Smriti Irani, Shekhar Kapur Join PM Museum Council

The Prime Ministers’ Museum & Library (PMML) has undergone a significant reconstitution of its society and executive council, introducing several prominent figures to its leadership. Former Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister, Nripendra Mishra, has been reappointed as the chairperson for another five-year term.

Expansion of the Executive Council

The executive council, previously comprising 29 members, has been expanded to include 34 members. This expansion aims to bring diverse expertise and perspectives to the institution.

Notable New Members

  • Smriti Irani: Former Union Minister, bringing political and administrative experience.
  • Shekhar Kapur: Renowned filmmaker, adding cultural and artistic insights.
  • Rajiv Kumar: Former NITI Aayog Vice-Chairman, contributing economic and policy expertise.
  • Syed Ata Hasnain: Retired Army General, offering strategic and defense perspectives.
  • Vasudev Kamath: Associated with Sanskar Bharati, enhancing cultural representation.

Continuity and Change

While Nripendra Mishra continues as chairperson, some previous members have not been reappointed, including former Union Minister Anurag Thakur and journalist Rajat Sharma. This reshuffle reflects a strategic move to infuse fresh perspectives into the institution’s governance.

Historical Context

The PMML, formerly known as the Nehru Memorial Museum & Library (NMML), was renamed in 2023 to encompass the legacies of all Indian Prime Ministers. This reconstitution aligns with the government’s vision to make the institution a comprehensive repository of India’s political leadership history.

Summary of the news

Key Points Details
Why in news The Prime Ministers’ Museum & Library (PMML) reconstituted its governing body, appointing Nripendra Mishra as chairperson for another term and inducting new members like Smriti Irani and Shekhar Kapur.
Chairperson Nripendra Mishra (Reappointed for a five-year term)
New Members Smriti Irani (Former Union Minister), Shekhar Kapur (Filmmaker), Rajiv Kumar (Economist), Syed Ata Hasnain (Retired General), Vasudev Kamath (Sanskar Bharati)
Expansion of Council Increased from 29 to 34 members
Institution Renamed Renamed from Nehru Memorial Museum & Library (NMML) to PMML in 2023
Purpose of PMML To preserve and promote the legacy of all Indian Prime Ministers
Static Information Founded: Originally established as NMML in 1966
Renamed: As PMML in 2023

GK Quiz on Subash Chandra Bose, Questions and Answers

Subhas Chandra Bose, famously known as Netaji, was a fearless leader in India’s fight for independence. Known for his determination and patriotism, he formed the Indian National Army (INA) to fight against British rule. His slogan, ‘Give me blood and I shall give you freedom,” continues to inspire people. Test your knowledge about this legendary hero with this simple and engaging quiz!

GK Quiz on Subhas Chandra Bose

Subhas Chandra Bose, known as Netaji, was a brave freedom fighter who inspired millions. Test your knowledge about his life, leadership and contributions with this GK Quiz on Subhas Chandra Bose.

 

Q1. When was Subhas Chandra Bose born?

(a) January 15, 1895

(b) January 23, 1897

(c) December 25, 1898

(d) February 14, 1896

S1. Ans. (b)

 

Q2. Where was Subhas Chandra Bose born?

(a) Kolkata

(b) Bhubaneshwar

(c) Cuttack

(d) Chennai

S2. Ans. (c)

 

Q3. What slogan is Subhas Chandra Bose famous for?

(a) “Do or Die”

(b) “Tum Mujhe Khoon Do, Main Tumhe Aazadi Dunga”

(c) “Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan”

(d) “Vande Matram”

S3. Ans. (b)

 

Q4. Which revolutionary leader influenced Bose’s political journey?

(a) Mahatma Gandhi

(b) Chittaranjan Das

(c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak

(d) Jawaharlal Nehru

S4. Ans. (b)

 

Q5. In which year did Subhas Chandra Bose pass the Indian Civil Services examination?

(a) 1918

(b) 1919

(c) 1920

(d) 1921

S5. Ans. (c)

 

Q6. In which year did Bose become the President of the Indian National Congress?

(a) 1929

(b) 1934

(c) 1938

(d) 1942

S6. Ans. (c)

 

Q7. Where did Bose establish the headquarter of Azad Hind?

(a) Tokyo

(b) Berlin

(c) Rangoon

(d) Singapore

S7. Ans. (d)

 

Q8. Which country was Bose in when he passed away?

(a) Taiwan

(b) India

(c) Germany

(d) Japan

S8. Ans. (a)

 

Q9. Which newspaper did Subhas Chandra Bose start?

(a) Swaraj

(b) Jarijan

(c) Young India

(d) The Statesman

S9. Ans. (a)

 

Q10. Which title is used to refer to Subhas Chandra Bose?

(a) Chacha

(b) Netaji

(c) Sardar

(d) Lokmanya

S10. Ans. (b)

Richest Country in the World by GDP Per Capital 2025, List of Top-10 Richest Countries

GDP per capital measures the average income of people in a country. It is calculated by dividing the country’s total economic output by its population. Countries with high GDP per capita often enjoy better living standards, healthcare and education. Let’s explore the top 10 richest countries in the world by GDP per capita as of 2025.

World’s Richest Country 2025

Luxembourg, with a GDP of $154,910 and a population of 675,000, leads as the richest country in the world as of 2025. Known for its strong financial sector and high GDP per capita, it ensures excellent living standards, healthcare, and education. Famous for its castles and greenery, it offers free public transport and has the world’s highest minimum wage, making it truly exceptional.

Top-10 Richest Countries in the World by GDP Per Capita By 2025

As of 2025, Luxembourg, with the GDP per capital of $154,910, stands as the richest country in the world, followed by Macao SAR, and Ireland.

Here is the list of top-10 richest countries in the world as of 2025:

Top-10 Richest Countries in the World as of 2025
Rank Country GDP-PPP per capita (in USD)
1. Luxembourg 154,910
2. Singapore 153,610
3. Macao SAR 140,250
4. Ireland 131,550
5. Qatar 118,760
6. Norway 106,540
7. Switzerland 98,040
8. Brunei Darussalam 95,040
9. Guyana 91,380
10. United States 89,680

Richest Country in the World – Luxembourg

GDP per capita – $154,910

Luxembourg ranks as the richest country in the world by GDP-PPP per capita, at $154,910. Known for its robust financial sector, political stability, and high standard of living, Luxembourg has a thriving economy fueled by banking, steel, and technology industries.

World’s Second Wealthiest Country – Singapore

GDP per capita: $153,610

Singapore, with a GDP of $153,610 and a population of 5.8 million, is a global hub for business and trade. Despite challenges like the pandemic and a slowing Chinese economy, it remains home to many high-net-worth individuals, showcasing its resilience and strong economic foundation.

Third Richest Country of the World – Macao SAR

GDP per capita – $140,250

Macao SAR is the third-richest region globally, with a GDP-PPP per capita of $140,250. Its economy is heavily driven by tourism and the gaming industry, which has made Macao one of the world’s largest gambling hubs, contributing significantly to its wealth.

 

Pankaj Mishra’s ‘The World After Gaza’: A Guide to Challenging Times

Pankaj Mishra’s latest book, The World After Gaza, is a poignant exploration of the ongoing war in the Palestinian Gaza Strip, a conflict he describes as a devastating blow to the ideals of human rights and morality. Published by Juggernaut Books, this treatise delves into the atrocities and systematic injustices of the war, presenting a stark reflection on global moral decay. In an exclusive interview, Mishra shares insights into the book’s genesis, its context, and its warnings about the dangerous trajectory of global politics.

Key Points from the Interview

About the Book

  • The World After Gaza is a response to the war in Gaza, written during the ongoing conflict.
  • Mishra describes it as an attempt to make sense of the crisis through historical context, not necessarily a literary or analytical masterpiece.
  • The book reflects a profound need to document the atrocities and address the moral and political incapacities of the modern world.

The World After Gaza

  • Hisham Matar describes the book as a “humane inquiry into suffering” and its impact on humanity.
  • Mishra warns of a world where basic morality and norms are increasingly threatened.
  • He highlights how powerful figures stoke division, hostility, and resentment towards weaker groups and minorities.

Instrumentalization of the Holocaut

  • Mishra critiques Israel’s use of Holocaust memory to justify expansionist policies.
  • He describes this as a propaganda strategy to invoke fear of another Holocaust to legitimize actions against Palestine.
  • This approach, he argues, has cheapened and degraded the memory of Holocaust victims.

Warnings for the Future

  • Mishra foresees a chaotic period marked by rising extremism, moral decline, and political instability.
  • He urges readers to prepare intellectually and psychologically for these challenging times.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Pankaj Mishra’s ‘The World After Gaza’: A Guide to Challenging Times
Book’s Objective Reflects on the Gaza war, global moral decay, and historical atrocities.
Author’s Intent To document and understand the conflict using historical and political context.
Hisham Matar’s Review Describes it as a humane inquiry into suffering and a vision of troubling times ahead.
Global Warnings Predicts chaos, rising extremism, and declining moral values globally.
Critique of Israel Criticizes the use of Holocaust memory to justify expansionist Zionism.
Call to Action Encourages readers to prepare intellectually for turbulent times.

Richest Man in India in 2025, Check the List of Top-10

India, one of the rapidly growing economies, boasts numerous billionaires who have made significant marks on the global financial landscape. Notably, Mukesh Ambani and Gautam Adani are prominent figures in this elite group, known for their immense wealth and influence in the business world. This article explores the lives, accomplishments, and business empires of the top 10 richest man in India as of 2025, offering insights into their paths to success and their rise to billionaire status.

Top-10 Richest Men of India By 2025

According to the recent data, Mukesh Ambani with a net worth of $119.5 billion, stands as the richest man of India, followed by Gautam Adani, Savitri Jindal and Shiv Nadar.

Here is the list of top-10 richest men of India by 2025:

Top-10 Richest Men in India by 2025
Rank Name Net Worth (in US dollars) Source of Wealth
1. Mukesh Ambani $95.4 B Reliance Industries
2. Gautam Adani $62.3 B Adani Group
3. Shiv Nadar $42.1 B HCL Technologies Ltd.
4. Savitri Jindal & Family $38.5 B JSW Group
5. Dilip Shanghvi $29.8 B Sun Pharmaceutical Industries
6. Cyrus Poonawalla $22.2 B Serum Institute of India
7. Kumar Birla $21.4 B Aditya Birla Group
8. Kushal Pal Singh $18.1 B Aditya Birla Group
9. Ravi Jaipuria $17.9 B Varun Beverages
10. Radhakrishan Damani $15.8 B Avenue Supermarkets

Who is the Richest Man of India Mukesh Ambani or Gautam Adani?

Net worth: $95.4 billion

Age: 67 years

Source of wealth: Adani Group

Mukesh Ambani, with a remarkable net worth of $95.4 Billion, holds the title of the richest man of India as of 2025. Mukesh Ambani, the Chairman and Managing Director of Reliance Industries, a huge company that makes over Rs.8 lakh crore every year. As of now, Reliance Industries spans across various sectors, including petrochemicals, oil and gas, retail, and telecom. The Ambani family’s influence is also strong, with his three children—Akash, Anant, and Isha—overseeing different parts of this vast empire.

Second Richest Person of India – Gautam Adani

Gautam Adani, the chairman of the Adani Group based in Ahmedabad, is India’s second richest man with a net worth of $62.3 Billion His diversified conglomerate spans industries like ports, airports, power generation, green energy, edible oils, cement, and real estate. Adani is India’s largest airport operator and controls Mundra Port in Gujarat. In 2022, he became India’s second-largest cement producer after acquiring Holcim’s Indian assets for $10.5 billion.

India’s Third Richest Person- Shiv Nadar

Age: 79 years

Net worth: $42.1 billion

Source of wealth: HCL Enterprise

Shiv Nadar, born on 14 July 1945, is an Indian billionaire businessman and philanthropist. He founded HCL Technologies in 1976 and turned it into a global IT giant. He is also the chairman of the Shiv Nadar Foundation, focusing on education. With a net worth of $42 billion as of now, Nadar is the third richest person in India. He was also awarded the Padma Bhushan in 2008 for his contributions to the IT industry.

 

Kokborok Language Protests Call for Roman Script Adoption

The Tribal Students’ Federation (TSF) has renewed its protest in Tripura, demanding the adoption of the Roman script for the Kokborok language. This demand is not new, as the TSF has been advocating for years to have question papers prepared in both Bengali and Roman scripts. The protests are aimed at addressing the challenges faced by students who are required to write exams in Bengali script despite Kokborok being officially recognized. This movement highlights the need for greater recognition and support for Kokborok, which is spoken by a significant portion of the state’s population.

Key Highlights

Protest Details

  • TSF staged a protest in front of the Tripura Secretariat.
  • The police detained the protesters and took them to Arundhatinagar Police Ground.
  • The protest was held on the last day of the Tripura Legislative Assembly’s winter session.

Student Challenges

  • TSF advocates for question papers to be available in both Bengali and Roman scripts.
  • Students face pressure to write exams in Bengali script, which is not conducive to those who speak Kokborok.

Historical Context

  • Kokborok is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the Borok people of Tripura.
  • Officially recognized in 1979, Kokborok has historical roots dating back to the 1st century AD.
  • As of the 2011 Census, around 880,537 people speak Kokborok, nearly 24% of Tripura’s population.

Roman Script Demand

  • The Roman script is seen as a way to enhance literacy and cultural identity for Kokborok speakers.
  • The demand for Roman script adoption aims to address existing challenges in education and improve accessibility.

Previous Efforts

  • The TSF has been demanding this change for years and has met with various officials, including the Tripura Board of Secondary Education.
  • Despite previous promises of updates before 2025, no significant progress has been made.

Official Language Status

  • There is also a demand for Kokborok to be recognized as one of India’s official languages under the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.
  • Recognition would increase its use in official contexts, education, and government work.

Language Background

  • Kokborok belongs to the Bodo–Garo branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family, related to Bodo and Dimasa languages.
  • The Agartala dialect is the official form of Kokborok.

Current Challenges

  • Despite its official status, Kokborok faces challenges in terms of resources, recognition, and support.
  • The community continues to advocate for linguistic rights, educational support, and wider recognition of Kokborok.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Kokborok Language Protests Call for Roman Script Adoption
Protest Objective Demand for Roman script for Kokborok language.
Protest Location In front of Tripura Secretariat.
Police Detainment Protesters detained and taken to Arundhatinagar Police Ground.
Previous Protest Locations Gandhi statue near the Circuit House during the winter session.
Students’ Challenges Pressure to write exams in Bengali script, lack of Roman script in papers.
Kokborok Language Background Sino-Tibetan language, spoken by the Borok people, officially recognized in 1979.
Roman Script Significance Enhances literacy and cultural identity for Kokborok speakers.
Previous Efforts Met with officials including the Tripura Board of Secondary Education, no significant progress.
Official Status Demand Kokborok’s inclusion as an official language under the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.
Language Classification Part of the Bodo-Garo branch of Sino-Tibetan, related to Bodo and Dimasa.
Current Challenges Lack of resources and support for Kokborok language.

CII Projects 7% GDP Growth for 2025-26 Amid Rising Investments

The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) anticipates India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to grow by 7% in the fiscal year 2025-26, driven by an uptick in private investments and employment generation.

Private Investments on the Rise

A recent pan-India survey by CII reveals that 75% of respondents view the current economic climate as favorable for private investments. Notably, 70% of the surveyed firms plan to invest in FY’26, indicating a potential surge in private sector participation in the coming quarters.

Employment Generation Trends

The survey also highlights positive employment trends, with approximately 97% of firms expecting to increase their workforce in both 2024-25 and 2025-26. Specifically, 42% to 46% of firms anticipate a 10% to 20% rise in employment, while 31% to 36% foresee up to a 10% increase. Additionally, 79% of respondents reported adding more employees over the past three years.

Comparative Growth Projections

This projection aligns with the Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) estimate of a 7% GDP growth for 2025-26, as stated by RBI Deputy Governor Michael Patra. Patra also mentioned the likelihood of India’s growth reverting to an 8% trend thereafter.

Government’s Growth Estimates

In contrast, the government’s first advance estimates peg India’s GDP growth at 6.4% for 2024-25, down from 8.2% in 2023-24. This projection considers a rebound in agriculture and allied sectors, estimated to grow by 3.8% in 2024-25 compared to 1.4% in the previous year.

Summary of the news

Why in News Key Points
CII projects India’s GDP growth at 7% for 2025-26 amid rising private investments and job creation – Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) estimates India’s GDP growth for 2025-26 at 7%.
70% of surveyed firms plan to invest in FY 2025-26.
75% of firms view the current economic environment as favorable for investment.
– Survey shows 97% of firms expect to increase workforce in 2024-25 and 2025-26.
42%-46% of firms plan to increase employment by 10%-20%.
– India’s GDP growth forecast by RBI for 2025-26 also stands at 7%.
Government’s economic estimates – India’s GDP growth is projected to be 6.4% for 2024-25 by the government.
– Agriculture and allied sectors expected to grow by 3.8% in 2024-25.

Denis Law, Manchester United & Scotland Legend, Dies at 84

Denis Law, the iconic Scottish footballer renowned for his prolific goal-scoring and charismatic presence, passed away on January 17, 2025, at the age of 84. Affectionately dubbed “The King” and “The Lawman,” Law’s illustrious career left an indelible mark on both Manchester United and the Scotland national team.

Early Life and Career Beginnings

Born on February 24, 1940, in Aberdeen, Scotland, Denis Law overcame a modest upbringing to embark on a remarkable football journey. He began his professional career with Huddersfield Town in 1956, where his talent quickly became evident. In 1960, he moved to Manchester City for a British record transfer fee of £55,000, showcasing his goal-scoring prowess. A subsequent transfer to Torino in 1961 further highlighted his versatility and adaptability in European football.

Manchester United Tenure

In 1962, Law joined Manchester United for another British record fee of £115,000, marking the beginning of an 11-year tenure that would solidify his legendary status. During this period, he scored 237 goals in 404 appearances, making him the club’s third-highest goal scorer, behind only Wayne Rooney and Sir Bobby Charlton. His contributions were pivotal in securing two First Division titles in 1965 and 1967, an FA Cup victory in 1963, and the European Cup in 1968, although he missed the final due to injury. In 1964, Law’s exceptional performances were recognized with the prestigious Ballon d’Or award, making him the only Scottish player to receive this honor.

International Achievements

On the international stage, Law earned 55 caps for Scotland between 1958 and 1974, scoring 30 goals—a record he shares with Kenny Dalglish. He represented Scotland in the 1974 FIFA World Cup, further cementing his status as a national icon.

Health Challenges and Legacy

In August 2021, Law publicly revealed his diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia, a battle he faced with characteristic courage. His passing prompted an outpouring of tributes from the football community. Manchester United honored him during their match against Brighton on January 19, 2025, with players wearing black armbands and a pre-match ceremony featuring Sir Alex Ferguson and former teammates.

Summary of the news

Key Points Details
Why in news? Denis Law, legendary Manchester United and Scotland footballer, passed away on January 17, 2025, at the age of 84.
Award Won Ballon d’Or in 1964 – the only Scottish player to win this prestigious football award.
Manchester United Records Scored 237 goals in 404 appearances, third-highest goal scorer in the club’s history.
Titles with Manchester United Two First Division titles (1965, 1967), FA Cup (1963), European Cup (1968 – missed the final due to injury).
Scotland Record Scored 30 goals in 55 caps; joint top-scorer for Scotland alongside Kenny Dalglish.
International Representation Represented Scotland in the 1974 FIFA World Cup.
Health Diagnosis Revealed Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia diagnosis in August 2021.
Birthplace and Early Career Born in Aberdeen, Scotland, on February 24, 1940. Started his career at Huddersfield Town (1956).
Transfers Played for Huddersfield Town, Manchester City, Torino, and Manchester United.
Tribute Manchester United players wore black armbands during the January 19, 2025, match against Brighton to honor him.

David Lynch Biography, Age, Education, Career, Family, Awards and Achievements

David Lynch was an extraordinary filmmaker, artist and musician whose surreal and dreamlike creations left a lasting impact on the world of art and cinema. Known for his unique style and visionary storytelling. Lynch’s work continues to inspire audiences worldwide.

Early Life and Age of David Lynch

David Lynch was born on January 20, 1946, in Missoula, Montana, USA. His father was a research scientist, and his family moved often due to his father’s job. Growing up in various places influenced Lynch’s imagination and creativity.

Lynch passed away on January 15, 2025, just five days before his 79th birthday. At the time of his death, he was 78 years old.

Education of David Lynch

David Lynch had an artistic education that shaped his career:

  • He first studied painting at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston but left after a year, dissatisfied with the approach to art.
  • He then attended the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (PAFA), where he experimented with combining painting and film.
  • Finally, Lynch joined the American Film Institute’s Center for Advanced Film Studies in Los Angeles, where he created his first feature film, Eraserhead.

Career Highlights

Lynch’s career spanned various fields, including filmmaking, television, music and visual arts.

Films

Lynch was famous for his unique and surreal movies, such as:

  • Eraserhead (1977): A cult classic and his first feature film.
  • The Elephant Man (1980)
  • Blue Velvet (1986)
  • Mulholland Drive (2001)
  • Inland Empire (2006)

Television

Lynch co-created the popular TV series Twin Peaks (1990-1991) with Mark Frost. The show became a cultural phenomenon, and its revival in 2017, Twin Peaks: The Return, gained critical acclaim.

Music and Art

Lynch released music albums like Crazy Clown Time and The Big Dream, blending his artistic style with haunting melodies. He was also a skilled painter, photographer and sculptor whose art was showcased in galleries worldwide.

Family Details of David Lynch

David Lynch was married four times:

  • Peggy Reavey (1967-1974) – They had one child, Jennifer Lynch, who became a filmmaker.
  • Mary Fisk (1977-1987) – They had a son, Austin Jack Lynch, who also works in the film industry.
  • Mary Sweeney (2006-2007) – They had one son, Riley Lynch, a musician and actor.
  • Emily Stofle (2009-2024) – They had a daughter, Lula Bogini Lynch.

Awards and Achievements of David Lynch

David Lynch’s artistic contributions earned him many honors:

  • Academy Awards: 3 Best Director nominations, 1 Best Adapted Screenplay nomination.
  • Cesar Awards: Won Best Foreign Film Twice
  • Cannes Film Festival: Received the Palme d’Or.
  • Venice Film Festival: Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement.
  • Legion of Honour: Chevalier (2002) and Officier (2009) by France
  • Key to the City: Awarded by Bydgoszcz, Poland
  • The MacDowell Medal: Honored for contributions to American culture (2017)

Philanthropy

Lynch founded the David Lynch Foundation in 2005 to promote Transcendental Meditation (TM). He believed meditation helped enhance creativity and reduce stress, and he worked to bring TM to schools, veterans and other communities.

Legacy of David Lynch

David Lynch’s work is known for its mix of everyday life and eerie, surreal moments. His storytelling often explored themes of good and evil, dreams and the subconscious mind. He inspired countless filmmakers and artists, cementing his place as one of the most influential creators in modern history.

Subhas Chandra Bose Biography: Birth, Education, Death Anniversary, Achievements & Contributions

Subhas Chandra Bose, also known as Netaji, was an Indian revolutionary who was active in the independence movement against British rule of India.  Subhas Chandra Bose was the son of a wealthy and well-known Bengali barrister, attended Scottish Churches College and Presidency College in Calcutta (Kolkata), where he was expelled in 1916 for his nationalist activities (graduating in 1919). Then, in order to prepare for the Indian Civil Service, his parents sent him to the University of Cambridge in England. Subhas Chandra Bose passed the civil service exam in 1920, but in April 1921, after learning of the unrest caused by nationalists in India, he abruptly withdrew his name from consideration and sped back to his native country. A rich Calcutta lawyer and Indian National Congress (commonly known as the Congress Party) politician named Sarat Chandra Bose (1889–1951) provided him with both material and emotional assistance over the course of his career, especially in the beginning.

Subhas Chandra Bose-Birth

Subhas Chandra Bose was born on January 23, 1897, in Cuttack, Orissa (now Odisha), India to Prabhavati Bose (née Dutt) and Janakinath Bose. The centre of family life, Prabhavati, also known as M. Janan (literally, “mother”), gave birth to her first child at the age of 14 and raised a total of 13 children. The sixth son, Subhas Chandra Bose, was the ninth child. Subhas Chandra Bose father Jankinath was a successful barrister, who represented the government, was devoted to the British Indian administration and meticulous in his observance of the letter and spirit of the law.

Subhas Chandra Bose- Education

  • In total, Janakinath Bose and Prabhavati Dutt had 14 children, with Subhas Chandra Bose being the ninth. Protestant European School in Cuttack served as Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose’s primary educational institution.
  • Subhas Chandra Bose was a diligent student, and his effort allowed him to finish in second place on the matriculation exam. He afterwards attended Presidency College, a college that is now a university, in Calcutta.
  • Subhas Chandra Bose paid close attention to the writings of Swami Vivekananda and Sri Ramakrishna Paramhansa Dev at the time, and was strongly influenced by their teachings and ideas. A powerful spirit of rebellion was ignited in Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose when he was expelled from the university as a result of some baseless accusations, and the widespread British persecution of Indians he witnessed in Calcutta only fanned the fires.
  • Subhas Chandra Bose next enrolled in Scottish Church College, a division of the University of Calcutta, where he graduated with a degree in philosophy in 1918. He subsequently took a trip to London with his brother Satish to study for the Indian Civil Services examination, and because to his vast knowledge, he was able to pass the test the first time.
  • However, Subhas Chandra Bose was not too pleased about the idea that he would now have to work for the British government. The horrific Jallianwala Bagh slaughter, however, made him confident that he would no longer work for the English, and in 1921, he eventually left the Indian Civil Services to protest against the British administration.

Subhas Chandra Bose- Death Anniversary

Subhas Chandra Bose passed away on August 18, 1945, in Taipei, Taiwan, from third-degree burns sustained when his overloaded Japanese plane crashed in Japanese-controlled Formosa (now Taiwan). During World War II, he also served as the commander of an overseas Indian national force fighting the Western forces. However, many of his admirers, particularly in Bengal, refused to accept either the truth of his passing or the circumstances surrounding it at the time, and many continue to do so to this day. Several martial myths about Subhas Chandra Bose have persisted due to conspiracy theories, which surfaced shortly after his passing and have endured for decades.

Subhas Chandra Bose Jayanti

Subhas Chandra Bose was born on January 23, 1897, in Cuttack, Orissa (now Odisha), India. Netaji Jayanti or Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Jayanti, also known as Parakram Diwas or Parakram Divas (literally, “Day of Valor”), is held to commemorate the birthdate of the illustrious Indian liberation warrior Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose every year on January 23.

Subhas Chandra Bose- Achievements

Formation of the Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army – INA):

  • Bose reorganized and led the INA during World War II with the aim of overthrowing British rule in India.
  • The INA included Indian prisoners of war and expatriates, marking a milestone in India’s freedom movement.

Provisional Government of Free India (Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind):

  • Bose established the provisional government in Singapore in 1943, which was recognized by several Axis powers, including Germany, Japan, and Italy.
  • This government symbolized Indian sovereignty and the commitment to independence.

Great Leader (Netaji):

  • Subhas Chandra Bose earned the title “Netaji,” meaning “Respected Leader,” for his inspiring leadership and unyielding determination to free India from colonial rule.

Role in the Indian National Congress:

  • Elected twice as the President of the Indian National Congress (1938, Haripura; 1939, Tripuri).
  • Advocated for radical and immediate actions against British rule, opposing the more moderate approaches of leaders like Mahatma Gandhi.

Advocacy for Modern Industrialization:

  • Bose envisioned a self-reliant India and strongly supported the development of industries, scientific research, and technology to strengthen the nation.

Renaming the INA Brigades:

  • INA brigades were named after iconic leaders and symbols of India, such as Gandhi Brigade, Nehru Brigade, and Subhas Brigade, reflecting his respect for other freedom fighters.

Subhas Chandra Bose- Contributions

  1. Role in Uniting Indians: Bose inspired unity among Indians, transcending barriers of religion, caste, and language, to fight for a common cause.
  2. Women Empowerment: He established the Rani of Jhansi Regiment, an all-female combat force in the INA, empowering women to actively participate in the freedom struggle.
  3. Advocacy for Complete Independence (Purna Swaraj): Bose was among the first leaders to demand complete independence from British rule, rejecting the idea of dominion status.
  4. Promotion of National Pride: His famous slogan, “Give me blood, and I will give you freedom,” continues to inspire patriotism among Indians.
  5. Vision for Free India: Bose envisioned a socialist and egalitarian India, emphasizing equal rights, economic self-sufficiency, and education for all.
  6. Collaboration with Axis Powers: Bose sought international support for India’s freedom by aligning with Axis powers during World War II, believing it to be a strategic move against the British.
  7. Influence on Indian Armed Forces: The INA’s efforts and sacrifices motivated members of the British Indian Armed Forces, contributing to the eventual British decision to leave India.
  8. Cultural and Political Awakening: Bose’s efforts inspired Indians to embrace their cultural heritage and actively participate in the nationalist movement.

Subhas Chandra Bose’s Famous Quotes

  • Subhas Chandra Bose most famous quote was “Give me blood and I will give you freedom”.
  • Dilli Chalo (“On to Delhi)!” This was the call he used to give the INA armies to motivate them.
  • Jai Hind, or, “Glory to India!” was yet another slogan he used that was later adopted by the Indian government and armed forces.
  • Subhas Chandra Bose also came up with the phrase “Ittehad, Etemad, Qurbani” (Urdu for “Unity, Agreement, Sacrifice”).

Subhas Chandra Bose’s Wife and Family

  • Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose was the son of Janaki Nath Bose and Prabhavati Devi. In total, he had 13 siblings made up of 6 sisters and 7 brothers. He came from a prosperous household at birth.
  • Emilie Schenkel was the wife of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose. Very little was known about this wife since Subhash wanted to keep his personal life private and hardly ever discussed it in public. His daughter’s name was Anita Bose.
  • Subhas Chandra Bose was never able to give his family a lot of his time and attention because of his duty to the country. He spent his entire life serving the country because he never put anything else before the country or his purpose to set the country free.
Smriti Irani, Shekhar Kapur Join PM Museum Council_13.1

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