States and Capitals

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States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO	State	Capital	CM	Governor
1	Andhra Pradesh	Amaravati	Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu	S. Abdul Nazer
2	Arunachal Pradesh	Itanagar	Pema Khandu	Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3	Assam	Dispur	Himanta Biswa Sarma	Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4	Bihar	Patna	Nitish Kumar	Arif Mohammed Khan
5	Chhattisgarh	Raipur	Vishnu Deo Sai	Ramen Deka
6	Goa	Panaji	Pramod Sawant	P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7	Gujarat	Gandhinagar	Bhupendra Patel	Acharya Dev Vrat
8	Haryana	Chandigarh	Nayab Singh Saini	Bandaru Dattatraya
9	Himachal Pradesh	Shimla	Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu	Shiv Pratap Shukla
10	Jharkhand	Ranchi	Hemant Soren	Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11	Karnataka	Bengaluru	Siddaramaiah	Thaawarchand Gehlot
12	Kerala	Thiruvananthapuram	Pinarayi Vijayan	Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13	Madhya Pradesh	Bhopal	Mohan Yadav	Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14	Maharashtra	Mumbai	Devendra Fadnavis	C.P. Radhakrishnan
15	Manipur	Imphal	N. Biren Singh	Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16	Meghalaya	Shillong	Conrad Kongkal Sangma	C H Vijayashankar
17	Mizoram	Aizawl	Lalduhoma	General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18	Nagaland	Kohima	Neiphiu Rio	La. Ganesan
19	Odisha	Bhubaneswar	Mohan Charan Majhi	Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20	Punjab	Chandigarh	Bhagwant Singh Mann	Gulab Chand Kataria
21	Rajasthan	Jaipur	Bhajan Lal Sharma	Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22	Sikkim	Gangtok	PS Golay	Om Prakash Mathur
23	Tamil Nadu	Chennai	M. K. Stalin	R. N. Ravi
24	Telangana	Hyderabad	Anumula Revanth Reddy	Jishnu Dev Varma
25	Tripura	Agartala	Dr. Manik Saha	Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26	Uttar Pradesh	Lucknow	Yogi Aditya Nath	Anandiben Patel
27	Uttarakhand	Dehradun	Pushkar Singh Dhami	Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28	West Bengal	Kolkata	Mamata Banerjee	Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO	Union Territories	Capital	CM	Lt. Governor
1	Andaman and Nicobar Island	Port Blair	NA	D K Joshi
2	Chandigarh	Chandigarh	NA	Banwarilal Purohit
3	Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu	Daman	NA	Praful Patel
4	Delhi	Delhi	Rekha Gupta	Vinai Kumar Saxena
5	Ladakh	NA	NA	B. D. Mishra
6	Lakshadweep	Kavaratti	NA	Praful Patel
7	Jammu and Kashmir	NA	Omar Abdullah	Manoj Sinha
8	Puducherry	Pondicherry	N. Rangaswamy	C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference	States	Union Territories
Head of Administration	Governor	Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type	Elected by the People	Managed by the central government
Powers	Shares power with the central government.	Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No.	States	Language
1	Andhra Pradesh	Telugu and Urdu
2	Arunachal Pradesh	Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3	Assam	Assamese
4	Bihar	Hindi
5	Chhattisgarh	Hindi
6	Goa	Marathi Konkani
7	Gujarat	Gujarati
8	Haryana	Hindi
9	Himachal Pradesh	Hindi and Pahari
10	Jharkhand	Hindi
11	Karnataka	Kannada
12	Kerala	Malayalam
13	Madhya Pradesh	Hindi
14	Maharashtra	Marathi
15	Manipur	Manipuri
16	Meghalaya	Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17	Mizoram	Mizo and English
18	Nagaland	Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19	Odisha	Oriya
20	Punjab	Punjabi
21	Rajasthan	Rajasthani and Hindi
22	Sikkim	Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23	Tamil Nadu	Tamil
24	Telangana	Telugu
25	Tripura	Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26	Uttar Pradesh	Hindi
27	Uttarakhand	Hindi
28	West Bengal	Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

CRPF Celebrates 87th Foundation Day: History, Role, and Legacy

The Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), one of India’s most prestigious paramilitary forces, celebrates its 87th Foundation Day on July 27, 2025. Since its inception in 1939, the CRPF has played a pivotal role in maintaining internal security and safeguarding India from external and internal threats. With its motto “Service and Loyalty”, the CRPF continues to stand as a symbol of dedication, bravery, and resilience.

Historical Background

The CRPF traces its origins to July 27, 1939, when it was founded as the Crown Representative Police to handle unrest in the princely states during the colonial era. Following India’s independence, the force was formally reorganized and renamed the Central Reserve Police Force on December 28, 1949, through an Act of Parliament.

The initiative was supported by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, India’s first Home Minister, who envisioned a strong force capable of maintaining law and order in a newly independent India. The CRPF has since grown into one of the largest and most decorated paramilitary forces in the country.

Why CRPF is Special

Women Battalions

The CRPF is the only paramilitary force in India with six women battalions, beginning with the 88 (M) Battalion in 1986. These units, headquartered in Delhi, are crucial for handling women’s agitations with sensitivity and efficiency, ensuring law and order without escalation.

VIP Security Wing

The VIP Security Wing of the CRPF provides protection to Union Ministers, Governors, Chief Ministers, spiritual leaders, and other prominent figures, working under the guidance of the Ministry of Home Affairs. It is known for its precision and professionalism.

Commando Battalion for Resolute Action (COBRA)

Established between 2008 and 2011, the COBRA units specialize in jungle warfare and guerrilla tactics, particularly in areas affected by Maoist insurgency like Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Bihar, and Jharkhand. Nicknamed ‘Jungle Warriors’, they are among the most elite counter-insurgency forces in India.

Rapid Action Force (RAF)

Raised in 1992, the Rapid Action Force (RAF) was designed to manage riots and public unrest. It is known for its quick deployment and was awarded the President’s Flag in 2003 for its service. RAF units also participate in UN peacekeeping missions, enhancing India’s global standing.

Motto and Mandate

The motto of the CRPF is “Service and Loyalty”, reflecting its commitment to safeguarding the nation. As part of India’s armed forces under the Ministry of Home Affairs, the CRPF is entrusted with,

Maintaining law and order
Conducting anti-Naxal and counter-insurgency operations
Assisting the Army during border conflicts and terrorist attacks

Notable Contributions in History

Battle of Hot Springs, 1959

The CRPF fought courageously against Chinese forces at Hot Springs in Ladakh on October 21, 1959. Despite being outnumbered and facing sub-zero temperatures, CRPF soldiers resisted valiantly, with 10 martyrs laying down their lives. This sacrifice is commemorated annually as Police Memorial Day.

Battle of Sardar Post, 1965

During Operation Desert Hawk by Pakistan, CRPF personnel at Sardar Post in the Rann of Kutch faced an assault from a 3,500-strong Pakistani brigade. Despite being heavily outnumbered, the CRPF successfully defended the post, killing 14 enemy soldiers and capturing four alive, forcing the enemy to retreat.

Parliament Attack, 2001

On December 13, 2001, CRPF jawans bravely countered a suicide attack on the Indian Parliament, eliminating all five terrorists in a 30-minute gun battle. A woman constable made the supreme sacrifice while defending the nation’s temple of democracy.

Ayodhya Attack, 2005

On July 5, 2005, CRPF personnel foiled a terrorist attack on the Ram Janmabhoomi site in Ayodhya, killing all five attackers and preventing a major tragedy.

Legacy of Service

From the icy frontiers of Ladakh to the deserts of Kutch, and from counter-insurgency operations to riot control and VIP security, the CRPF has shown unmatched courage and dedication. Its contributions in both wartime and peacetime highlight its indispensable role in India’s internal security framework.

NCERT to Introduce Curriculum Modules on Captain Shubhanshu Shukla and Operation Sindoor

In a landmark step to make school education more contextual, contemporary, and rooted in national identity, the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) is set to introduce new curriculum modules highlighting Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla’s space mission and India’s Operation Sindoor, a decisive military action. These modules aim to educate students about India’s growing strength in defence, diplomacy, space exploration, and sustainability.

Background of the Curriculum Push

The modules are being developed under the guidance of the Ministry of Education and will be included in the syllabi of Classes 3 to 12. Senior officials have confirmed that the content is currently under development and will be rolled out soon after completion.

The initiative reflects the government’s vision of providing students with an understanding of national achievements, security challenges, and scientific advancements, while instilling pride in India’s growing stature on the world stage.

Focus on Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla

One of the key highlights is Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla’s achievement of becoming the first Indian astronaut aboard the International Space Station (ISS) as part of Axiom Mission 4. His inclusion is intended to ignite scientific curiosity among students and encourage them to pursue careers in aerospace, space research, and technology.

The modules will also cover India’s landmark space missions such as Chandrayaan, Aditya L1, and other significant achievements, reinforcing the country’s emergence as a global space power.

Operation Sindoor: Teaching Strategic Defence

The curriculum will also feature Operation Sindoor, a swift and decisive military reprisal undertaken to safeguard India’s sovereignty. While operational details will remain classified, the case study will serve as a powerful lesson in,

The role of defence forces in protecting national integrity.
The importance of inter-ministerial coordination in times of crisis.
The decisive leadership required during national security challenges.
This section aims to help students understand how strategic decisions are made and executed for the protection of the nation.

Additional Themes in the Curriculum

Mission LiFE for Sustainable Living

In addition to defence and space, the modules will highlight Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment), the flagship initiative of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. It will educate students about the importance of sustainable living practices, climate change mitigation, and maintaining ecological balance.

Partition: Lessons from History

Another component of the new curriculum will address the Partition of India, presenting its hardships and long-lasting impact. This module aims to foster historical understanding and empathy while teaching resilience and unity in the face of adversity.

Structure of the Modules

The curriculum will have two sets of modules,

For Classes 3 to 8, designed in a simple format for younger learners.
For Classes 9 to 12, with more detailed content and analytical perspectives.
Each module will span 8–10 pages and use case studies to make the topics more engaging and relatable for students.

NALSA Launches Yojana To Strengthen Legal Aid for Defence Personnel and Families

The National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) has launched a new scheme titled ‘Veer Parivar Sahayata Yojana’ to provide comprehensive legal aid to defence personnel and their families. The announcement came during the North Zone Regional Conference held in Srinagar, on the theme “Reaffirming the Constitutional Vision of Justice for Defence Personnel and Tribals.” The initiative highlights NALSA’s commitment to ensuring that those who guard the nation’s borders also receive full protection of their legal and constitutional rights.

Background of the Initiative

The National Legal Services Authority, which has been working for 30 years to promote access to justice for all, designed this scheme to address the legal challenges faced by soldiers, ex-servicemen, and their families. The scheme was launched under the leadership of Justice Surya Kant, Supreme Court Judge and Executive Chairman of NALSA.

Justice Kant emphasized that the initiative builds upon the existing network of legal services clinics, extending it to Sainik Boards at the Zilla, Rajya, and Kendra levels. These boards, already known for providing welfare and support, will now serve as dedicated nodal centres for guiding defence families through legal issues.

Key Features of ‘Veer Parivar Sahayata Yojana

Expanding Legal Aid Through Sainik Boards

The scheme integrates legal aid services with Sainik Boards, ensuring easy accessibility for serving and retired personnel. This dedicated system allows soldiers and their families to seek timely legal guidance and assistance.

Involving Defence Families as Paralegal Volunteers

A unique aspect of the scheme is the active involvement of defence families and ex-servicemen as paralegal volunteers. This ensures that legal assistance comes not just from legal experts, but also from those who understand the ground realities of military life.

Addressing Everyday Legal Challenges

Justice Kant highlighted that soldiers often face routine legal issues such as land disputes, matrimonial conflicts, service entitlements, and utility bill disagreements. Due to their postings in remote and sensitive regions, they cannot personally pursue these cases. The new system ensures that they do not have to compromise their duties at the border for such civilian matters.

Robust Back-End Mechanism

The scheme is supported by a strong administrative and legal network to effectively cater to the requirements of armed forces personnel and their families, ensuring timely legal interventions.

Significance of the Initiative

The scheme as a pledge of solidarity with India’s defence forces. Also remarked that while soldiers protect the nation at the borders, the legal fraternity will remain vigilant in protecting their rights at home.

The launch of this scheme also coincides with 30 years of NALSA’s service to the nation, marking a tribute to those who have dedicated their lives to the safety and security of India. It is now the responsibility of society to prioritize the needs of the ‘veer parivar’ (soldiers’ families).

List of Important Days in July 2025, National and International Days

July is a special month with many important days that are celebrated in India and around the world. These day help us remember brave people, promote good health, enjoy friendship and learn about important world events. Some days are serious and some are fun, but all of them teach us something valuable. In this article, you will learn about the main important days in July 2025.

Important Days in July 2025

July, the seventh month of the year, is a month full of important days that remind us of health, justice and friendship. Some key days include National Doctor’s Day (1 July), World Population Day (11 July), World Youth Skills Day (15 July) and Nelson Mandela International Day (18 July). These days help us think about global problems and how we can solve them. July also celebrates friendship and independence, making it a special month for learning, awareness and action.

List of Important Days in July 2025

July 2025 is filled with many important days that are celebrated around the world. These days help us learn about history, health, environment and special people. From global awareness to fun celebrations, July has something meaningful for everyone to remember and enjoy.

Here is the list of important days in July 2025:

Important Days in July 2025

Date	Day/Event Name
1 July	National Doctor’s Day (India)
	Goods and Services Tax Day 2025
	Chartered Accountants Day (India)
2 July	World Sports Journalists Day 2025
4 July	Swami Vivekananda Death Anniversary 2025
5 July	International Day of Cooperatives 2025, Date, Significance
6 July	World Zoonoses Day
6 July	World Rural Development Day 2025
7 July	World Swahili Language Day 2025
7 July	World Bioproduct Day
	Guru Purnima
11 July	World Population Day
	World Horse Day 2025
	Start of Sawan Month
12 July	National Simplicity Day
	Paper Bag Day
	Malala Day
13 July	National French Fry Day
14 July	Bastille Day (French National Day)
15 July	World Youth Skills Day
15 July	World Snake Day
17 July	World Day for International Justice
	World Emoji Day
18 July	Nelson Mandela International Day
20 July	International Chess Day
	Moon Day
22 July	World Brain Day
	National Flag Day (India)
23 July	National Broadcasting Day
24 July	Income Tax Day
	National Refreshment Day (4th Thursday)
25 July	International Day for Women and Girls of African Descent
	World Drowning Prevention Day
26 July	Kargil Vijay Diwas (India)
	World Mangrove Day
27 July	Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam’s Death Anniversary
	National Parents Day (4th Sunday)
28 July	World Nature Conservation Day
	World Hepatitis Day
29 July	International Tiger Day
30 July	International Friendship Day

July 1 – National Doctor’s Day (India)

National Doctor’s Day is observed on July 1st across India to honor the dedication and service of doctors. It commemorates the birth and death anniversary of Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy, one of India’s most respected physicians. This day recognizes the invaluable contribution of doctors in improving public health and saving lives.

July 1 – National Postal Worker Day

This day is dedicated to acknowledging the hard work and commitment of postal workers. Every year on July 1, we express gratitude to the postal workforce who ensure timely and secure delivery of our letters and parcels, regardless of weather or distance.

July 1 – Chartered Accountants Day (India)

Chartered Accountants Day is celebrated in India to commemorate the founding of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) on July 1, 1949. It highlights the role of CAs in nation-building, economic auditing, and financial guidance.

July 2 – World UFO Day

World UFO Day brings awareness to the possibilities of extraterrestrial life. First observed in 2001, it encourages people to look at the sky and ponder unidentified flying objects and alien existence.

July 6 – World Zoonoses Day

Observed in memory of Louis Pasteur’s first rabies vaccination in 1885, this day raises awareness about zoonotic diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans.

July 7 – World Chocolate Day

This delicious celebration commemorates the introduction of chocolate to Europe in 1550. Chocolate lovers across the world indulge in their favorite treats on this day.

July 7 – Global Forgiveness Day

Global Forgiveness Day encourages people to let go of anger, resentment, and grudges. The day promotes healing and reconciliation at both personal and societal levels.

July 7 – Islamic New Year (Tentative)

The Hijri New Year marks the beginning of the Islamic lunar calendar. It is a day of reflection, prayers, and fasting observed by Muslims worldwide. In 2025, it is tentatively set for July 7.

July 10 – Global Energy Independence Day

This day urges governments and people to move towards sustainable, clean energy and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.

July 10 – Guru Purnima

A major festival in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, Guru Purnima is dedicated to spiritual and academic teachers. Devotees pay homage to their gurus (mentors) for guiding them in life.

July 11 – World Population Day

Established by the United Nations, this day draws attention to population-related challenges such as overpopulation, family planning, and reproductive health.

July 12 – National Simplicity Day

In honor of Henry David Thoreau, this day promotes simple living, minimalism, and spiritual reflection.

July 12 – Paper Bag Day

Recognizing the invention of the paper bag, this day promotes eco-friendly packaging and reduction in plastic waste.

July 12 – Malala Day

Named after Malala Yousafzai, the youngest Nobel Prize laureate, the day honors her work in education rights for girls worldwide.

July 14 – Bastille Day (French National Day)

This national celebration in France commemorates the Storming of the Bastille in 1789—a pivotal moment in the French Revolution.

July 15 – World Youth Skills Day

A UN initiative, this day focuses on technical and vocational training, ensuring youth are equipped for the future job market.

July 17 – World Day for International Justice

Also known as International Criminal Justice Day, this day supports the international justice system and human rights enforcement.

July 18 – Nelson Mandela International Day

Recognizing Nelson Mandela’s values and leadership, this day promotes social justice, peace, and freedom.

July 20 – International Chess Day

Marking the founding of FIDE (World Chess Federation) in 1924, this day celebrates the game of strategy and intellect.

July 20 – Moon Day

Commemorating the first human landing on the Moon in 1969, this day celebrates space exploration and scientific achievements.

July 22 – Pi Approximation Day

Celebrated on 22/7, a fraction representing Pi (π), it’s a fun day for math lovers and educators.

July 22 – National Flag Day (India)

Honors the adoption of the Indian National Flag designed by Pingali Venkayya on July 22, 1947.

July 22 – National Mango Day

A celebration of the king of fruits—mango. This day is loved by fruit enthusiasts across India.

July 24 – National Thermal Engineer Day

Dedicated to thermal engineers who develop advanced cooling and heating systems critical for electronics and industries.

July 25 – World Embryologist Day

Commemorates the birth of Louise Brown, the first IVF baby born in 1978, celebrating advances in reproductive medicine.

July 26 – Kargil Vijay Diwas

A solemn day to remember India’s victory in the Kargil War against Pakistan in 1999 and to honor the brave soldiers.

July 27 – APJ Abdul Kalam’s Death Anniversary

Marks the passing of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, India’s Missile Man and former President, remembered for his contributions to science and education.

July 27 – National Parent’s Day (Fourth Sunday)

Honors the unconditional love, sacrifice, and support of parents in raising and nurturing children.

July 28 – World Nature Conservation Day

Reminds us to preserve and protect our natural resources for current and future generations.

July 28 – World Hepatitis Day

Raises global awareness about hepatitis infection, prevention, and the importance of healthcare access.

July 29 – International Tiger Day

Highlights the importance of tiger conservation and the urgency of preserving their natural habitats.

July 30 – International Friendship Day

Celebrates the value of friendship and its role in building bridges across cultures and communities.

Top-10 Largest Mangrove Forests in the World, Know the Names

Mangrove forests are special trees that grow in salty water along the coasts. They protect the land from storms and waves, support many animals and fish, and help fight climate change by storing carbon. These forests are found in warm parts of the world. In this article, we will learn about the top-10 largest mangrove forests found in different countries around the globe.

Top-10 Largest Mangrove Forests in the World

The Sundarbans Mangrove World, located in India & Bangladesh, stands as the largest mangrove forest in the world with an area of 10,000 square km, followed by Gulf of Gabes Mangroves, Amazon Mangroves and Borneo Mangroves.

Here is the list of top-10 largest mangrove forests in the world:

Rank	Mangrove Forest	Location
1.	Sundarbans	India & Bangladesh
2.	Gulf of Gabes Mangroves	Tunisia
3.	Amazon Mangroves	Brazil
4.	Borneo Mangroves	Malaysia & Brunei
5.	Ganges Delta Mangroves	India & Bangladesh
6.	Gulf of Thailand Mangroves	Thailand
7.	Congo River Mangroves	Republic of Congo
8.	Northern Territory Mangroves	Australia
9.	Andaman & Nicobar Islands Mangroves	India
10.	Southeast Asian Mangroves	Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines

Sundarbans Mangrove Forest, World’s Largest Mangrove Forest

The Sundarbans is the biggest mangrove forest in the world, spread over 10,000 square kilometers. It lies where three big rivers – Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna -meet the sea. This forest is famous for the Royal Bengal Tiger, many types of birds and small waterways. Tourists and nature lovers visit it from nearby Kolkata.

Gulf of Gabes Mangroves

These mangroves grow along the Mediterranean Sea in Tunisia. Even though they are not very large, they are very important for the animals that live in sea and for birds that rest there during migration. They help keep the sea environment healthy.

Amazon Mangroves

Found along the Atlantic coast of northern Brazil, the Amazon mangroves are part of the large Amazon River area. They help protect nature by cleaning water, giving shelter to fish and birds, and helping to control the Earth’s climate by storing carbon.

Borneo Mangroves

The island of Borneo has thick mangrove forests where many rare animals live, such as the proboscis monkey with its big nose. These mangroves help keep the local wildlife safe and are also useful for the people who live nearby.

Ganges Delta Mangroves

This mangrove area is part of the bigger Sundarbans region and spreads across the Ganges River Delta. These trees grow in muddy, salty water and protect many animals and fish. They also help stop floods and protect people living nearby.

Gulf of Thailand Mangroves

Located along the coast of Thailand, these mangroves help local communities by supporting fishing. They also act as a natural wall that protects the land from big waves, strong winds and rising sea levels.

Congo River Mangroves

These mangroves are found near the Congo River in Central Africa. They are home to many fish, birds and water animals. These forests are very important for protecting river life and keeping the water clean.

Northern Territory Mangroves

Found in northern Australia, this is the largest mangrove area in the Southern Hemisphere. It has more than 40 types of mangrove trees. These forests protect the coast from erosion and provide food and homes for many sea creatures.

Andaman & Nicobar Islands Mangroves

Located in the Bay of Bengal, the mangroves in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands protect the land from big storms and sea waves. These forests are rich in sea animals, birds and plants and are important for the people who live on the islands.

Southeast Asian Mangroves

These countries have some of the largest mangrove areas in Asia, especially in Indonesia. These forests help with fishing, protect coastlines from damage, and play a big part in fighting climate change by storing carbon and cleaning the air.

Utpal Kumar Singh Appointed as Sansad TV CEO

The Lok Sabha Secretary-General Utpal Kumar Singh, a former IAS officer, has been given additional charge as the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Sansad TV. Known for his administrative acumen and significant contributions to the Kedarnath redevelopment project, Singh brings with him decades of experience in both state and central governance. His appointment marks another crucial step in the strengthening of parliamentary communication through Sansad TV.

Early Life and Education

Utpal Kumar Singh, 65 years old, hails from Bihar. He pursued a Master’s degree in History from Delhi University and later enhanced his academic profile with a Master’s in Public Policy and Management from the Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, Netherlands.

His journey into public service began when he was appointed as the Sub-District Magistrate of Etawah in Uttar Pradesh, marking the start of a distinguished career in the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) as part of the 1986 Uttarakhand cadre.

Major Contributions: Kedarnath Redevelopment

One of Singh’s most remarkable contributions was his role in the rebuilding of Kedarnath after the devastating 2013 floods. Along with Rudraprayag District Magistrate Mangesh Ghildiyal, Singh played a key role in the Kedarnath development project.

In 2017, Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone for five major reconstruction projects at the Kedarpuri area, including the revered Kedarnath shrine. Singh’s dedication and efficiency earned him praise from the Prime Minister, who personally reviewed the progress of the projects during his visits.

Their work in Kedarnath was widely recognized as a model of disaster recovery and heritage preservation, leading both Singh and Ghildiyal to prestigious positions in governance.

Career in Uttarakhand and at the Centre

Chief Secretary of Uttarakhand

Singh was appointed as the Chief Secretary of Uttarakhand in October 2017, serving until his retirement in July 2020. During his tenure, he oversaw several developmental projects, administrative reforms, and infrastructure initiatives.

It was under his leadership that the Char Dham Highway Project—a crucial connectivity project for pilgrims—was challenged in the Supreme Court in 2019, sparking national debate on environmental and developmental concerns.

Service in the Centre

Before becoming Chief Secretary, Singh had served as Additional Secretary in the Union Ministry of Agriculture in 2012, contributing to policy-making at the national level.

In August 2020, shortly after his retirement, he was appointed as the Secretary of the Lok Sabha Secretariat, later being elevated to the position of Secretary-General of the Lok Sabha, the highest-ranking official in the lower house of Parliament.

Political and Administrative Associations

Throughout his career, Singh maintained a reputation as a man of few words and a disciplined administrator. He was known to be close to former Uttarakhand Chief Minister General B.C. Khanduri, serving as his Principal Secretary during the latter’s tenure.

He also held key portfolios between 2005 and 2012, including Home, Public Works, Energy, Tourism, and Higher Education in the Uttarakhand government. His accessibility and fair approach earned him respect from both political leaders and fellow bureaucrats.

Role in Sansad TV

As the new CEO of Sansad TV, Singh is expected to bring his vast experience in governance, administration, and public communication to strengthen the channel’s role in disseminating parliamentary proceedings and educational content. Sansad TV, created through the merger of Lok Sabha TV and Rajya Sabha TV, is a crucial platform for enhancing transparency, public awareness, and parliamentary outreach in India.

His appointment reflects the trust of the leadership in his ability to manage high-profile institutions, just as he effectively handled major projects in his IAS career.

India’s First-Ever SHAPE 2025 Conference: A Game-Changer in Hospital Planning

The Army Hospital Research & Referral (AHRR), New Delhi, hosted the first-ever Armed Forces National Conference – SHAPE 2025 (Sustainable Hospital Architecture, Planning, Infrastructure, and Equipment) on July 26–27, 2025. The event gathered experts from the armed forces, civil domains, and private sectors to discuss the future of sustainable, resilient, and patient-friendly healthcare infrastructure in India.

Background

Organised by the Department of Hospital Administration at AHRR, SHAPE 2025 marks a pioneering step in hospital planning at a time when India is advancing towards Viksit Bharat@2047. The two-day event was inaugurated by DGAFMS Surg Vice Admiral Arti Sarin and AIIMS Director Dr. M. Srinivas, alongside senior dignitaries. Over 275 participants, including doctors, nurses, administrators, engineers, and architects, contributed to shaping a new vision for healthcare infrastructure.

Significance

The conference took place at a critical juncture as India prepares to mark 100 years of independence. Sustainable healthcare infrastructure is not only vital for reducing environmental impact but also for enhancing national preparedness, patient safety, and health equity. The discussions emphasized that hospitals must evolve from simple treatment centers into climate-conscious, people-centric ecosystems.

Objectives

The main aim of SHAPE 2025 was to move beyond traditional blueprint-based hospital planning towards environmentally conscious and technologically advanced models. The conference also sought to establish a comprehensive doctrine for hospital design and management that prioritizes sustainability, resilience, and patient comfort.

Key Features of SHAPE 2025

Integration of green technologies like solar power, rainwater harvesting, and zero-emission infrastructure.
Focus on disaster-resilient architecture to ensure uninterrupted healthcare services during crises.
Emphasis on achieving GRIHA ratings and CFEES certification for eco-friendly construction.
Adoption of ergonomically designed and healing-oriented spaces to enhance patient recovery.
Collaboration among armed forces, civil authorities, and private stakeholders for a unified healthcare vision.

Which is the Largest Hing Producing State in India?

Hing, also known as asafoetida, is a strong-smelling spice used in many Indian dishes and Ayurvedic medicines. For many years, India imported all its hing because the plant didn’t grow here. But now, Himachal Pradesh has started growing hing successfully and has become the largest producer in India. This is a big step toward reducing imports and supporting local farmers.

Largest Hing Producing State in India

Himachal Pradesh is now the biggest and only major producer of hing in India. For hundreds of years, India depended fully on countries like Afghanistan and Iran to meet its hing needs. But that changed in 2020 when a special research institute – CSIR-IHBT-started growing hing in the cold Lahul and Spiti region of Himachal Pradesh.

Why is Himachal Pradesh Good for Hing Farming?

Hing needs a dry and cold climate to grow well. This is why it couldn’t be grown in most parts of India. But places like Lahaul Valley in Himachal have the same weather as places where hing naturally grows, like Iran and Afghanistan. This makes it perfect for hing farming.

How much Hing is Grown in Himachal?

Hing is grown on over 300 hectares of land.
The plant takes about 5 years to start giving resin (the part used as spice).
Big harvests are expected to begin in 2025.
The government aims to grow hing on 750+ hectares soon.

Facts about Hing

Hing was always Imported: India has been buying hing from other countries for over 600 years. Every day, more than Rs.900 crore is spent on hing imports.
Needs cold Desert: Hing cannot grow in hot or humid places. It grows well only in dry, cold desert areas like Himachal, Ladakh and parts of Uttarakhand.
Long wait, big reward: Hing plants take about 5 years to be ready for harvest. Though it takes time, it gives good money to farmers in the long run.
Health benefits: Hing is great for health. It helps with digestion, reduces inflammation and supports respiratory health in Ayurveda.
Huge demand: India uses around 1,500 tonnes of hing every year! It’s a key ingredient in many Indian dishes, snacks and pickles.

World’s Most Beautiful Airport of 2025 Revealed – Changi Misses Out!

The Prix Versailles Awards 2025 have crowned Yantai Penglai International Airport’s Terminal 2 in China as the world’s most beautiful airport, surpassing renowned global hubs including Singapore’s Changi Airport. The award highlights the fusion of aesthetic architecture, environmental consciousness, and passenger-friendly design, setting a new benchmark in modern airport infrastructure.

Background

The Prix Versailles, often called the “world architecture and design award,” annually recognizes outstanding achievements in architecture across various categories, including airports. The 2025 award brought a major shift as Singapore’s Changi Airport, often seen as the global leader in airport design, did not feature in the top six, making way for new contenders across Asia, Europe, and the United States.

Key Features of Yantai Penglai International Airport

Spanning 167,000 square meters, Terminal 2 draws inspiration from Yantai’s coastal landscape. Its unique E-shaped layout optimizes passenger flow while minimizing disruption to the natural terrain. A glazed diagrid dome crowns a multi-level atrium, flooding the terminal with natural light. The interior design incorporates curves, tones, and structures reminiscent of wooden ship hulls, reflecting the city’s Maritime Silk Road heritage.

Significance

The recognition of Yantai Penglai International Airport marks China’s growing leadership in sustainable and aesthetic infrastructure development. The project demonstrates how airports can be designed as cultural icons while ensuring operational efficiency. It also reflects a global shift towards eco-conscious and locally inspired architecture in major travel hubs.

Other Notable Airports in the 2025 List

2. Marseille Provence Airport (France): Noted for using 70% recycled steel, a timber canopy, and natural ventilation, integrating modern sustainability with heritage elements.
3. Roland Garros Airport (Réunion Island, France): The world’s first large-scale tropical bioclimatic airport structure, designed for energy efficiency in a tropical climate.
4. Kansai International Airport (Japan): Built on an artificial island, it features an aerodynamic roofline and elegant interiors reflecting Japanese culture.
5. Portland International Airport (USA) and San Francisco International Airport (USA): Both recognized for their passenger-friendly designs and use of modern sustainable features.

Impact

This ranking highlights how airports are evolving beyond transport hubs into symbols of culture, sustainability, and national identity. By integrating natural light, eco-friendly materials, and cultural aesthetics, airports like Yantai Penglai set the stage for future global benchmarks. It also underscores increasing competition among countries to use infrastructure as a tool for soft power and tourism appeal.

Oscar Piastri Wins the 2025 Belgian Grand Prix at Spa

Oscar Piastri clinched victory in the 2025 Belgian Grand Prix at Spa-Francorchamps, holding off teammate and title rival Lando Norris in a challenging wet-dry race, thereby extending his Drivers’ Championship lead to 16 points.

Background

The 2025 Belgian GP was held at the historic Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, one of Formula 1’s most iconic and demanding tracks. The race began after a delay of nearly 80 minutes due to heavy rain, with drivers starting on intermediate tyres behind the Safety Car. Once the weather improved, racing commenced on Lap 5, setting the stage for an intense battle.

Significance

This race was crucial in the ongoing Formula 1 Drivers’ Championship battle. Piastri’s victory not only showcased his rising dominance but also gave him a vital points advantage over Norris. It highlighted McLaren’s strong performance, with both drivers finishing first and second, firmly placing the team in contention for the Constructors’ Championship.

Key Features

Winner: Oscar Piastri (McLaren), finishing in 1:25:22.601.
Runner-up: Lando Norris, just 3.4 seconds behind.
Third Place: Charles Leclerc (Ferrari), 20 seconds adrift.
Notable Performances: Max Verstappen in fourth, George Russell in fifth, and Lewis Hamilton climbing 11 places to finish seventh.
Unique Race Condition: The wet-dry format tested drivers’ tyre strategy and adaptability, with Piastri pitting early for medium tyres that proved decisive.

Impact

Piastri’s win extended his championship lead, strengthening his bid for the title. The result also underlined McLaren’s resurgence as a leading force in Formula 1. The race was remarkable for its clean finish, as all drivers completed the race despite the treacherous conditions. For Ferrari, Leclerc’s podium finish and Hamilton’s recovery drive boosted morale, while Verstappen’s fourth-place finish kept Red Bull in contention.

Challenges

The wet conditions at the start posed serious visibility and grip issues, with the Safety Car leading for the first four laps. Tyre management became critical as the track dried, forcing strategic calls on switching from intermediates to slick tyres. Additionally, Norris’s late charge nearly overturned Piastri’s lead, highlighting the fine margins that decide F1 races.