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States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

States and Capitals

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO State Capital CM Governor
1 Andhra Pradesh Amaravati Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu S. Abdul Nazer
2 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Pema Khandu Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3 Assam Dispur Himanta Biswa Sarma Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4 Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar Arif Mohammed Khan
5 Chhattisgarh Raipur Vishnu Deo Sai Ramen Deka
6 Goa Panaji Pramod Sawant P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7 Gujarat Gandhinagar Bhupendra Patel Acharya Dev Vrat
8 Haryana Chandigarh Nayab Singh Saini Bandaru Dattatraya
9 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu Shiv Pratap Shukla
10 Jharkhand Ranchi Hemant Soren Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11 Karnataka Bengaluru Siddaramaiah Thaawarchand Gehlot
12 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Pinarayi Vijayan Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Mohan Yadav Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14 Maharashtra Mumbai Devendra Fadnavis C.P. Radhakrishnan
15 Manipur Imphal N. Biren Singh
Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16 Meghalaya Shillong Conrad Kongkal Sangma
C H Vijayashankar
17 Mizoram Aizawl Lalduhoma General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18 Nagaland Kohima Neiphiu Rio
La. Ganesan
19 Odisha Bhubaneswar Mohan Charan Majhi
Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20 Punjab Chandigarh Bhagwant Singh Mann Gulab Chand Kataria
21 Rajasthan Jaipur Bhajan Lal Sharma Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22 Sikkim Gangtok PS Golay Om Prakash Mathur
23 Tamil Nadu Chennai M. K. Stalin R. N. Ravi
24 Telangana Hyderabad Anumula Revanth Reddy Jishnu Dev Varma
25 Tripura Agartala Dr. Manik Saha Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Yogi Aditya Nath Anandiben Patel
27 Uttarakhand Dehradun Pushkar Singh Dhami Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28 West Bengal Kolkata Mamata Banerjee Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO Union Territories Capital CM Lt. Governor
1 Andaman and Nicobar Island Port Blair NA D K Joshi
2 Chandigarh Chandigarh NA Banwarilal Purohit
3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Daman NA Praful Patel
4 Delhi Delhi Rekha Gupta Vinai Kumar Saxena
5 Ladakh NA NA B. D. Mishra
6 Lakshadweep Kavaratti NA Praful Patel
7 Jammu and Kashmir NA Omar Abdullah Manoj Sinha
8 Puducherry Pondicherry N. Rangaswamy C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference States Union Territories
Head of Administration Governor Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type Elected by the People Managed by the central government
Powers Shares power with the central government. Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No. States Language
1 Andhra Pradesh Telugu and Urdu
2 Arunachal Pradesh Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3 Assam Assamese
4 Bihar Hindi
5 Chhattisgarh Hindi
6 Goa Marathi Konkani
7 Gujarat Gujarati
8 Haryana Hindi
9 Himachal Pradesh Hindi and Pahari
10 Jharkhand Hindi
11 Karnataka Kannada
12 Kerala Malayalam
13 Madhya Pradesh Hindi
14 Maharashtra Marathi
15 Manipur Manipuri
16 Meghalaya Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17 Mizoram Mizo and English
18 Nagaland Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19 Odisha Oriya
20 Punjab Punjabi
21 Rajasthan Rajasthani and Hindi
22 Sikkim Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23 Tamil Nadu Tamil
24 Telangana Telugu
25 Tripura Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26 Uttar Pradesh Hindi
27 Uttarakhand Hindi
28 West Bengal Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

  • Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
  • Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
  • Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
  • Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
  • Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
  • Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
  • Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
  • Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

Top 5 Modern Tanks Compared: Armata vs Abrams vs Leclerc vs Merkava vs Type 99

In the era of high-tech warfare, the modern battlefield demands a new generation of main battle tanks (MBTs) that blend firepower, protection, and digital combat systems. While drones, satellites, and cyber capabilities are reshaping the future of conflict, the MBT remains a critical asset for ground dominance, particularly in high-intensity and urban warfare.

This article explores the top 5 modern tanks in service as of 2025 — Russia’s T-14 Armata, the M1A2 Abrams SEP v3 from the United States, France’s Leclerc XLR, Israel’s Merkava Mk 4 Barak, and China’s Type 99A. Each of these represents the technological peak of their nation’s armored forces, built for survivability, lethality, and networked warfare.

Absolutely! Here’s a simple comparison table summarizing the Top 5 Modern Tanks in 2025, based on firepower, protection, mobility, and technology:

Top 5 Modern Tanks in the World (2025)

Tank Model Country Main Gun Key Features Primary Role
T-14 Armata Russia 125 mm smoothbore Unmanned turret, AI fire control, active protection, armored crew capsule Next-gen automation, strategic deterrent
M1A2 Abrams SEP v3 United States 120 mm smoothbore Depleted uranium armor, Trophy APS, networked combat systems Multi-role frontline battle tank
Leclerc XLR France 120 mm GIAT gun Autoloader, Scorpion battle network, lightweight and agile Rapid deployment and NATO interoperability
Merkava Mk 4 Barak Israel 120 mm smoothbore Front-engine layout, AI-assisted targeting, troop-carrying capability Urban warfare, high survivability
Type 99A China 125 mm smoothbore Beidou integration, laser defence, composite and ERA armour High-tech mobility, regional deterrence

1. T-14 Armata (Russia): A Revolutionary Tank Concept

The T-14 Armata is Russia’s most advanced and ambitious tank design to date. Built on the Armata Universal Combat Platform, it is the first third-generation MBT developed post-Cold War and is designed for crew survivability and full automation.

Key Features and Firepower

The T-14 is equipped with a 125 mm smoothbore cannon capable of firing APFSDS rounds, anti-tank guided missiles, and airburst munitions. It also features autoloader technology, which allows for faster rate of fire and reduces crew workload.

Unmanned Turret and AI Integration

What sets the T-14 apart is its unmanned turret, with the entire three-person crew seated inside a heavily armored capsule in the hull. The tank incorporates advanced battlefield sensors, AI-powered fire control, and active protection systems (APS) like Afghanit, capable of intercepting incoming projectiles.

Operational Status

While the T-14 remains in limited production due to cost and logistical constraints, it is considered a prototype of next-generation armored warfare.

2. M1A2 Abrams SEP v3 (USA): Proven Power, Continually Upgraded

The M1A2 Abrams SEP v3 is the latest evolution of America’s iconic battle tank. Known for its combat-proven performance in multiple theaters, the SEP v3 focuses on survivability, electronics, and fuel efficiency without sacrificing the core firepower of the original platform.

Armor and Protection

The Abrams features Depleted Uranium composite armor, offering top-tier protection against both kinetic and chemical energy threats. The SEP v3 adds the Trophy active protection system, capable of detecting and neutralizing RPGs and ATGMs before impact.

Fire Control and Networking

Its 120 mm smoothbore gun is mated to a digital fire-control system, stabilized optics, and night-vision targeting, enabling long-range precision. The SEP v3 also integrates networked battle management, allowing real-time data sharing with drones, infantry, and other armored units.

Combat Role

The Abrams remains a frontline tank in NATO operations, offering both offensive punch and robust defense in symmetric and asymmetric conflicts.

3. Leclerc XLR (France): Light, Fast, Digitally Advanced

The Leclerc XLR is the latest version of the French Leclerc MBT, upgraded to meet NATO standards and better suited for modern warfare. The tank is renowned for its low weight, high speed, and cutting-edge electronics.

Agility and Firepower

Weighing significantly less than its Western counterparts, the Leclerc offers superior mobility and acceleration. It is armed with a 120 mm GIAT cannon, equipped with an autoloader, enabling a high rate of fire without increasing crew size.

Digital Systems and Crew Interface

The Leclerc XLR features a Scorpion battle network interface, allowing real-time communication, target sharing, and AI-assisted threat analysis. The tank includes a remote-controlled weapon station and upgraded passive and active protection systems.

European Edge

France has positioned the Leclerc as a key component of European rapid reaction forces, particularly in joint operations with Germany and other EU states.

4. Merkava Mk 4 Barak (Israel): Battlefield Integration and Crew Safety

Israel’s Merkava Mk 4 Barak is an evolution of its famed tank series, known for prioritizing crew survivability, asymmetric warfare capability, and real-time threat detection.

Design Philosophy

Unlike conventional MBTs, the Merkava places its engine in the front of the vehicle, adding an extra layer of protection for the crew compartment. Its rear section is designed to carry infantry or wounded soldiers, giving it multi-role utility in urban warfare.

Combat Systems and Sensors

The Mk 4 Barak incorporates the Trophy active protection system, which has proven effective in live combat. Its fire control system can track and engage multiple targets simultaneously, aided by AI-supported threat identification and 360-degree battlefield awareness.

Urban Warfare Dominance

The Merkava’s emphasis on survivability, maneuverability, and target acquisition makes it particularly effective in close-quarters and asymmetric environments, where threats like RPGs and IEDs are prevalent.

5. Type 99A (China): Indigenous Tech with Global Ambitions

The Type 99A is China’s most advanced operational MBT, representing its ambition to rival Western and Russian tank designs with indigenous capabilities and digital enhancements.

Firepower and Armor

The tank features a 125 mm smoothbore gun capable of firing armor-piercing rounds and anti-tank missiles. Its armor is a mix of composite plating and explosive reactive armor (ERA), offering protection against modern ATGMs and shells.

Electronics and Battlefield Integration

The Type 99A boasts laser warning receivers, GPS-based navigation, and an advanced fire-control system integrated with China’s Beidou satellite network. A built-in laser dazzler can disrupt enemy optics.

Strategic Importance

As China seeks to modernize its army and expand its influence, the Type 99A plays a central role in both continental defense and potential high-mobility deployments in Asia.

Which is the Highest Railway Station in India? Know About It

India is home to many beautiful and unique railway stations, especially in the hilly regions. Some of the stations are located at great heights and offer stunning views of the mountains and valleys. These high-altitude stations are important for both travel and tourism. In this article, we will learn about the railway station that stands at the highest point in the country and why it is so special.

Highest Railway Station in India

Ghum Railway Station, located in West Bengal, is the highest railway station in India. It stands at a height of 2,258 meters (7,407 feet) above sea level. It is a part of the famous Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, which is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Ghum is known for its scenic beauty, the nearby Ghum Monastery and the famous Batasia Loop.

History of Ghum Railway Station

The construction of the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway began in 1879. By April 4, 1881, the railway line had reached Ghum. Before the railway was built, it took people 5 to 6 days to travel from Kolkata to Darjeeling using steam trains, bullock carts and palanquins.

In 1878, a new railway line to Siliguri was opened, which shortened the journey to just two days. Today, people can reach New Jalpaiguri from Kolkata in about 10 hours by train. From there, it takes 3-4 hours by road or 6-7 hours by the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway to reach Ghum.

Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Ride

The train journey from Siliguri to Ghum is a slow but beautiful ride. After reaching Ghum, the train goes down about 1,000 feet to Darjeeling. On the way, it passes through the famous Batasia Loop – a spiral track built to help the train climb the steep hill. This loop offers stunning views of the mountains and the valley.

Tourists who don’t want to take the full journey can enjoy a shorter ride between Darjeeling and Ghum. This tourist train is very popular for its scenic route and historical charm.

Rail Museum at Ghum

There is also a small Rail Museum at Ghum Railway Station. It displays old photographs, models and items related to the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway. It gives visitors a glimpse into the rich history of this mountain railway.

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Top 5 Submarines in the World: Technology, Stealth, and Firepower

In modern naval warfare, submarines play an unmatched strategic role. They operate beneath the surface with the ability to gather intelligence, deliver nuclear strikes, and enforce maritime deterrence. In 2025, the world’s leading navies continue to develop and deploy advanced submarines that push the boundaries of stealth, firepower, and underwater endurance.

This article explores the top 5 submarines in the world, examining their technological sophistication, weapons systems, and strategic importance in global naval dominance.

Absolutely! Here’s a simple comparison table for the article “Top 5 Submarines in the World: Technology, Stealth, and Firepower”, summarizing key attributes of each platform:

Top 5 Submarines in the World (2025)

Rank Submarine Class Country Type Key Features
1 Virginia-Class Block V United States Nuclear-powered attack (SSN) Tomahawk payload upgrade, advanced stealth, long endurance
2 Borei-A Class Russia Nuclear-powered ballistic (SSBN) Carries Bulava SLBMs, strategic second-strike capability, improved quieting
3 Astute-Class United Kingdom Nuclear-powered attack (SSN) Spearfish torpedoes, Tomahawk missiles, advanced sonar
4 Type 212CD Germany/Norway Conventional AIP Fuel-cell propulsion, ultra-quiet, ideal for shallow/coastal operations
5 Barracuda-Class (Suffren) France Nuclear-powered attack (SSN) Exocet and SCALP missiles, special forces deployment module, stealth focus

1. Virginia-Class Block V (United States)

The Virginia-class Block V is considered the most capable attack submarine currently in service with the United States Navy. This latest iteration of the Virginia-class incorporates significant upgrades in weapon capacity, sonar systems, and stealth technology.

Key Technological Features

The Block V variant is equipped with the Virginia Payload Module (VPM), a key enhancement that increases the submarine’s cruise missile capacity from 12 to 40. This upgrade significantly boosts the submarine’s land-attack capabilities, allowing it to strike strategic targets with Tomahawk cruise missiles from deep underwater.

Stealth and Endurance

The submarine’s design includes advanced anechoic coating, pump-jet propulsion, and quieting systems, making it extremely difficult to detect. It also features the latest acoustic sensors and non-penetrating photonics masts, giving it superior situational awareness.

Strategic Value

Virginia-class Block V submarines serve as multi-role platforms, capable of performing anti-submarine warfare, intelligence gathering, special operations, and precision strikes. They are expected to serve as the backbone of U.S. undersea power for decades.

2. Borei-A Class (Russia)

The Borei-A class, also known as Project 955A, represents the next generation of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) for the Russian Navy. These submarines are designed to form the core of Russia’s strategic nuclear deterrent.

Firepower and Strategic Role

Each Borei-A submarine can carry up to 16 Bulava submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), each equipped with multiple nuclear warheads. These missiles have an intercontinental range and are capable of penetrating most existing missile defense systems.

Stealth and Modernization

The Borei-A class incorporates major improvements in stealth technology, acoustic quieting, and automation compared to its predecessors. It also has a hydrodynamically optimized hull, making it more maneuverable and difficult to detect.

Geopolitical Significance

Deployed in both the Pacific and Northern fleets, Borei-A submarines ensure that Russia maintains a second-strike capability even in the face of a nuclear attack, reinforcing its role as a global superpower.

3. Astute-Class (United Kingdom)

The Astute-class submarines are the most advanced nuclear-powered attack submarines in service with the Royal Navy. Designed for covert intelligence, precision strikes, and anti-submarine warfare, the Astute class is a formidable presence in the North Atlantic and beyond.

Technology and Propulsion

Powered by a nuclear reactor that will never require refueling, the Astute class can remain submerged for over three months at a time. It is fitted with advanced sonar systems, including the Thales Sonar 2076, which is considered one of the most sensitive in the world.

Weapons and Capabilities

The submarines are armed with Spearfish heavyweight torpedoes and Tomahawk Block IV cruise missiles, giving them the ability to engage both sea and land targets with precision. They also feature state-of-the-art electronic warfare systems.

Operational Versatility

Astute-class submarines are highly versatile and are regularly deployed for NATO operations, ensuring that the UK remains a critical player in undersea warfare and strategic intelligence missions.

4. Type 212CD (Germany/Norway)

The Type 212CD, a joint project between Germany and Norway, represents the cutting edge of conventional (non-nuclear) submarine technology. The “CD” stands for Common Design, and these submarines are the most advanced air-independent propulsion (AIP) boats in the world.

Stealth and AIP Innovation

Using hydrogen fuel cell technology, Type 212CD submarines can operate submerged for weeks without surfacing, making them nearly as stealthy as their nuclear counterparts. Their magnetically silent hulls and low acoustic signatures make detection extremely difficult.

Operational Range and Weapons

While they lack nuclear power, Type 212CD subs are armed with torpedoes, anti-ship missiles, and sophisticated mine-laying systems. They are optimized for operations in shallow coastal waters and are ideal for NATO patrols in the Baltic and North Sea.

Strategic Edge

These submarines highlight how non-nuclear navies can remain technologically competitive. Their low operational cost and high stealth make them a valuable asset in any modern naval conflict.

5. Barracuda-Class (France)

The Barracuda-class, officially called Suffren-class, is France’s new generation of nuclear-powered attack submarines (SSNs). Built by Naval Group, the Barracuda-class combines stealth, endurance, and multi-mission flexibility.

Technological Advancements

These submarines are equipped with latest-generation sonar, optronic masts, and electronic warfare suites. The nuclear propulsion allows for unlimited underwater endurance, while the design reduces thermal and acoustic signatures significantly.

Weapons System

The Barracuda-class is armed with torpedoes, Exocet anti-ship missiles, and SCALP naval cruise missiles, enabling it to strike targets at long range. It also includes special forces deployment modules, making it suitable for covert operations.

Global Reach

With deployments planned in the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, and Indo-Pacific, these submarines bolster France’s global naval presence and support its strategic autonomy within NATO.

From Idea to Impact: Adda247 Co-Founder Anil Nagar Explains His ‘Why’

Kabhi socha hai… un students ka kya hota hai jo system mein fit hi nahi hote?

The ones who can’t afford big coaching centres.
The ones who don’t speak fluent English.
The ones who fight a hundred battles – just to stay in the race.

When I started Adda247, we didn’t start with a business plan or a fancy pitch deck. We started with one simple thought:

There are millions of students in this country who are not weak.
They’re just being left out.

This blog is about three students who made us pause and remember why we do what we do. They didn’t come from privilege. They came with perseverance.

Aditya – The Boy Who Couldn’t See, But Never Stopped Looking Ahead

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_9.1

Aditya lost 90% of his vision.

His own family’s coaching centre refused to teach him — afraid his failure would ruin their “result rate.”

But Aditya didn’t stop. He attended our live classes at Adda247. He used screen readers to watch recorded sessions again and again. He did everything his own way.

And the result? 88% in 12th boards. 93% in Economics. 92% in Psychology.

And now, Aditya wants to come back — not as a student, but as a teacher. That’s what full-circle looks like.

“I never thought he would pass 12th, let alone top.
Thank you, Adda247.” — Aditya’s mother

Prachi – The Girl Who Topped, So She Could Change Her Village

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Prachi comes from a remote village in Firozabad district — where roads are broken and schools barely function.

She had no coaching. No internet. No exposure.

What she had — was intent.

She studied using Adda247 resources, stayed consistent — and scored 453/500 in UP Board, securing the 2nd rank in her entire district.

Her dream is to become an IAS officer. Not for a government job. But to fix the very village that tried to hold her back.

We’re now sponsoring her full UPSC prep through StudyIQ. Because students like Prachi don’t just need applause — they need real support.

Anushka – The Girl Who Refused Help, and Still Topped

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Anushka is differently abled. She can’t walk without support. One of her hands is stiff — writing even a line takes effort.

During her board exams, she had the option to use a scribe. She refused. She said, “I will write my own paper.”

She attended live sessions on Adda247. Revised from recorded videos. Prepared quietly — with consistency. And when the results came? 100/100 in Geography.

She didn’t want special treatment. She just wanted a fair chance. Her dream is simple — to be independent. And we’re here to walk with her.

Closing Thoughts

These students didn’t ask for sympathy. They didn’t need “motivation”. They just needed access. And someone to believe in them.

That’s why we built Adda247. Not to chase toppers — but to find the forgotten. To reach the ones no one’s betting on.

Education can change lives. But only when it reaches the ones who need it the most.

Aditya. Prachi. Anushka. In their stories — I found mine again. Zindagi badalne ka pehla kadam.

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Top 10 Countries with the Most Technological Innovation in 2025

In 2025, the global landscape of technological innovation is more dynamic than ever. Driven by artificial intelligence, biotechnology, quantum computing, and sustainable energy, countries are racing not only to create advanced technologies but also to commercialize and scale them for global impact.

While traditional leaders like the United States, Japan, and Germany continue to shape global innovation, rising tech powers such as China, India, and South Korea are rapidly closing the gap, supported by strong state policies, educational reform, and venture capital flows.

This article explores the top 10 countries leading in technological innovation in 2025, focusing on their research ecosystems, intellectual property output, start-up activity, and influence in shaping the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

Top 10 Countries with the Most Technological Innovation in 2025

Rank Country Key Innovation Areas Notable Strengths
1 United States AI, biotech, semiconductors, space tech, clean energy Silicon Valley, top R&D spend, strong VC ecosystem
2 China 5G, AI, EVs, facial recognition, green manufacturing Government-led strategy, mass production, fast scaling
3 South Korea Semiconductors, robotics, smart cities High R&D-to-GDP ratio, tech giants like Samsung and LG
4 Germany Industry 4.0, mobility, green hydrogen, robotics Engineering excellence, EU innovation leadership
5 Japan Robotics, deep tech, quantum, space robotics Strong in hardware and automation, aging tech solutions
6 Israel Cybersecurity, medtech, fintech, quantum encryption High start-up density, military-to-commercial innovation
7 United Kingdom AI, fintech, biosciences, quantum computing Academic research, global start-up hub, government funding
8 Singapore Smart cities, fintech, AI governance, cybersecurity Smart Nation strategy, regional innovation hub
9 India SaaS, space tech, fintech, public digital infrastructure Huge STEM talent, digital public goods leadership
10 Sweden Green tech, digital health, circular economy, design innovation Sustainability-driven innovation, clean energy solutions

1. United States: The Global Powerhouse of Innovation

The United States remains the world’s leading hub for technological innovation in 2025, thanks to its combination of top-tier universities, a thriving start-up culture, and massive R&D investment.

American companies continue to lead in semiconductors, AI, space tech, biotech, and clean energy, with giants like Apple, Google, Tesla, NVIDIA, and SpaceX setting global trends. The U.S. government, through agencies like DARPA and NSF, continues to support cutting-edge innovation in areas such as quantum computing and defense technology.

The Silicon Valley ecosystem, supported by world-class VC funding and an open immigration policy for tech talent, ensures the U.S. retains its crown in global innovation.

2. China: Strategic Innovation and Technological Self-Sufficiency

China has emerged as a leading force in global innovation through state-driven technology development, massive industrial subsidies, and a rapidly growing base of STEM graduates.

In 2025, China leads in 5G deployment, AI implementation, facial recognition, e-commerce platforms, and green tech manufacturing. It also dominates global electric vehicle production and is making strong inroads into semiconductor self-sufficiency.

The Chinese government’s “Made in China 2025” and “China Standards 2035” initiatives have accelerated the nation’s push toward technological leadership across strategic sectors. Cities like Shenzhen, Beijing, and Hangzhou serve as thriving tech ecosystems for domestic and global innovation.

3. South Korea: High-Tech Infrastructure and R&D Leadership

South Korea continues to punch far above its weight in innovation. In 2025, the country maintains its status as one of the highest R&D spenders relative to GDP and leads in advanced manufacturing, robotics, and telecommunications.

South Korean firms like Samsung, LG, and Hyundai are global leaders in consumer electronics, semiconductor innovation, and automated mobility solutions. The country’s national strategy supports AI and quantum computing research, as well as the deployment of smart cities and green technologies.

Education excellence and a tightly integrated public-private partnership model contribute to South Korea’s strong global tech competitiveness.

4. Germany: Engineering Excellence Meets Digital Transition

Germany remains Europe’s most innovative economy in 2025, excelling in industrial automation, clean tech, mobility engineering, and advanced materials. The country continues to lead in Industry 4.0, combining its manufacturing strength with digital transformation.

With a strong research ecosystem centered around Fraunhofer Institutes, TU Munich, and corporate R&D labs, Germany fosters deep innovation in robotics, green hydrogen, and cybersecurity. German automakers are pivoting towards electric and autonomous vehicles, positioning the country as a future mobility leader.

Germany’s innovation edge is enhanced by high levels of patent activity and collaborative innovation across the European Union.

5. Japan: Deep-Tech Innovation and Future Mobility

Japan remains a global leader in robotics, electronics, and nanotechnology. In 2025, the country continues to push the frontiers of automated systems, AI integration, and space robotics, backed by companies like Toyota, Sony, and SoftBank.

Japan’s strategy focuses on solving societal problems through technology, including aging population support systems, AI healthcare, and clean transport. The country’s universities and research institutes are pioneering breakthroughs in quantum materials and neuroscience-based computing.

Although it faces demographic and labor challenges, Japan’s focus on quality over scale ensures continued leadership in deep-tech innovation.

6. Israel: Start-Up Nation Driving Deep Tech

In 2025, Israel remains one of the most innovative countries per capita, with a strong focus on cybersecurity, fintech, medtech, and military-grade technologies. With over 9 percent of GDP spent on R&D, Israel has one of the most vibrant tech start-up ecosystems globally.

Israel’s innovation model is built on military-to-civilian tech transfer, robust academic collaboration, and access to global capital. Tel Aviv is a thriving hub for start-ups working on autonomous systems, AI, biotechnology, and quantum encryption.

The nation’s reputation as a testbed for high-impact tech continues to grow, with increasing global partnerships and unicorn start-ups.

7. United Kingdom: Academic Strength and Global Start-Up Hub

The United Kingdom remains a powerhouse of scientific research and innovation in 2025, supported by prestigious institutions like Oxford, Cambridge, and Imperial College London. Despite Brexit-related challenges, the UK has sustained momentum in AI, quantum tech, biosciences, and fintech.

The London tech ecosystem continues to thrive, producing unicorns across digital health, green finance, and enterprise AI. Government-backed programs like Innovate UK and increased private VC funding have further accelerated the country’s innovation capacity.

Strategic collaboration with both U.S. and EU partners also strengthens the UK’s global R&D reach.

8. Singapore: Smart Nation with Strategic Innovation Focus

In 2025, Singapore stands out as one of the world’s most digitally advanced economies, with leadership in urban tech, health innovation, fintech, and AI governance.

Government initiatives like Smart Nation Singapore and public investments in research parks, tech incubators, and cybersecurity centers have made Singapore a magnet for regional innovation. Its focus on digital regulation, ethical AI, and data transparency offers a global model for future-ready governance.

Singapore’s connectivity, multilingual workforce, and investor-friendly environment make it a top choice for start-ups, researchers, and multinational R&D operations in Southeast Asia.

9. India: A Rising Force in Scalable Tech Innovation

India’s innovation ecosystem continues to evolve rapidly, driven by a massive talent pool, increased government support for R&D, and booming start-up activity. In 2025, India is a global leader in software development, space technology, digital infrastructure, and financial inclusion platforms.

Initiatives like Digital India, Startup India, and the National Quantum Mission are bearing fruit, with Indian firms excelling in SaaS, medtech, agri-tech, and AI-based governance. India is also playing a pivotal role in open-source digital public infrastructure, with models like Aadhaar and UPI being adopted worldwide.

With growing patent filings and strong tech exports, India is emerging as a global innovation engine for the next decade.

10. Sweden: Sustainable Innovation and Design Thinking

Sweden rounds out the list as a leader in sustainable technologies, green mobility, and digital health innovation. Companies like Ericsson, Spotify, Klarna, and Northvolt exemplify Sweden’s balanced approach to technology, ethics, and the environment.

In 2025, Sweden leads in renewable energy R&D, climate tech start-ups, and circular economy systems. The country benefits from strong educational institutions, state-backed innovation funding, and a national culture of design thinking and tech experimentation.

Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Lund continue to serve as hotbeds for deep-tech, AI, and sustainability-driven innovation.

“Original Sin: Jake Tapper’s Explosive Account of Biden’s Mental Decline”

In a revealing new book titled Original Sin: President Biden’s Decline, Its Cover-Up, and His Disastrous Choice to Run Again, CNN anchor Jake Tapper and Axios journalist Alex Thompson uncover the behind-the-scenes reality of Joe Biden’s alleged cognitive decline during his presidency. The book paints a picture of a dual presidency—one marked by legacy and statesmanship, and the other increasingly defined by memory lapses, confusion, and strategic shielding by his close aides.

Why in News?

The book has sparked major political and public discourse since its release in May 2025. It follows the aftermath of Biden’s debated performance during the June 2024 debate with Donald Trump and his eventual withdrawal from the presidential race. With Biden now diagnosed with advanced prostate cancer, the revelations have renewed discussions on presidential fitness, transparency, and media responsibility.

Key Highlights from ‘Original Sin’

Dual Image of Biden

  • The book portrays two Bidens—one as the seasoned, empathetic Vice President, and another as a struggling figure behind closed doors during his presidency.

Alarming Incidents Cited

  • Failure to recognize close political allies.
  • Forgetting important personal milestones like his son Beau’s death anniversary.
  • Struggles to maintain coherent thought during conversations.

Shielded Presidency

  • Aides reportedly managed the presidency like a “five-member board,” with Biden as a nominal chairman.
  • Tapper admits the media failed to fully investigate and report the decline in real-time.

Timeline & Related Developments

  • 2019–2020: Early signs of decline began appearing.
  • 2024: The June debate exposed visible cognitive strain.
  • July 2024: Biden withdrew from the presidential race.
  • May 2025: Book release coincides with news of Biden’s aggressive cancer diagnosis.

Media and Public Response

  • Tapper reflects on missed opportunities to question Biden’s health more assertively.
  • Raises ethical concerns about how health-related matters are reported in Washington.

Static Facts

  • Joe Biden: 46th President of the U.S., served from January 2021 to January 2025.
  • Beau Biden: Joe Biden’s son, died in 2015 due to brain cancer.
  • Jake Tapper: CNN journalist, known for moderating presidential debates and political commentary.

Overall Significance

  • Public Trust: Raises vital questions about the electorate’s right to transparency.
  • Health Disclosure Norms: Suggests a need for standardized health transparency among political leaders.
  • Media Role: Highlights journalistic responsibility in holding leaders accountable, even on sensitive issues like health.

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Top 10 Countries with the Lowest Income Tax in 2025

In an increasingly globalized and remote-friendly world, personal taxation plays a significant role in shaping migration, investment, and employment decisions. Whether for digital nomads, crypto investors, or high-income professionals, countries with low or zero income tax offer appealing financial advantages.

In 2025, while many nations continue to raise tax rates to fund social programs and recover from fiscal deficits, others have chosen to attract global talent and capital by maintaining minimal income tax regimes. This article explores the top 10 countries with the lowest income tax in 2025, along with the reasons behind their policies, and the broader implications for global taxation and lifestyle.

Understanding Income Tax Models

Income tax is the percentage of an individual’s earnings paid to the government. While progressive tax systems are the norm in developed economies, some nations have adopted territorial, flat-tax, or zero-tax systems. These approaches are typically supported by:

  • Natural resource revenues (oil and gas)
  • Tourism and financial services
  • Sovereign wealth funds or government subsidies
  • Economic diversification models with low public expenditure

1. United Arab Emirates: A Tax-Free Oasis for Professionals

As of 2025, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) remains a zero income tax country, with no tax on personal earnings or capital gains. This policy has played a key role in attracting expatriates, entrepreneurs, and remote workers from around the world.

The UAE compensates for its lack of income tax through revenues generated from oil exports, real estate, and business licensing fees. Dubai and Abu Dhabi have become global hubs for fintech, crypto, and media professionals. Despite introducing a corporate tax on businesses, personal income remains untaxed, making the UAE a top destination for tax-efficient living.

2. Qatar: Wealth Without Personal Taxation

Qatar, one of the wealthiest nations per capita, continues to levy no personal income tax on salaries, wages, or capital income. In 2025, it retains its reputation as one of the most financially advantageous places to live and work, especially for foreign professionals in the energy, finance, and logistics sectors.

Qatar’s generous tax model is sustained by its natural gas exports and its role as a regional investment powerhouse. The government’s strategic diversification into infrastructure, tourism, and education continues without burdening individual taxpayers.

3. Saudi Arabia: Zero Income Tax Policy Continues

Saudi Arabia maintains its zero income tax regime for individuals in 2025. While residents are required to pay Zakat (a religious wealth tax), this is applied only to Muslim citizens and does not function like traditional income tax.

The country funds its ambitious Vision 2030 transformation plan through state-owned enterprises, oil revenues, and sovereign investments. As it diversifies into entertainment, tourism, and technology, Saudi Arabia remains a favored destination for foreign workers seeking tax-free earnings.

4. Bermuda: No Income Tax in a Global Finance Hub

Bermuda, a British overseas territory, imposes no personal income tax and is widely known for its offshore finance and insurance industry. In 2025, the island continues to attract high-net-worth individuals, hedge funds, and digital entrepreneurs looking for low-tax environments.

Government revenues are generated primarily through payroll taxes (paid by employers), import duties, and tourism-related levies. Bermuda’s combination of natural beauty and tax efficiency makes it one of the most attractive zero-tax jurisdictions in the Western Hemisphere.

5. Monaco: Tax Haven with Luxury and Exclusivity

Famous for its luxury lifestyle and Mediterranean glamour, Monaco has retained its zero income tax policy for individuals since 1869. In 2025, it remains a favorite destination for sports stars, celebrities, and international business leaders.

Despite its high cost of living, Monaco’s real estate, banking, and tourism sectors allow the principality to maintain its generous tax regime. The country enforces strict residency requirements, ensuring only long-term residents can fully benefit from its tax laws.

6. The Bahamas: Tax-Free Living in the Caribbean

The Bahamas charges no income tax, no capital gains tax, and no wealth tax on individuals in 2025. The island nation relies heavily on tourism and offshore banking for government revenues.

Its combination of English-speaking infrastructure, tropical climate, and stable legal system makes it a go-to destination for remote workers, retirees, and crypto investors. The government encourages economic residency programs, making it easier for foreigners to settle long-term.

7. Brunei: Oil Wealth and Tax-Free Salaries

Brunei Darussalam continues its zero income tax policy in 2025, supported by rich oil and gas reserves. Citizens and expatriates pay no tax on personal income, while corporate taxes are limited to businesses operating outside the oil sector.

As a small but resource-rich nation, Brunei maintains generous state welfare programs and subsidized healthcare and education, all without taxing individual earnings.

8. Cayman Islands: Offshore Power with Zero Personal Tax

The Cayman Islands, another British territory, has built its reputation on zero personal taxation, making it one of the world’s most prominent offshore financial centers. In 2025, there is still no income tax, property tax, or capital gains tax for individuals.

The government collects revenue through licensing fees, import duties, and tourism. With strong privacy laws and a stable political environment, the Cayman Islands remain popular among investors, fund managers, and digital asset firms.

9. Oman: Low Tax Environment in the Gulf

While Oman introduced a value-added tax (VAT) in recent years, personal income remains untaxed in 2025. The country relies on oil exports, corporate taxes, and customs duties for state revenue.

Oman is seen as a more peaceful and scenic alternative to some of its Gulf neighbors, making it appealing to retirees and mid-level expatriate professionals seeking tax-free salaries and a slower pace of life.

10. Kuwait: Tax-Free Wages and Public Subsidies

In 2025, Kuwait continues to offer zero income tax for individuals, including both citizens and foreign workers. The government covers a wide range of services, from fuel subsidies to free healthcare, funded by its massive sovereign oil wealth.

Despite regional competition and fiscal pressures, Kuwait has resisted imposing personal taxes, maintaining its position as one of the world’s most generous rentier states.

Top 10 Countries with the Lowest Income Tax in 2025

Rank Country Personal Income Tax Rate Key Revenue Sources Popular Among
1 United Arab Emirates Zero Oil, business licenses, VAT Expats, crypto professionals
2 Qatar Zero Natural gas exports Energy sector workers, high-income expats
3 Saudi Arabia Zero Oil exports, corporate taxes Expats, engineers, executives
4 Bermuda Zero Payroll taxes, tourism, financial services Finance professionals, HNWIs
5 Monaco Zero Banking, real estate, tourism Celebrities, athletes, wealthy individuals
6 The Bahamas Zero Tourism, offshore banking Digital nomads, investors, retirees
7 Brunei Zero Oil and gas revenues Public sector workers, expats
8 Cayman Islands Zero Financial services, licensing fees Fund managers, entrepreneurs, tech firms
9 Oman Zero Oil, VAT, import duties Middle-income expats, retirees
10 Kuwait Zero Oil exports, state-owned investments Public sector workers, Gulf expats

Morgan Stanley Raises India’s Growth Forecast for FY26 and FY27

Morgan Stanley, a leading global financial services firm, has modestly upgraded India’s GDP growth forecast to 6.2% for FY26 and 6.5% for FY27, citing a strong domestic demand outlook and improving macroeconomic stability. The upward revision reflects confidence in India’s internal growth engines despite global uncertainties.

Why in News?

Morgan Stanley’s latest economic outlook report released on May 21, 2025, revises India’s growth projections upward for the next two fiscal years. This development is crucial as it signals growing investor confidence in India’s economic fundamentals and resilience amid global trade tensions and uncertain external conditions.

Key Points

  • FY26 Forecast: Revised from 6.1% to 6.2%
  • FY27 Forecast: Revised from 6.3% to 6.5%

Reasons for the Upgrade

  • De-escalation of US-China trade tensions, improving external demand marginally.
  • Domestic demand as the key driver, particularly urban consumption and robust rural demand.
  • Continued government policy support, especially through capex-focused fiscal policy.
  • Easier monetary policy anticipated from the RBI due to stable inflation and growth moderation.

Detailed Factors Behind the Forecast

Consumption Recovery

  • Becoming more broad-based.
  • Urban consumption is improving.
  • Rural demand remains strong.

Investment Scenario

  • Public and household capital expenditure (capex) are leading.
  • Gradual recovery expected in private corporate capex.

Policy Outlook

  • RBI expected to ease monetary policy further.
  • Fiscal consolidation to continue with a focus on capital expenditure.
  • Overall macroeconomic stability remains “within the comfort zone” with robust buffers.

Background

  • Morgan Stanley is among the top financial institutions globally, frequently cited for economic forecasting.
  • India had previously received projections of 6.1% (FY26) and 6.3% (FY27) from the firm.
  • The RBI’s official projection for FY26 stands at 6.5%.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Morgan Stanley Raises India’s Growth Forecast for FY26 and FY27
Forecast for FY26 Revised to 6.2% (from 6.1%)
Forecast for FY27 Revised to 6.5% (from 6.3%)
Primary Growth Driver Domestic demand
Consumption Trends Urban improving; rural robust
Investment Trends Public & household capex strong; corporate capex to recover
Policy Support Easing monetary policy, capex-focused fiscal consolidation
RBI’s FY26 GDP Projection 6.5%

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_18.1

FSSAI Launches Crackdown on Illegal Fruit Ripening Practices

In a proactive step to ensure food safety, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has directed all states and Union Territories to intensify monitoring and enforcement against the use of banned ripening agents like calcium carbide. This directive, aimed primarily at curbing unsafe practices in fruit markets and storage facilities, comes in light of rising concerns over the harmful effects of chemically ripened mangoes on public health.

Why in News?

The FSSAI issued a nationwide directive on May 21, 2025, asking food safety commissioners and regional directors to conduct special enforcement drives to prevent the use of prohibited chemicals, especially calcium carbide, in ripening fruits like mangoes.

Objective of the Directive

  • Ensure the sale of naturally ripened fruits.
  • Protect consumers from exposure to toxic and carcinogenic chemicals.
  • Strengthen enforcement at the state and regional level to monitor fruit markets and storage facilities.

Calcium Carbide: The Key Concern

  • Commonly used to artificially ripen fruits, especially mangoes.
  • Highly hazardous, as it may contain traces of arsenic and phosphorus.
  • Known to cause mouth ulcers, neurological symptoms, and has carcinogenic properties.

FSSAI’s Key Directives

  • Intensify inspections in mandis, fruit markets, and cold storages.
  • Conduct awareness campaigns for farmers, traders, and consumers.
  • Encourage use of ethylene gas, a safer alternative, under controlled conditions.
  • Take legal action against violators under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006.

Background

  • Artificial ripening with calcium carbide has been a recurring problem, especially during mango season.
  • FSSAI has issued several advisories in the past, but enforcement remains inconsistent across states.

Significance

  • A critical move to ensure food safety and public health.
  • Promotes organic and natural food handling practices.
  • Enhances consumer confidence in food quality.

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List of Countries with the Most Nuclear Weapons, Know About Them

As of 2025, nine countries in the world have nuclear weapons. These weapons are very powerful and can cause massive destruction. Some countries have more nuclear warheads than others, and they are also modernizing their weapons. Knowing which countries have the most nuclear warheads helps us understand global power and the need for peace and safety in the world.

What are Nuclear Weapons?

Nuclear weapons are very strong bombs that get their power from nuclear reactions. They can be made in two ways:

  • Fission bombs (atomic bombs): These use the splitting of atoms to release energy.
  • Fusion bombs (hydrogen bombs): These join atoms together and are even more powerful than fission bombs.

These weapons can kill millions of people and damage the environment badly.

History of Nuclear Weapons

The first nuclear bomb was made in 1945. After that, a few countries developed their own:

  • The United States was the first to make and use a nuclear bomb during the World War II.
  • Russia (then the Soviet Union) quickly followed.
  • Other countries like China, the UK and France also made nuclear weapons.
  • Later, India and Pakistan built them too, even though they were not part of the NPT.
  • North Korea first joined the NPT but later left and made nuclear bombs.
  • Israel has nuclear weapons but has not officially said so.
  • South Africa once had nuclear weapons but gave them up in 1991.

Country with the Most Nuclear Weapons

Russia has the highest number of nuclear weapons in the world.

Here are some quick facts:

  • Country: Russia
  • Capital: Moscow
  • Continent: Europe and Asia
  • Population: About 144 million
  • President: Vladimir Putin
  • Defence Minister: Andrey Belousov
  • Total nuclear weapons: 5,449

List of Countries with Nuclear Weapons

Several countries in the world have nuclear weapons. These powerful weapons are used mainly for defense. Only a few nations legally own them, while others have developed them secretly.

Here is the list of 9 countries that have nuclear weapons, along with how many they have:

Rank Country Number of Nuclear Weapons
1. Russia 5,449
2. United States 5,277
3. China 600
4. France 290
5. United Kingdom 225
6. India 180
7. Pakistan 170
8. Israel 90
9. North Korea 50

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