Dutt, distantly related to Deepika Padukone.
Symbolic Impact Ankur’s climax – A stone thrown at a window symbolized the start of a revolution, a signature of Benegal’s impactful storytelling.

 

Reliance Unveils ‘Spinner’ Sports Drink with Muralitharan

Reliance Consumer Products Ltd (RCPL), the FMCG arm of Reliance Industries, has entered the sports hydration drink segment with its new brand, Spinner. Co-created with Sri Lankan cricket legend Muttiah Muralitharan, Spinner aims to provide an affordable and effective hydration solution. Priced at ₹10 for a 150 ml bottle, it is significantly cheaper than competitors like Gatorade and Powerade. The brand is set to collaborate with multiple IPL teams to enhance visibility and aims to create a $1 billion sports beverage category within three years.

Key Highlights of the Spinner Launch

RCPL’s Entry into Sports Hydration

  • Reliance Consumer Products Ltd (RCPL) introduced Spinner, marking its expansion into the sports drink market.
  • The brand has been co-created with Muttiah Muralitharan.

Watch: Current Affairs Quiz 

Competitive Pricing Strategy

  • Spinner is priced at ₹10 for a 150 ml bottle, making it more affordable than competitors.
  • Gatorade (PepsiCo) – ₹50 for 500 ml
  • Powerade (Coca-Cola) – ₹50 for 500 ml
  • Aptonia (Decathlon) – ₹99 for 400 ml (₹69 on discount)

RCPL’s Growing Beverage Portfolio

  • RCPL has aggressively entered the beverage market, starting with the Campa Cola revival in 2023.
  • In January 2025, it launched RasKik Gluco Energy, marking its entry into the energy drink segment.
  • RCPL now holds over 10% market share in the sparkling beverage category in select states.

Spinner’s IPL Partnerships

  • The brand has partnered with top IPL franchises to boost visibility, including,
  • Lucknow Super Giants
  • SunRisers Hyderabad
  • Punjab Kings
  • Gujarat Titans
  • Mumbai Indians

Flavors & Target Audience

  • Available in three flavors: Lemon, Orange, and Nitro Blue.
  • Targeted at both athletes and everyday consumers looking for hydration solutions.

Vision for the Sports Beverage Market

  • RCPL aims to establish a sports beverage category worth $1 billion within the next three years.
  • COO Ketan Mody emphasized making hydration accessible to all.
  • Muttiah Muralitharan called Spinner a “game-changer” in hydration.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Reliance Unveils ‘Spinner’ Sports Drink with Muralitharan
Brand Name Spinner
Company Reliance Consumer Products Ltd (RCPL)
Co-Creator Muttiah Muralitharan
Segment Sports Hydration Drink
Launch Price ₹10 for 150 ml
Competitor Pricing Gatorade & Powerade: ₹50 (500 ml), Aptonia: ₹99 (400 ml)
Flavors Lemon, Orange, Nitro Blue
Key IPL Partners LSG, SRH, PBKS, GT, MI
Market Vision $1 billion category in 3 yearsOther RCPL Beverages
Other RCPL Beverages Campa Cola, RasKik Gluco Energy

List of Tribes in India, Check the State-wise List

India is home to many tribal communities with unique cultures, traditions and languages. These tribes have lived in different parts of the country for centuries, preserving their customs and way of life. The Indian Constitution recognizes Scheduled Tribes (STs) to protect their rights and ensure their development. In this article, we will go through the state-wise list of some major tribes in India.

Tribes in India

India is home to more than 700 tribes, each tribe with its own unique culture, language and traditions. These tribes have been an important part of India’s history and continue to play a vital role in shaping its rich heritage. Tribes are communities of people who share a common ancestor, live together in groups, and follow their own customs. They often have their own rules, traditions and ways of life.

According to 2011 Census of India, there are 705 officially recognized Scheduled Tribes, making up 8.6% of the country’s total population. These tribes are spread across different states and Union Territories.

Major Tribes of India

  • Bhil Tribe: The Bhil tribe is the largest tribe in India, with a population of over 10 million. They lived mainly in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. The Bhils are famous for their folklore, traditional art and hunting skills.
  • Gond Tribe: The Gond Tribe is the second largest tribe, with a populated of over 9 million. They mainly live in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. The Gonds are known for their colorful artwork, music and agriculture.
  • Santhal Tribe: The Santhal Tribe is mainly found in Jharkhand, West Bengal and Odisha. They are known for their dance, music and farming traditions.
  • Munda Tribe: The Munda Tribe lives in Jharkhand, Odisha and Chhattisgarh. They are known for their weaving, dance and farming skills.

States with the Largest Tribe Population

Some Indian States have a large number of tribal people. The top-5 states with the highest tribal population are:

  • Madhya Pradesh – 15.3%
  • Maharashtra – 10.1%
  • Odisha – 9.1%
  • Chhattisgarh – 8.6%
  • Jharkhand – 8.3%

State-wise List of Tribes in India

India has many tribes living in different states, each with unique cultures and traditions. This list shows major tribes found in different states, highlighting their diversity and rich heritage across the country.

Here is the state-wise list of tribes in India:

State/ UT Tribes
Andhra Pradesh Andh, Sadhu Andh, Bhagata, Bhil, Chenchus, Gadabas, Gond, Goundu, Jatapus, Kammara, Kattunayakan, Kolawar, Kolam, Konda, Manna Dhora, Pardhan, Rona, Savaras, Dabba, Yerukula, Nakkala, Dhulia, Thoti, Sugalis, Banjara, Kondareddis, Koya, Mukha Dhora, Valmiki, Yenadis, Sugalis, Lambadis.
Arunachal Pradesh Apatanis, Abor, Dafla, Galong, Momba, Sherdukpen, Singpho, Nyishi, Mishmi, Idu, Taroan, Tagin, Adi, Monpa, Wancho.
Assam Chakma, Chutiya, Dimasa, Hajong, Garos, Khasis, Gangte, Karbi, Boro, Borokachari, Kachari, Sonwal, Miri, Rabha, Garo
Bihar Asur, Baiga, Birhor, Chero, Gond, Parhaiya, Santhals, Savar, Kharwar, Banjara, Oraon, Santal, Tharu
Chhattisgarh Agariya, Bhaina, Bhattra, Biar, Khond, Mawasi, Nagasai, Gond, Binjhwar, Halba, Halbi, Kawar, Sawar
Goa Dhodia, Dubia, Naikda, Siddi, Varli, Gawda
Gujarat Barda, Bamcha, Bhil, Charan, Dhodia, Gamta, Paradhi, Patelia, Dhanka, Dubla, Talavia, Halpati, Kokna, Naikda, Patelia, Rathawa, Siddi
Himachal Pradesh Gaddis, Gujjars, Khas, Lamba, Lahaulas, Pangwala, Swangla, Beta, Beda, Bhot, Bodh
Jammu and Kashmir Bakarwal, Balti, Beda, Gaddi, Garra, Mon, Purigpa, Sippi, Changpa, Gujjar
Jharkhand Birhors, Bhumij, Gonds, Kharia, Mundas, Santhals, Savar, Bedia, Ho, Kharwar, Lohra, Mahli, Parhaiya, Santal, Kol, Banjara
Karnataka Adiyan, Barda, Gond, Bhil, Iruliga, Koraga, Patelia, Yerava, Hasalaru, Koli Dhor, Marati, Meda, Naikda, Soligaru
Kerala Adiyan, Arandan, Eravallan, Kurumbas, Malai Arayan, Moplahs, Uralis, Irular, Kanikaran, Kattunayakan, Kurichchan, Muthuvan
Madhya Pradesh Baigas, Bhils, Bharia, Birhors, Gonds, Katkari, Kharia, Khond, Kol, Murias, Korku, Mawasi, Pardhan, Sahariya
Maharashtra Bhaina, Bhunjia, Dhodia, Katkari, Khond, Rathawa, Warlis, Dhanka, Halba, Kathodi, Kokna, Koli, Mahadev, Pardhi, Thakur
Manipur Naga, Kuki, Meitei, Aimol, Angami, Chiru, Maram, Monsang, Paite, Purum, Thadou, Anal, Mao, Tangkhul, Thadou, Poumai Naga
Meghalaya Chakma, Dimasa, Khasi, Kuki, Lakher, Pawai, Raba, Mikir
Mizoram Chamka, Dimasa, Khasi, Kuki, Lakher, Pawi, Raba, Synteng, Lushai
Nagaland Angami, Garo, Kachari, Kuki, Mikir, Nagas, Sema, Ao, Chakhesang, Konyak, Lotha, Phom, Rengma, Sangtam
Odisha Gadaba, Ghara, Kharia, Khond, Matya, Oraons, Rajuar, Santhals, Bathudi, Bathuri, Bhottada, Bhumij, Gond, Juang, Kisan, Kolha, Kora, Khayara, Koya, Munda, Paroja, Saora, Shabar, Lodha
Rajasthan Bhils, Damaria, Dhanka, Meenas (Minas), Patelia, Sahariya, Naikda, Nayaka, Kathodi
Sikkim Bhutia, Khas, Lepchas, Limboo, Tamang
Tamil Nadu Adiyan, Aranadan, Eravallan, Irular, Kadar, Kanikar, Kotas, Todas, Kurumans, Malayali
Telangana Chenchus
Tripura Bhil, Bhutia, Chaimal, Chakma, Halam, Khasia, Lushai, Mizel, Namte, Mag, Munda, Riang
Uttarakhand Bhotias, Buksa, Jaunsari, Khas, Raji, Tharu
Uttar Pradesh Bhotia, Buksa, Jaunsari, Kol, Raji, Tharu, Gond, Kharwar, Saharya, Parahiya, Baiga, Agariya, Chero
West Bengal Asur, Khond, Hajong, Ho, Parhaiya, Rabha, Santhals, Savar, Bhumij, Bhutia, Chik Baraik, Kisan, Kora, Lodha, Kheria, Khariam, Mahali, Mal Pahariya, Oraon
Andaman & Nicobar Oraons, Onges, Sentinelese, Shompens

India Sets New HS Codes for GI-Tagged Rice Exports

In a significant move to bolster the export of Geographical Indication (GI)-recognized rice varieties, India is developing new Harmonized System of Nomenclature (HSN) codes. This initiative aims to streamline the export process for unique rice types such as Red Rice, Black Rice, and Kalanamak Rice, which hold GI tags.

Why is India Introducing New HS Codes for GI-Tagged Rice?

For years, India’s rice exports have been categorized under broad HSN codes, making it difficult to distinguish between general and specialty rice varieties. This has created challenges, especially during export restrictions or policy changes. The new HSN codes aim to:

  • Provide distinct recognition to GI-tagged rice varieties such as Red Rice, Black Rice, and Kalanamak Rice.
  • Help exporters in avoiding unnecessary trade barriers.
  • Ensure that premium rice varieties receive fair pricing and global recognition.

How Have Recent Policy Changes Impacted Rice Exports?

In recent months, India has made several policy adjustments to balance its domestic needs while keeping its rice exports competitive globally. Some key changes include:

  • September 2024: The Indian government reduced the export duty on rice in the husk (paddy or rough), husked (brown) rice, and parboiled rice from 20% to 10%. Additionally, the export duty on semi-milled or wholly-milled rice (excluding parboiled and Basmati rice) was eliminated .

  • October 2024: Further boosting rice exports, the government removed the export duty on parboiled rice and husked rice, making these varieties more accessible in global markets .

What Are the Expected Benefits of These New HS Codes?

The introduction of specific HS codes for GI-recognized rice varieties is likely to bring multiple advantages, including:

  • Better Market Positioning: Dedicated codes will help GI-tagged rice varieties stand out in global markets, ensuring better branding and competitive pricing.

  • Easier Trade and Customs Clearance: New codes will simplify export documentation and reduce the chances of misclassification.

  • Protection Against Export Restrictions: In case of trade bans or duty hikes on general rice categories, having specific HS codes will help ensure these specialty rice varieties are treated separately and protected from broad restrictions.

What Does This Mean for the Future of GI-Tagged Agricultural Products?

India’s move to assign specific HS codes to GI-recognized rice varieties reflects a broader strategy to protect and promote its unique agricultural heritage. By ensuring that these products have distinct classifications, the government acknowledges their cultural and economic significance. This approach not only safeguards the interests of farmers but also positions India to better cater to niche markets globally, where there is a growing appreciation for specialty agricultural products.

Summary of the news

Topic Details
Why in News? India has introduced new HS codes to allow the export of Geographical Indication (GI)-recognized rice varieties like Red Rice, Black Rice, and Kalanamak Rice. This move differentiates them from general non-basmati rice to prevent export restrictions and promote global trade.
HS Code A globally recognized system for classifying traded goods, used for taxation and trade policies.
Geographical Indication (GI) Tag A certification for products that originate from a specific region and possess unique qualities due to that origin.
Key GI-Tagged Rice Varieties Red Rice, Black Rice, Kalanamak Rice
India’s Rice Export Policy India had banned non-basmati white rice exports, affecting GI rice varieties due to lack of differentiation. The new HS codes resolve this issue.
Ministry Responsible Ministry of Commerce and Industry
India’s Rank in Rice Exports India is the world’s largest rice exporter.
Largest Rice Importing Countries China, Bangladesh, African nations, Middle Eastern countries

International Epilepsy Day 2025: Date, Theme, History and Importance

International Epilepsy Day (IED) is a global healthcare event observed on the 2nd Monday of February every year, since its inception in 2015. The event aims to bring together patients suffering from epilepsy and create a sense of community to discuss the condition, its epidemiological profile, diagnosis, and treatment. IED focuses on raising awareness and providing support to the millions of individuals affected by this neurological disorder. This year, International Epilepsy Day 2025 celebrated on 10th February, a Monday, with the theme “MyEpilepsyJourney”.

Understanding Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a prevalent medical condition that not only affects the individual physically but also has significant psychological and emotional impacts on both patients and caregivers. It is a neurological disorder that causes recurrent seizures, and globally, approximately 650 million people suffer from epilepsy, with 80% of these individuals residing in developing nations. In these regions, the occurrence of new cases ranges from 40 to 70 cases per 1,00,000 individuals.

Epidemiological Data and Impact of Epilepsy

In India, the prevalence of epilepsy is estimated at 5.59 to 10 per 1000 people. It is reported that over one crore (10 million) individuals in India live with epilepsy, making up approximately 1% of the country’s population. The condition is more prevalent in rural areas (1.9%) compared to urban areas (0.6%). The disease burden is substantial, and although it is a treatable condition, the lack of consistent access to medication and care in some regions exacerbates the problem.

In 2004, the European Brain Council estimated the disease burden of epilepsy at 16 crores 10 lakh Euros and in 2010, this figure rose to 21 crores 20 lakh Euros, highlighting the growing economic impact of epilepsy worldwide.

International Epilepsy Day 2025 Theme

The theme for International Epilepsy Day 2025 is “MyEpilepsyJourney”. This theme encourages individuals living with epilepsy to share their personal experiences and stories. By opening up about their challenges and successes, the initiative aims to create greater awareness and understanding of the disease. Sharing personal experiences also allows for better patient care, with the ultimate goal of ensuring that people with epilepsy receive the best possible care and support to improve their quality of life.

Importance of International Epilepsy Day (IED)

International Epilepsy Day plays a critical role in raising awareness about epilepsy and addressing the various issues faced by patients, such as lack of access to treatment and the stigma surrounding the condition. It also encourages policy changes and calls for greater investment in research to find more effective treatments.

Despite advances in healthcare, many individuals with epilepsy, even in affluent countries, do not have regular access to anti-seizure medications or adequate care. Furthermore, approximately one-third of epilepsy patients do not respond to therapy, indicating the need for further research into the pathophysiological causes of epilepsy to create more effective treatments.

The recognition of a dedicated day for epilepsy has the potential to help in several areas, such as:

  • Reducing stigma towards people living with epilepsy
  • Increasing funding for medical research into epilepsy and related treatments
  • Formulating policies that better support epilepsy patients in their daily lives, particularly in areas of employment, education, and healthcare

The Challenge of Stigma and Discrimination

One of the key challenges faced by people living with epilepsy is stigma and discrimination. Epilepsy is often misunderstood by society, leading to significant prejudice. In many parts of the world, people with epilepsy experience limitations on their human rights, including restrictions on employment, marriage, and even driving. This lack of understanding and acceptance results in the social isolation of those affected by the condition. The theme of “Stigma” for International Epilepsy Day 2023 was intended to raise awareness about the prejudice and discrimination that people with epilepsy face, emphasizing the importance of changing societal perceptions.

History of International Epilepsy Day (IED)

International Epilepsy Day was first organized in 2015 by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE). The day serves as a platform for epilepsy patients to share their stories and experiences with the world, helping to spread awareness about the condition. The event also advocates for appropriate regulations that will improve the lives of those living with epilepsy and highlight the need for comprehensive healthcare services for the condition.

Epilepsy Prevention: Reducing the Risk

Preventing epilepsy is a public health goal that can be achieved through various methods aimed at reducing risk factors associated with the condition. Common ways to reduce the chances of developing epilepsy include:

  • Preventing Traumatic Brain Injuries: As brain injuries are a common cause of epilepsy, wearing safety belts in cars and motorcycle helmets can help prevent motor vehicle-related injuries.
  • Lowering the Chances of Stroke and Heart Disease: Maintaining a healthy lifestyle through proper diet, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking can lower the risk of stroke and heart disease, both of which can lead to epilepsy later in life.
  • Preventing Diseases: Vaccinations and immunizations against diseases that can cause epilepsy, such as meningitis, can help prevent the condition.
  • Maintaining Hygiene: Cysticercosis, caused by the tapeworm Taenia solium, is a leading cause of epilepsy in many parts of the world. Preventing this infection through proper hygiene and ensuring pork is well-cooked can reduce the risk.

Summary of the News

Aspects Details
Why in News? International Epilepsy Day (IED) is observed globally on the 2nd Monday of February, aiming to raise awareness and support for individuals living with epilepsy. The theme for IED 2025 is “MyEpilepsyJourney”, encouraging people to share their personal experiences.
Theme of IED 2025 The theme “MyEpilepsyJourney” encourages individuals with epilepsy to share their personal stories to increase awareness, promote understanding, and improve the quality of life for those affected by the condition.
Epidemiological Impact of Epilepsy – 650 million people globally suffer from epilepsy. – 80% of sufferers are from developing countries, with 40-70 new cases per 1,00,000 persons. – In India, over one crore (10 million) people have epilepsy.
Prevalence of Epilepsy in India The prevalence of epilepsy in India is 5.59 to 10 per 1000. The condition is more common in rural areas (1.9%) compared to urban areas (0.6%).
Historical Context of IED – IED was first organized in 2015 by ILAE and IBE. – The day serves as a platform to raise awareness and advocate for better healthcare and social inclusion for those with epilepsy.
Challenges Faced by Epilepsy Patients – Stigma and Discrimination: Epilepsy patients face prejudice and restrictions on employment, marriage, and driving due to misconceptions about the condition. – One-third of epilepsy patients are resistant to therapy, signaling the need for more research.
Significance of Epilepsy Awareness Raising awareness about epilepsy can help in reducing stigma, increasing funding for research, and formulating better policies to support patients in areas like education, employment, and healthcare.
Preventing Epilepsy Prevention strategies include: – Preventing traumatic brain injuries (use of seat belts and helmets) – Healthy lifestyle choices (diet, exercise, no smoking) – Vaccination against diseases like meningitis. – Maintaining hygiene to prevent infections.

 

Over 54.5 Crore Jan Dhan Accounts Opened till Jan 15

As of January 15, 2025, the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) has surpassed a significant milestone, with over 54.58 crore bank accounts opened. What makes this achievement even more remarkable is that 55.7% of these accounts belong to women, highlighting the scheme’s role in promoting financial inclusion, especially among marginalized communities. Since its launch in August 2014, PMJDY has transformed from a basic financial access initiative into a foundation for various government welfare programs, social security schemes, and digital transactions.

How Has Jan Dhan Yojana Expanded Over the Years?

PMJDY started with the goal of providing every unbanked household with a basic savings account, debit card, and access to banking services. Over the years, it has evolved, ensuring that every unbanked adult also benefits. According to official data, 30.37 crore women have opened accounts under this scheme, strengthening their economic participation.

Additionally, the scheme has played a key role in integrating financial services such as insurance, pensions, and direct benefit transfers (DBT). The initiative has particularly helped in reducing dependency on cash transactions and fostering a habit of savings.

What Is the Impact on Social Security Enrollments?

PMJDY accounts have become a gateway for millions to access government-backed social security schemes. According to the latest data:

  • Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY): 22.52 crore enrollments, including over 10 crore women.
  • Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY): 49.12 crore enrollments, with 22.84 crore women subscribers.
  • Atal Pension Yojana (APY): 7.25 crore enrollments as of December 31, 2024, of which 3.44 crore are women.

These figures indicate that women are actively participating in financial security schemes, ensuring better economic stability for families.

What Challenges Exist and What’s Next for PMJDY?

One of the key challenges in the past has been the issue of inoperative accounts. As of November 20, 2024, there were 11.30 crore inoperative accounts, collectively holding Rs 14,750 crore. However, government efforts have led to a decline in inoperative accounts in public sector banks, from 39.62% in March 2017 to 20.91% in November 2024 (Source: BFSI Economic Times). Banks are now working on making the reactivation process simpler and more accessible.

Looking ahead, the government has set a target to open another 3 crore PMJDY accounts in the fiscal year 2024-25. The cumulative deposit balance in these accounts stood at Rs 2.3 trillion as of August 14, 2024, and the average balance per account has risen from Rs 1,065 in 2015 to Rs 4,352 in 2024. Around 80% of these accounts are active, showing strong participation in the banking system.

Summary of the news

Topic Details
Why in News? Over 54.58 crore Jan Dhan accounts opened as of January 15, 2025, with 55.7% held by women. Government targets 3 crore more accounts in FY 2024-25. Deposits stand at Rs 2.3 trillion, with 80% accounts active.
Total Jan Dhan Accounts 54.58 crore
Women Account Holders 30.37 crore (55.7%)
Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY) Enrollments 22.52 crore (10+ crore women)
Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY) Enrollments 49.12 crore (22.84 crore women)
Atal Pension Yojana (APY) Enrollments 7.25 crore (3.44 crore women) (As of Dec 31, 2024)
Inoperative Jan Dhan Accounts 11.30 crore (As of Nov 20, 2024)
Balance in Inoperative Accounts Rs 14,750 crore
Decline in Inoperative Accounts (PSBs) 39.62% (2017) → 20.91% (Nov 2024)
Deposit Balance (PMJDY Accounts) Rs 2.3 trillion (As of Aug 14, 2024)
Average Balance Per Account Rs 4,352 (Aug 16, 2024) (Up from Rs 1,065 in 2015)
Launch Year of PMJDY August 2014
Objective of PMJDY Provide banking access to every unbanked household & adult
Future Target (2024-25) 3 crore more accounts to be opened

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