Most Apple Exporting Country in the World

Apples are among the most widely cultivated and consumed fruits globally, valued for their flavor, nutritional benefits, and versatility. The apple industry is significant for many countries, both for domestic consumption and export. Among the various countries involved in apple production and export, China stands out as the leading apple exporting country in the world.

Most Apple Exporting Country in the World

China is the world’s leading apple exporter, with an impressive export volume of 1,078,320,000 kilograms. This massive export capacity underscores China’s dominance in the global apple market, driven by advanced agricultural practices, government support, and a diverse range of high-quality apple varieties.

Production Volume of Apples in China

China’s apple production is staggering. The country produces over 40 million metric tons of apples annually, which is more than half of the world’s total apple production. This massive production capacity enables China to export a considerable quantity of apples to various countries across the globe.

Factors Behind China’s Dominance in Apple Export

Several factors contribute to China’s leading position in the global apple export market:

Advanced Agricultural Practices: China has adopted modern agricultural techniques and technologies to enhance apple production. This includes the use of high-density planting, advanced irrigation systems, and integrated pest management practices.
Government Support: The Chinese government has played a crucial role in promoting apple cultivation through various initiatives, including subsidies for apple farmers, research and development programs, and infrastructure development.
Large-Scale Production: The sheer scale of apple production in China allows for economies of scale, reducing production costs and making Chinese apples highly competitive in the global market.
Diverse Varieties: China cultivates a wide range of apple varieties, catering to different tastes and preferences in various markets. This diversity enhances China’s ability to meet the demands of international consumers.

Challenges and Future Prospects

Despite its dominant position, China faces several challenges in the apple export market. These include:

Environmental Concerns: Climate change and environmental degradation pose significant threats to apple production in China. Extreme weather conditions, such as droughts and floods, can adversely affect apple yields.
Quality Control: Maintaining consistent quality standards is crucial for sustaining China’s reputation in the global market. Efforts are being made to improve quality control measures and ensure that exported apples meet international standards.
Competition: Other countries, such as the United States and Poland, are also major apple exporters and continue to enhance their production and export capabilities.

Looking ahead, China aims to strengthen its position in the global apple market by investing in sustainable practices agricultural, improving quality control measures, and exploring new markets. With its rich history of apple cultivation and commitment to innovation, China is well-positioned to remain the world’s leading apple exporter for years to come.

SEBEX 2, India’s New Explosive Revolutionizing Military Firepower

India has taken a significant leap in military technology with the development of SEBEX 2, a powerful new explosive. Certified by the Indian Navy, SEBEX 2 is reported to be twice as lethal as the standard Trinitrotoluene (TNT), marking it as one of the most powerful non-nuclear explosives globally. This breakthrough is set to revolutionize artillery shells and warheads, enhancing their destructive capabilities without increasing their weight.

Development and Certification

Under the Defence Export Promotion Scheme

SEBEX 2 was rigorously tested under the Defence Export Promotion Scheme of the Indian Navy. The formulation was developed by Economic Explosives Ltd (EEL), a subsidiary of Nagpur-based Solar Industries. The certification process, completed last week, highlights the explosive’s enhanced firepower and blast effect, which surpasses any currently available solid explosive.

Part of Make in India Initiative

The development of SEBEX 2 falls under the Make in India initiative, showcasing India’s commitment to advancing its defense capabilities with indigenous technologies. The explosive uses a composition based on high-melting explosive (HMX), significantly improving the lethality of warheads, aerial bombs, artillery shells, and other munitions.

Key Features of SEBEX 2

Higher TNT Equivalence

Explosive performance is measured in terms of TNT equivalence, with higher values indicating greater lethality. SEBEX 2 is said to have a TNT equivalence twice that of standard TNT, providing a much more powerful blast effect. This enhanced performance ensures that SEBEX 2 can significantly improve the potency and efficiency of weapons and ammunition in use.

Revolutionary Impact

SEBEX 2’s high TNT equivalence makes it a game-changer for the armed forces. The increased explosive power allows for more effective damage to targets, making it ideal for use in various military applications, including warheads, aerial bombs, and artillery shells. This development is particularly important given the current conventional warheads worldwide have a TNT equivalence ranging from 1.25 to 1.30.

Additional Developments by EEL

Upcoming Variant with Greater Power

Economic Explosives Ltd is also developing another variant expected to have an explosive power rated at 2.3 times that of TNT. This variant is anticipated to be ready within six months, further enhancing India’s military capabilities.

SITBEX 1: The Thermobaric Explosive

EEL has also developed SITBEX 1, the first thermobaric explosive certified by the Indian Navy. SITBEX 1 has been used in recent conflicts to cause extensive battlefield damage. It produces a prolonged blast duration with intense heat, making it highly effective for destroying enemy bunkers, tunnels, and other fortified positions.

SIMEX 4: The Insensitive Munition

The third explosive certified by the Indian Navy is SIMEX 4, an insensitive munition. SIMEX 4 is safer to store, transport, and handle compared to standard explosives, as it is much less likely to ignite accidentally. This feature makes it especially suitable for applications where safety is critical, such as in torpedo warheads stored in the confined spaces of submarines.

Implications for India’s Defense

Enhanced Firepower and Efficiency

The development of SEBEX 2 and its variants marks a significant advancement in India’s defense technology. The enhanced firepower and efficiency of these new explosives will provide the armed forces with a substantial edge in combat scenarios. The ability to deliver greater damage with the same amount of explosive material allows for more effective and efficient military operations.

Strategic Advantage

The increased lethality of SEBEX 2 provides a strategic advantage, allowing India to strengthen its defense capabilities and maintain a robust deterrence posture. The development of these explosives also underscores India’s commitment to self-reliance in defense technology, reducing dependence on foreign imports.

Potential for Export

With certification from the Indian Navy, SEBEX 2 and its variants have the potential for export, contributing to India’s defense exports and boosting the economy. The Defence Export Promotion Scheme aims to promote such developments, positioning India as a significant player in the global defense market.

PM Modi Releases 3 Books On Life, Journey of Venkaiah Naidu

Prime Minister Narendra Modi released three books on the life and journey of former Vice President of India M Venkaiah Naidu via video conferencing on June 30. The book release event was organised at Anvaya Convention Centre in Gachibowli in Telangana’s Hyderabad, on the eve of the 75th birthday of the former Vice President Naidu.

The books released by the Prime Minister are

1) Biography of the former Vice President titled “Venkaiah Naidu: Life in Service” authored by Shri S Nagesh Kumar, former Resident Editor of The Hindu, Hyderabad edition

2) “Celebrating Bharat: The Mission and Message of Shri M Venkaiah Naidu as 13th Vice–President of India”, a Photo chronicle compiled by Dr I.V. Subba Rao, Former Secretary to Vice-President of India

3) Pictorial biography in Telugu titled “Mahaneta: Life and Journey of Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu” authored by Shri Sanjay Kishore

The PM said Mr. Naidu’s 75 years had been extraordinary and encompassed magnificent milestones. These 75 years have been extraordinary and it encompasses magnificent stopovers.” He said the three books would become “a source of inspiration for the people” while also “illuminating the correct path to serving the nation”.

About these books

The Prime Minister expressed delight in releasing Venkaiah Naidu’s biography and two other books based on his life. He expressed confidence that these books will become a source of inspiration for the people while also illuminating the correct path to serving the nation. Reminiscing about his long association with the former Vice-President, the Prime Minister said he had the opportunity to work with Venkaiah ji for a long period. This collaboration began during Naidu’s tenure as the national president of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), followed by his senior role in the Cabinet, his tenure as the Vice-President of the country, and later as the Speaker of the Rajya Sabha.

The life of Venkaiah Naidu

Modi expressed that the life of Venkaiah Naidu ji is a perfect glimpse of the amalgamation of ideas, vision and personality. Underling that power does not reflect the comforts of life but is the medium to accomplish the resolutions by service, the Prime Minister said that Shri Naidu proved himself when he got the opportunity to become a part of the Vajpayee Government where he chose to become the Union Minister for Rural Development.

Ek haath mein BJP ka jhanda, aur dusre haath mein NDA ka agenda

Praising the former Vice-President’s soft mild-mannerism, eloquence and wit, the Prime Minister recalled that no one can match Venkaiah Naidu’s level of wit, spontaneity, quick counters and one-liners. Shri Modi warmly recalled the slogan coined by Naidu during the formation of Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s coalition government, “Ek haath mein BJP ka jhanda, aur dusre haath mein NDA ka agenda”, which translates to the party’s flag in one hand and the National Democratic Alliance’s agenda in the other.

Making of Developed India

In 2014, he introduced the acronym ‘Making of Developed India’ for M.O.D.I. The Prime Minister said he was surprised by Venkaiah ji’s ruminations, compelling him to praise his style in the Rajya Sabha once where he said that there is depth, seriousness, vision, beat, bounce and wisdom in the former Vice-President’s words. The Prime Minister hailed the positive environment created by Shri Naidu during his tenure as Speaker of the Rajya Sabha and highlighted the various important decisions taken by the House. Recalling the introduction of the bill to revoke Article 370 in the Rajya Sabha before being tabled in the Lok Sabha, the Prime Minister lauded Shri Naidu’s experienced leadership in the passage of such a sensitive bill while maintaining the decorum of the House. The Prime Minister wished for a long, active and healthy life for Shri Naidu.

Emotional side of Venkaiah’s nature

Modi threw light on the emotional side of Venkaiah’s nature and informed that he never let adversities affect his decision-making. He also highlighted his simple way of living and his special ways of keeping in touch with people. The Prime Minister also touched upon the contributions made by personalities like Naidu towards Indian politics. Referring to the three books released today, the PM Modi said that they present the journey of Venkaiah Ji’s life, which is a source of inspiration for the younger generations. He said that as the Rural Development Minister in the government led by the late PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Mr. Naidu had wanted to serve villages, the poor, and the farmers, and as a Union Minister for Urban Development in the first Modi government, he had played a visionary role in implementing schemes such as the Swachh Bharat Mission, the Smart City Mission, and Amrit Yojana.

Top-10 Pistachios Producing Countries in the World

Pistachios, cherished for their distinct flavor and health benefits, are a significant agricultural commodity worldwide. Several countries have optimized their cultivation practices to become leading producers in the global market. This article explores the top 10 pistachio-producing nations, highlighting their production capabilities, regional advantages, and contributions to the international pistachio supply. Discover which countries are at the forefront of this lucrative industry.

Worldwide Pistachios Production

Worldwide pistachio production has reached approximately 747.31 thousand metric tons. This substantial output reflects the growing demand and cultivation efforts across leading producing nations. Key countries have optimized their agricultural practices to enhance yield, ensuring a steady supply to meet global consumption.

Largest Pistachios Producing Country in the World

Iran leads the world in pistachio production, with a staggering 551,372 tonnes, surpassing the combined output of all other countries on this list. Iran’s dominance in this sector is likely to continue due to its vast agricultural land and favorable climate. Iranian pistachios are renowned not only for their quantity but also for their superior quality. Integral to Iranian culture, pistachios feature in festivals, celebrations, literature, and special dishes.

Health Benefits of Pistachios

Pistachios offer numerous health benefits, including being rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals. They support heart health by lowering cholesterol and blood pressure. High in protein and fiber, pistachios aid in weight management and digestion. Their anti-inflammatory properties contribute to overall wellness. Additionally, pistachios are beneficial for blood sugar control, making them a healthy snack choice for people with diabetes.

Top-10 Pistachios Producing Countries in the World

Iran with the pistachios production of 551,372 metric tonnes, stands as the largest pistachios producing country in the world, followed by United States, Turkey and China.

Here is the list of top-10 pistachios producing countries in the world:

Top-10 Pistachios Producing Countries in the World
Rank	Country	Pistachios Production (in metric tons)
1.	Iran	551,372
2.	United States	555,195
3.	Turkey	236,933
4.	China	165,175
5.	Syria	130,000
6.	Greece	15,000
7.	Italy	12,000
8.	Tunisia	11,500
9.	Afghanistan	10,000
10.	Spain	8,600

Bhartiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023

Three new criminal laws –Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam -came into effect across the country on July 1, 2024. These laws will replace the colonial-era Indian Penal Code, Code of Criminal Procedure and the Indian Evidence Act, respectively.

What is Bhartiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita?

The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS) was introduced on August 11, 2023 to replace the CrPC. It amends provisions on bail, expands the scope of property seizure, and alters powers of police and Magistrates. The Bill has been examined by the Standing Committee on Home Affairs.
Bharatiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita has 531 sections (in place of 484 sections of CrPC). A total of 177 provisions have been changed in the Sanhita and nine new sections as well as 39 new sub-sections have been added to it. The act has added 44 new provisions and clarifications.

Highlights of the Bill

The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS) seeks to replace the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (CrPC). The CrPC provides for the procedure for arrest, prosecution, and bail.
BNSS mandates forensic investigation for offences punishable with seven years of imprisonment or more. Forensic experts will visit crime scenes to collect forensic evidence and record the process.
All trials, inquiries, and proceedings may be held in electronic mode. Production of electronic communication devices, likely to contain digital evidence, will be allowed for investigation, inquiry, or trial.
If a proclaimed offender has absconded to evade trial and there is no immediate prospect of arresting him, the trial can be conducted and judgement pronounced in his absence.
Along with specimen signatures or handwriting, finger impressions and voice samples may be collected for investigation or proceedings. Samples may be taken from a person who has not been arrested.

Key Issues and Analysis

The BNSS allows up to 15 days of police custody, which can be authorised in parts during the initial 40 or 60 days of the 60 or 90 days period of judicial custody. This may lead to denial of bail for the entire period if the police has not exhausted the 15 days custody.
The powers to attach property from proceeds of crime does not have safeguards provided in the Prevention of Money Laundering Act.
The CrPC provides for bail for an accused who has been detained for half the maximum imprisonment for the offence. The BNSS denies this facility for anyone facing multiple charges. As many cases involve charges under multiple sections, this may limit such bail.
The use of handcuffs is permitted in a range of cases including economic offences, contradicting Supreme Court directions.
The BNSS allows evidence collected by retired or transferred investigating officers to be presented by their successors. This violates normal rules of evidence when the author of the document can be cross examined.
Recommendations of high level committees on changes to the CrPC such as reforms in sentencing guidelines and codifying rights of the accused have not been incorporated in the BNSS.

Difference between New Law (Bhartiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023) and Old Law

Aspect	Old Law (Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973)	New Law (Bhartiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023)
Introduction Date	1973	2023
Colonial Influence	Retained elements from British colonial rule	Drafted to reflect post-independence and modern Indian values
Language and Terminology	Archaic legal language	Simplified and modernized language
Structure	Detailed procedural code with 484 sections	Revised structure, updated sections
Arrests	Procedures for arrests detailed in Sections 41-60	New provisions for digital warrants, use of technology in arrests
Investigation	Traditional methods of investigation	Emphasis on forensic evidence, cyber investigations
Bail and Bonds	Detailed provisions in Sections 436-450	Streamlined process, emphasis on bail reform
Trial Procedures	Detailed trial procedures	Simplified and expedited trial processes
Witness Protection	Limited provisions	Comprehensive witness protection programs
Victim Rights	Basic recognition of victim rights	Enhanced victim compensation and support mechanisms
Speedy Trial	Emphasis on speedy trial, often delayed	Stronger provisions for ensuring speedy trial
Digital Evidence	Limited recognition	Comprehensive recognition and procedures for digital evidence
Police Reforms	Basic guidelines	Detailed guidelines on police reforms, accountability mechanisms
Appeals and Revisions	Detailed in Sections 372-394	Updated to include digital submission of appeals, faster processes
Juvenile Procedures	Governed by Juvenile Justice Act, 2015	Integrated approach with special provisions for juveniles
Technology Use	Limited use	Extensive use of technology in legal processes
Alternative Dispute Resolution	Basic provisions	Expanded focus on ADR mechanisms
Preventive Measures	Sections on preventive actions like Section 107, 144	Strengthened preventive measures, modern context considerations
Community Policing	Limited provisions	Emphasis on community policing and involvement
Special Courts	Provisions for special courts	Expansion and more specific guidelines for special courts
Inter-State Coordination	Basic guidelines	Enhanced inter-state coordination mechanisms
Legal Aid	Basic provisions for free legal aid	Strengthened and expanded legal aid provisions
Electronic Monitoring	Not covered	Provisions for electronic monitoring of offenders
Public Participation	Limited mechanisms	Increased focus on public participation in criminal justice

Important Days in July 2024, Check National and International Days

July 2024, the seventh month of the year, is set to be a month filled with commemorative days that highlight various causes, cultures, and historical events of global significance. From national celebrations that honor a country’s heritage to international observances focusing on critical global issues, each day brings an opportunity for reflection, awareness, and action. Let’s delve into some of the important national and international days that will be observed this July.

Important Days in July 2024

July 2024, the seventh month of the year, brings with it a diverse array of meaningful national and international observances. Named in honor of Julius Caesar, July is notable for its commemoration of significant historical events and themes. Throughout this month, several key dates hold special importance, such as Doctor’s Day, International Plastic Bag Free Day, World Population Day, World Youth Skills Day, World Hepatitis Day, and more. These occasions serve not only to inform and educate but also to foster awareness and action on pressing issues that impact our global community. Each day provides an opportunity to deepen our understanding of various societal challenges and celebrate achievements in fields ranging from healthcare to environmental sustainability, reflecting the ongoing pursuit of progress and unity worldwide.

List of Important Days in July 2024, National and International Days

July 2024 is marked by a diverse array of significant national and international days, each carrying its own cultural, historical, or thematic importance. From commemorating healthcare professionals on Doctor’s Day to raising awareness about global environmental issues on International Plastic Bag Free Day, this month offers opportunities for reflection, celebration, and advocacy on a global scale.

Here is the list of important days in July 2024, National and International:

Date	Important Days
July 1, 2024	National Doctor’s Day
July 01, 2024	National Chartered Accountants Day
July 01, 2024	GST Day
July 01, 2024	National Gingersnap Day
July 01, 2024	National U.S. Postage Stamp Day
July 01, 2024	Canada Day
July 01, 2024	National Poster Worker Day
July 02, 2024	World Sports Journalists Day
July 02, 2024	World UFO Day
July 02, 2024	National Anisette Day
July 03, 2024	National Fried Clam Day
July 03, 2024	International Plastic Bag Free Day
July 04, 2024	USA Independence Day
July 06, 2024	World Zoonoses Day
July 06, 2024	International Day of Cooperatives
July 07, 2024	World Chocolate Day
July 07, 2024	World Kiswahili Language Day
July 09, 2024	National Sugar Cookie Day
July 11, 2024	World Population Day
July 11, 2024	International Day of Reflection and Commemoration of the 1995 Genocide in Srebrenica
July 12, 2024	National 7-Eelven Day
July 12, 2024	National Simplicity Day
July 12, 2024	National Bag Day
July 12, 2024	Malala Day
July 12, 2024	International Day of Combating Sand and Dust Storms
July 13, 2024	National French Fry Day
July 14, 2024	Bastille Day
July 15, 2024	World Youth Skills Day
July 15, 2024	Social Media Giving Day
July 15, 2024	World Youth Skills Day
Jul 17, 2024	World Day for International Justice
July 17, 2024	World Emoji Day
July 18, 2024	International Nelson Mandela Day
July 20, 2024	World Chess Day
July 20, 2024	Moon Day
July 22, 2024	National Mango Day
July 23, 2024	National Broadcasting Day
July 24, 2024	National Thermal Engineer Day
July 25, 2024	World Embryologist Day
July 25, 2024	World Drowning Prevention Day
July 26, 2024	Kargil Vijay Diwas
July 28, 2024	World Hepatitis Day
July 28, 2024	National Parent’s Day
July 29, 2024	International Tiger Day
July 30, 2024	International Day of Friendship
July 30, 2024	World Day against Trafficking in Persons
July 31, 2024	World Ranger Day

July 01- National Doctor’s Day

National Doctor’s Day in India is celebrated on July 1st to commemorate the birth anniversary of Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy, honoring doctors’ contributions to society and healthcare.

July 01 – National Chartered Accountants Day

National Chartered Accountants Day, observed on July 1st in India, celebrates the profession’s role in finance and governance, recognizing their expertise and contributions to the economy.

July 01 – GST Day

GST Day, observed on July 1st in India, marks the anniversary of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) implementation, aiming to streamline taxation and boost economic growth.

July 01 – National U.S. Postage Stamp Day

National U.S. Postage Stamp Day, celebrated on July 1st, honors the significance of stamps in communication and culture, highlighting their role in history and everyday life.

July 01 – Canada Day

Canada Day, celebrated on July 1st, marks the anniversary of Canada’s confederation, honoring the country’s history, diversity, and national pride with festivities nationwide.

July 01 – National Postal Worker Day

National Postal Worker Day, observed on July 1st, recognizes the dedication and essential services provided by postal workers in delivering mail and packages across communities.

July 02 – World Sports Journalists Day

World Sports Journalists Day, observed on July 2nd, celebrates the role of sports journalists in reporting on sporting events, athletes, and the impact of sports on society globally.

July 02 – World UFO Day

World UFO Day, observed on July 2nd, encourages discussion and awareness about unidentified flying objects, fostering curiosity and exploration of the unknown in popular culture and science.

July 02 – National Anisette Day

National Anisette Day, celebrated on July 2nd, honors the anise-flavored liqueur known as anisette, enjoyed in cocktails and desserts for its distinctive flavor and aroma.

July 03 – National Fried Clam Day

National Fried Clam Day, observed on July 3rd, celebrates the culinary delight of fried clams, a popular seafood dish enjoyed for its crispy texture and savory taste.

July 03 – International Plastic Bag Free Day

International Plastic Bag Free Day, observed on July 3rd, promotes awareness and encourages the reduction of plastic bag usage to protect the environment and marine life.

July 04 – USA Independence Day

USA Independence Day, celebrated on July 4th, commemorates the adoption of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, marking America’s freedom from British rule with fireworks, parades, and festivities nationwide.

July 06 – World Zoonoses Day

World Zoonoses Day, observed on July 6th, raises awareness about diseases that can spread from animals to humans, emphasizing prevention and One Health approaches for public health.

July 06 – International Day of Cooperatives

The International Day of Cooperatives, celebrated on the first Saturday of July, promotes cooperative values and principles, highlighting their role in sustainable development and community empowerment worldwide.

July 07 – World Chocolate Day

World Chocolate Day, celebrated on July 7th, indulges chocolate lovers worldwide, honoring the delectable treat’s history and cultural significance across civilizations.

July 07 – World Kiswahili Language Day

World Kiswahili Language Day, observed on July 07^th, celebrates the cultural and linguistic heritage of Kiswahili, promoting its importance and use in global communication and understanding.

July 09 – National Sugar Cookie Day

National Sugar Cookie Day, observed on July 9th, celebrates the classic sugar cookie’s simplicity and sweetness, enjoyed with various decorations and flavors.

July 11 – World Population Day

World Population Day, observed on July 11th, raises awareness about global population issues, advocating for reproductive health, gender equality, and sustainable development goals.

July 11 – International Day of Reflection and Commemoration of the 1995 Genocide in Srebrenica

International Day of Reflection and Commemoration of the 1995 Genocide in Srebrenica, observed on July 11th, honors the victims and promotes reconciliation and prevention of future atrocities.

July 12 – National Simplicity Day

National Simplicity Day, celebrated on July 12th, honors the philosophy of simplicity advocated by Henry David Thoreau, encouraging a minimalist and mindful approach to life.

July 12 – National Bag Day

National Bag Day, observed on July 12th, promotes awareness about the importance of reusable bags to reduce plastic waste and protect the environment.

July 12 – International Day of Combating Sand and Dust Storms

International Day of Combating Sand and Dust Storms, observed on June 12^th, raises awareness about the impacts of these storms and promotes measures to mitigate their environmental and health effects globally.

July 12- Malala Day

Malala Day, observed on July 12th, celebrates Malala Yousafzai’s advocacy for girls’ education worldwide, promoting empowerment and equality through her courage and activism.

July 13 – National French Fry Day

National French Fry Day, celebrated on July 13th, honors the beloved crispy potato snack enjoyed worldwide in various styles and flavors.

July 14 – Bastille Day

Bastille Day, celebrated on July 14th, marks the French National Day, commemorating the storming of the Bastille prison in 1789 and the beginning of the French Revolution.

July 15 – World Youth Skills Day

World Youth Skills Day, observed on July 15th, promotes the importance of developing skills among young people to enhance employability and entrepreneurship opportunities globally.

July 15 – World Youth Skills Day

World Youth Skills Day, observed on July 15th, highlights the importance of equipping young people with skills for employment and entrepreneurship to foster sustainable development and economic growth.

July 15 – Social Media Giving Day

Social Media Giving Day, observed on the second Tuesday of July, encourages charitable donations and activism through social media platforms to support various causes worldwide.

July 17 – World Day for International Justice

World Day for International Justice, observed on July 17th, raises awareness about the importance of international criminal justice in promoting peace, security, and human rights globally.

July 17 – World Emoji Day

World Emoji Day, celebrated on July 17th, honors the small digital icons that have become integral to modern communication, expressing emotions and ideas across cultures and languages.

July 18 – International Nelson Mandela Day

International Nelson Mandela Day, observed on July 18th, commemorates Nelson Mandela’s legacy of promoting peace, reconciliation, and social justice through his leadership and activism.

July 20 – World Chess Day

World Chess Day, celebrated on July 20th, promotes chess as a game that fosters critical thinking, strategy, and global unity through tournaments and educational initiatives worldwide.

July 20 – Moon Day

Moon Day, observed on July 20th, commemorates the first human landing on the Moon by Apollo 11 astronauts in 1969, symbolizing human achievement in space exploration.

July 22 – National Mango Day

National Mango Day, celebrated on July 22nd, honors the delicious and versatile tropical fruit, recognized for its sweet flavor and nutritional benefits enjoyed globally.

July 23 – National Broadcasting Day

National Broadcasting Day, observed on July 23rd, celebrates the advent of radio broadcasting in India, marking its pivotal role in disseminating information and entertainment to the masses.

July 24 – National Thermal Engineer Day

National Thermal Engineer Day, celebrated on July 24th, recognizes the expertise of thermal engineers in designing systems for heat transfer, energy efficiency, and climate control in various industries.

July 25 – World Embryologist Day

World Embryologist Day, observed on July 25th, recognizes the contributions of embryologists in advancing reproductive science and supporting individuals on their journey to parenthood.

July 25 – World Drowning Prevention Day

World Drowning Prevention Day, observed on July 25th, raises awareness about drowning risks and promotes lifesaving measures to prevent drowning deaths globally.

July 26 – Kargil Vijay Diwas

Kargil Vijay Diwas, observed on July 26th, commemorates India’s victory in the Kargil War of 1999, honoring the bravery and sacrifice of Indian armed forces.

July 28 – National Parent’s Day

National Parents’ Day, celebrated on the fourth Sunday of July, honors the role of parents in nurturing families and society, promoting their importance in children’s lives and communities.

July 28 – World Hepatitis Day

World Hepatitis Day, observed on July 28th, raises awareness about viral hepatitis, promotes prevention measures, and advocates for access to testing and treatment worldwide.

July 29 – International Tiger Day

International Tiger Day, observed on July 29th, raises awareness about tiger conservation efforts to protect these majestic big cats and their habitats worldwide.

July 30 – International Day of Friendship

International Day of Friendship, celebrated on July 30th, promotes friendship as a way to foster peace and bridge cultural gaps, emphasizing solidarity and mutual understanding among peoples.

July 30 – World Day against Trafficking in Persons

World Day against Trafficking in Persons, observed on July 30th, aims to raise awareness about human trafficking and promote measures to combat and prevent this global crime.

July 31 – World Ranger Day

World Ranger Day, observed on July 31st, honors the dedication and sacrifice of park rangers worldwide in protecting natural and cultural heritage and wildlife conservation efforts.

Which Indian River is Known as the “Lifeline of Kerala”?

Kerala, known as “God’s Own Country,” is a state in southern India famous for its lush landscapes, serene backwaters, and vibrant culture. Central to its geography and life is a river often termed the lifeline of Kerala. This river is none other than the Periyar River. In this article, we will explore why the Periyar River holds such a significant place in Kerala’s heart, its course, historical and cultural importance, and its role in the state’s economy and ecology.

Which Indian River is known as “Lifeline of Kerala”?

The Periyar River is often referred to as the ‘Lifeline of Kerala’ due to its crucial role in sustaining the state’s water needs. It is one of the few perennial rivers in Kerala, providing essential water for drinking, agriculture, and industrial purposes.

Origin of the Periyar River

The Periyar River originates from the Sivagiri hills of the Western Ghats, located in Tamil Nadu. From its source, it flows westward into the state of Kerala, traversing through various districts before emptying into the Arabian Sea. This journey from its origin to the sea is crucial in sustaining the ecological and economic fabric of the regions it passes through.

Length of the Periyar River

The Periyar River is approximately 244 kilometers long, making it the longest river in Kerala. Its extensive course plays a vital role in the state’s water resource management, ensuring that various regions have access to water for multiple uses.

Main Tributaries of the Periyar River

The Periyar River is fed by several important tributaries, which include:

Muthirapuzha
Mullayar
Cheruthoni
Perinjankutti

These tributaries enhance the river’s capacity to support the diverse needs of the regions it traverses, contributing to its overall flow and water volume.

Ecological Importance of the Periyar River

The Periyar River’s ecological importance is underscored by its flow through the Periyar National Park, a significant biodiversity hotspot in Kerala. The river’s ecosystem supports a variety of plant and animal life, including several endangered species. This riverine ecosystem is crucial for maintaining ecological balance and supporting conservation efforts in the region.

Benefits to the People of Kerala

The Periyar River provides numerous benefits to the people of Kerala, including:

Drinking Water: It is a vital source of drinking water for several districts, ensuring that communities have access to safe and reliable water.
Agriculture: The river’s water is extensively used for irrigation, supporting the state’s agricultural sector and ensuring food security.
Energy Production: The river hosts several hydroelectric power stations, which are critical for Kerala’s energy supply, providing renewable energy to the state.
Tourism: The scenic beauty and wildlife along the Periyar River attract tourists, boosting the local economy and supporting livelihoods related to tourism and hospitality.

ICC Champions Trophy Winners List (1998 to 2024)

ICC Champions Trophy Winners List

The Champions Trophy, often nicknamed the “Mini World Cup,” was introduced by the International Cricket Council (ICC) back in 1998. At first, it was known as the ICC Knockout Tournament and was played every four years. The main goal was to generate funds for cricket in countries that didn’t have Test status. The first two editions were held in Kenya and Bangladesh. However, due to its commercial success, the tournament later took place in major cricketing nations like England and India.

Starting from the 2009 edition, the format was changed to include only the top 8 teams in the ICC ODI rankings. The rankings cutoff was set six months before the trophy started. After the 2017 edition, the Champions Trophy was discontinued to focus on having just one global tournament for each of the three cricket formats.

But, in 2021, the ICC surprised everyone by announcing the return of the Champions Trophy, set to be held in 2025 and 2029. In this article, we’ll list the winners of each past edition of the Champions Trophy.

ICC Champions Trophy Winners List (1998 to 2024)

Year	Host Nation(S)	Winner	Runner-Up
1998	Bangladesh	South Africa	West Indies
2000	Kenya	New Zealand	India
2002	Sri Lanka	Sri Lanka and India	None
2004	England	West Indies	England
2006	India	Australia	West Indies
2009	South Africa	Australia	New Zealand
2013	England and Wales	India	England
2017	England and Wales	Pakistan	India
2025	Pakistan	Not Decided	Not Decided

Teams Qualified for the Champions Trophy 2025

After the conclusion of the 2023 World Cup league stage, the following teams have secured their spots in the 2025 Champions Trophy: India, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand earned qualification by reaching the semifinals. Host nation Pakistan and sixth-placed Afghanistan also made the cut. India, among the first to secure a berth, will be joined by top cricketing nations for the much-anticipated return of the Champions Trophy after seven years.

ICC Champions Trophy History

The ICC Champions Trophy, initially called the ICC KnockOut Tournament, kicked off in 1998 and changed its name to the Champions Trophy in 2002. Let’s break down its journey in simple terms. The ICC came up with the idea for the Champions Trophy to raise money for cricket development in non-test playing countries. The first tournaments were in Bangladesh and Kenya, but due to its success, it became a money-spinner for the ICC.

ICC Champions Trophy Evolution:

Originally known as the mini-World Cup involving all ICC full members, it started as a knockout tournament. In 2002, it switched to a round-robin format but stayed short – lasting about two weeks. Over the years, the number of teams changed, but since 2009, only the top eight teams in the ICC ODI Rankings participated. The Champions Trophy has been hosted in seven countries, with England hosting it three times. Initially held every two years, it shifted to a four-year cycle from 2009, aligning with the World Cup schedule.

ICC Champions Trophy Winners and Changes

Thirteen teams competed in eight editions, with Australia and India winning twice each. The 2017 edition was the last, as the ICC aimed for one pinnacle tournament for each cricket format. Plans for an ODI League in 2019 threatened the Champions Trophy’s future. Originally set for India, the 2021 ICC T20 World Cup moved to the UAE due to COVID-19, and there was no Champions Trophy that year. However, it’s back in the plans for the 2025 cycle onwards, marking a new chapter in this cricketing journey.

ICC Champions Trophy Format

The ICC Champions Trophy distinguishes itself from the World Cup in several aspects. Unlike the World Cup, the Champions Trophy spans around two and a half weeks, offering a more condensed competition schedule, as opposed to the month-long duration of the World Cup. Additionally, the number of participating teams varies, with the latest World Cup edition featuring 10 teams, while the most recent Champions Trophy had 8 teams.

In the years 2002 and 2004, the tournament format involved twelve teams engaged in a round-robin competition organized into four pools of three teams each. The leading team from each pool progressed to the semi-final stage, requiring a team to play only four matches (two in the pool stage, along with the semi-final and final) to secure victory. Notably, this format differed from the Knock Out tournaments, which had no pools and operated on a straight knockout basis, resulting in the elimination of the losing team in each match. The 1998 edition featured only eight games, and the 2000 edition included 10 games.

Since 2009, the tournament has seen eight teams divided into two pools of four, adopting a round-robin format. The top two teams from each pool proceed to the semi-finals, introducing the risk of elimination for any team that loses a single match. The current format comprises a total of 15 matches, creating a tournament duration of approximately two and a half weeks.

Wimbledon Champions Winners List From 1947 To 2024, Updated

The Wimbledon Championships, held annually in London, is one of tennis’s most prestigious events. This article highlights the champions from 1947 to 2023, showcasing the evolution of the sport and its legendary players.

List of Wimbledon Champions from 1947 To 2024

Year	Singles – Gentlemen	Singles – Ladies	Doubles – Gentlemen	Doubles – Ladies	Mixed Doubles
1946	Yvon Petra	Pauline Betz	Tom Brown, Jack Kramer	Louise Brough, Margaret Osborne	Tom Brown, Louise Brough
1947	Jack Kramer	Margaret Osborne duPont	Bob Falkenburg, Jack Kramer	Doris Hart, Patricia Canning Todd	John Bromwich, Louise Brough
1948	Bob Falkenburg	Louise Brough	John Bromwich, Frank Sedgman	Louise Brough, Margaret Osborne duPont	n/a
1949	Ted Schroeder	Pancho Gonzales	Frank Parker, Eric Sturgess	Sheila Summers	n/a
1950	Budge Patty	John Bromwich	Adrian Quist, Eric Sturgess	Louise Brough	n/a
1951	Richard Savitt	Doris Hart	Ken McGregor, Frank Sedgman	Shirley Fry, Doris Hart	Frank Sedgman, Doris Hart
1952	Frank Sedgman	Maureen Connolly	n/a	n/a	n/a
1953	Vic Seixas	Lew Hoad, Ken Rosewall	Vic Seixas, Doris Hart	n/a	n/a
1954	Jaroslav Drobný	Rex Hartwig	Mervyn Rose, Louise Brough	Margaret duPont	n/a
1955	Tony Trabert	Louise Brough	Rex Hartwig, Lew Hoad	Angela Mortimer, Anne Shilcock	n/a
1956	Lew Hoad	Shirley Fry	Lew Hoad, Ken Rosewall	Angela Buxton, Althea Gibson	Vic Seixas, Shirley Fry
1957	Althea Gibson	Gardnar Mulloy, Budge Patty	Althea Gibson, Darlene Hard	Mervyn Rose, Darlene Hard	n/a
1958	Ashley Cooper	Sven Davidson, Ulf Schmidt	Maria Bueno, Althea Gibson	Bob Howe, Lorraine Coghlan	n/a
1959	Alex Olmedo	Maria Bueno	Roy Emerson, Neale Fraser	Jeanne Arth, Darlene Hard	Rod Laver, Darlene Hard
1960	Neale Fraser	Rafael Osuna, Dennis Ralston	Maria Bueno, Darlene Hard	n/a	n/a
1961	Rod Laver	Angela Mortimer	Roy Emerson, Neale Fraser	Karen Hantze, Billie Jean Moffitt	Fred Stolle, Lesley Turner Bowrey
1962	Karen Hantze Susman	Bob Hewitt, Fred Stolle	Neale Fraser, Margaret duPont	n/a	n/a
1963	Chuck McKinley	Margaret Smith Court	Rafael Osuna, Antonio Palafox	Maria Bueno, Darlene Hard	Ken Fletcher, Margaret Court
1964	Roy Emerson	Maria Bueno	Bob Hewitt, Fred Stolle	Margaret Smith, Lesley Turner Bowrey	Fred Stolle, Lesley Turner
1965	Margaret Smith Court	John Newcombe, Tony Roche	Maria Bueno, Billie Jean Moffitt	Ken Fletcher, Margaret Court
1966	Manuel Santana	Billie Jean Moffitt King	Ken Fletcher, John Newcombe	Maria Bueno, Nancy Richey	n/a
1967	John Newcombe	Bob Hewitt, Frew McMillan	Rosemary Casals, Billie Jean King	Owen Davidson, Billie Jean King
1968	Rod Laver	John Newcombe, Tony Roche	Rosemary Casals, Billie Jean King	Margaret Court, Ken Rosewall
1969	Ann Haydon-Jones	Margaret Court, Judy Tegart	Ann Haydon-Jones, Fred Stolle	n/a	n/a
1970	John Newcombe	Margaret Court	Rosemary Casals, Billie Jean King	Ilie Năstase	n/a
1971	Evonne Goolagong	Roy Emerson, Rod Laver	Billie Jean King, Owen Davidson	n/a	n/a
1972	Stan Smith	Billie Jean King	Bob Hewitt, Frew McMillan	Billie Jean King, Betty Stöve	Rosemary Casals, Ilie Năstase
1973	Jan Kodeš	Jimmy Connors, Ilie Năstase	Rosemary Casals, Billie Jean King	Owen Davidson
1974	Jimmy Connors	Chris Evert	John Newcombe, Tony Roche	Evonne Goolagong, Peggy Michel	n/a
1975	Arthur Ashe	Billie Jean King	Vitas Gerulaitis, Sandy Mayer	Ann Kiyomura, Kazuko Sawamatsu	Margaret Court, Marty Riessen
1976	Björn Borg	Chris Evert	Brian Gottfried, Raúl Ramírez	Chris Evert, Martina Navratilova	Françoise Dürr, Tony Roche
1977	Virginia Wade	Ross Case, Geoff Masters	Helen Gourlay Cawley, JoAnne Russell	Greer Stevens, Bob Hewitt
1978	Martina Navratilova	Bob Hewitt, Frew McMillan	Kerry Melville Reid, Wendy Turnbull	Betty Stöve, Frew McMillan
1979	Peter Fleming	John McEnroe, Billie Jean King	Martina Navratilova, Greer Stevens	Bob Hewitt
1980	Evonne Goolagong Cawley	Peter McNamara, Paul McNamee	Kathy Jordan, Anne Smith	Tracy Austin, John Austin
1981	John McEnroe	Chris Evert	Peter Fleming, John McEnroe	Martina Navratilova, Pam Shriver	Betty Stöve, Frew McMillan
1982	Jimmy Connors	Martina Navratilova	Peter McNamara, Paul McNamee	Anne Smith, Kevin Curren	n/a
1983	John McEnroe	Peter Fleming, John McEnroe	Wendy Turnbull, John Lloyd	n/a
1984	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
1985	Boris Becker	Heinz Günthardt, Balázs Taróczy	Kathy Jordan, Elizabeth Smylie	Martina Navratilova, Paul McNamee
1986	Joakim Nyström	Mats Wilander	Martina Navratilova, Pam Shriver	Kathy Jordan, Ken Flach	n/a
1987	Pat Cash	Ken Flach, Robert Seguso	Claudia Kohde-Kilsch, Helena Suková	Jo Durie, Jeremy Bates
1988	Stefan Edberg	Steffi Graf	Steffi Graf, Gabriela Sabatini	Zina Garrison, Sherwood Stewart
1989	Boris Becker	John Fitzgerald, Anders Järryd	Jana Novotná, Helena Suková	Jana Novotná, Jim Pugh
1990	Stefan Edberg	Martina Navratilova	Rick Leach, Jim Pugh	Rick Leach, Zina Garrison	n/a
1991	Michael Stich	Steffi Graf	John Fitzgerald, Anders Järryd	Larisa Savchenko Neiland, Natasha Zvereva	Elizabeth Sayers Smylie, John Fitzgerald
1992	Andre Agassi	John McEnroe, Michael Stich	Gigi Fernández, Natasha Zvereva	Larisa Savchenko Neiland, Cyril Suk
1993	Pete Sampras	Todd Woodbridge, Mark Woodforde	Martina Navratilova, Mark Woodforde	n/a
1994	n/a	Conchita Martínez	Helena Suková, Todd Woodbridge	n/a
1995	Steffi Graf	Jana Novotná, Arantxa Sánchez Vicario	Martina Navratilova, Jonathan Stark	n/a
1996	Richard Krajicek	Martina Hingis, Helena Suková	Helena Suková, Cyril Suk	n/a
1997	Pete Sampras	Martina Hingis, Gigi Fernández	Natasha Zvereva	n/a
1998	Jana Novotná	Jacco Eltingh, Paul Haarhuis	Martina Hingis, Jana Novotná	Serena Williams, Max Mirnyi
1999	Lindsay Davenport	Mahesh Bhupathi, Leander Paes	Lindsay Davenport, Corina Morariu	Lisa Raymond, Leander Paes
2000	Venus Williams	Todd Woodbridge, Mark Woodforde	Serena Williams, Venus Williams	Kimberly Po, Donald Johnson
2001	Goran Ivanišević	Donald Johnson, Jared Palmer	Lisa Raymond, Rennae Stubbs	Daniela Hantuchová, Leoš Friedl
2002	Lleyton Hewitt	Serena Williams	Jonas Björkman, Todd Woodbridge	Serena Williams, Venus Williams	Elena Likhovtseva, Mahesh Bhupathi
2003	Roger Federer	Kim Clijsters, Ai Sugiyama	Martina Navratilova, Leander Paes	n/a
2004	Maria Sharapova	Cara Black, Rennae Stubbs	Cara Black, Wayne Black	n/a
2005	Venus Williams	Stephen Huss, Wesley Moodie	Cara Black, Liezel Huber	Mary Pierce, Mahesh Bhupathi
2006	Amélie Mauresmo	Bob Bryan, Mike Bryan	Yan Zi, Zheng Jie	Vera Zvonareva, Andy Ram
2007	Venus Williams	Arnaud Clément, Michaël Llodra	Cara Black, Liezel Huber	Jelena Janković, Jamie Murray
2008	Rafael Nadal	Daniel Nestor, Nenad Zimonjić	Serena Williams, Venus Williams	Samantha Stosur, Bob Bryan
2009	Roger Federer	Serena Williams	Anna-Lena Grönefeld, Mark Knowles	n/a
2010	Rafael Nadal	Jürgen Melzer, Philipp Petzschner	Vania King, Yaroslava Shvedova	Cara Black, Leander Paes
2011	Novak Djokovic	Petra Kvitová	Bob Bryan, Mike Bryan	Květa Peschke, Katarina Srebotnik	Iveta Benešová, Jürgen Melzer
2012	Roger Federer	Serena Williams	Jonathan Marray, Frederik Nielsen	Serena Williams, Venus Williams	Lisa Raymond, Mike Bryan
2013	Andy Murray	Marion Bartoli	Bob Bryan, Mike Bryan	Hsieh Su-wei, Peng Shuai	Kristina Mladenovic, Daniel Nestor
2014	Novak Djokovic	Petra Kvitová	Vasek Pospisil, Jack Sock	Sara Errani, Roberta Vinci	Samantha Stosur, Nenad Zimonjić
2015	Serena Williams	Jean-Julien Rojer, Horia Tecău	Martina Hingis, Sania Mirza	Martina Hingis, Leander Paes
2016	Andy Murray	Pierre-Hugues Herbert, Nicolas Mahut	Serena Williams, Venus Williams	Heather Watson, Henri Kontinen
2017	Roger Federer	Garbiñe Muguruza	Łukasz Kubot, Marcelo Melo	Ekaterina Makarova, Elena Vesnina	Martina Hingis, Jamie Murray
2018	Novak Djokovic	Angelique Kerber	Mike Bryan, Jack Sock	Barbora Krejčíková, Kateřina Siniaková	Nicole Melichar, Alexander Peya
2019	Simona Halep	Juan Sebastián Cabal, Robert Farah	Hsieh Su-wei, Barbora Strýcová	Latisha Chan, Ivan Dodig
2020	No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
2021	Novak Djokovic	Ashleigh Barty	Nikola Mektić, Mate Pavić	Hsieh Su-wei, Elise Mertens	Desirae Krawczyk, Neal Skupski
2022	Elena Rybakina	Matthew Ebden, Max Purcell	Barbora Krejčíková, Kateřina Siniaková	n/a
2023	Carlos Alcaraz	Markéta Vondroušová	Wesley Koolhof, Neal Skupski	Hsieh Su-wei, Barbora Strýcová	Mate Pavić, Lyudmyla Kichenok

The Amateur Era (1947-1967)

During this period, only amateur players could compete at Wimbledon.

Men’s Singles Highlights

American and Australian players dominated
Notable champions: Jack Kramer (1947), Lew Hoad (1956, 1957), Rod Laver (1961, 1962)

Women’s Singles Standouts

Louise Brough won four titles (1948, 1949, 1950, 1955)
Althea Gibson became the first African American champion (1957, 1958)

The Open Era Begins (1968-1980)

1968 marked the start of the Open Era, allowing professionals to compete.

Men’s Singles Revolution

Rod Laver won the first Open Era title (1968)
Björn Borg began his dominance with five consecutive wins (1976-1980)

Women’s Singles Evolution

Billie Jean King claimed four titles (1968, 1972, 1973, 1975)
Martina Navratilova started her remarkable run (1978, 1979)

The Golden Age (1981-2000)

This period saw legendary players dominating the courts.

Men’s Singles Legends

John McEnroe, Boris Becker, and Pete Sampras emerged as dominant forces
Sampras set a record with seven titles in this era

Women’s Singles Icons

Martina Navratilova won an unprecedented nine singles titles
Steffi Graf claimed seven championships

The Modern Era (2001-2023)

The 21st century brought new champions and continued dominance from established stars.

Men’s Singles Dominance

Roger Federer won a record eight titles
Novak Djokovic secured seven championships
Rafael Nadal claimed two victories

Women’s Singles Powerhouses

Venus Williams and Serena Williams dominated, winning five and seven titles respectively
New champions emerged, including Maria Sharapova and Simona Halep

Ravi Agrawal Appointed CBDT Chief, Succeeds Nitin Gupta

Ravi Agrawal, a 1988-batch IRS officer, has been appointed as the new chairman of the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT). He succeeds Nitin Gupta, whose tenure ended on June 30, 2024. Agrawal’s appointment extends till June 2025, with a reappointment on a contract basis to ensure continuity in CBDT’s policy framework.

Background and Role

Previously serving as a member (administration) in the board, Agrawal’s extended tenure aims to oversee critical tax policy decisions and manage upcoming Union government budgets in July 2024 and February 2025. His reappointment under special conditions underscores the significance of continuity in CBDT’s leadership.

Board Structure and Members

The CBDT, headed by a chairman, operates with six members of special secretary rank, including Pragya Sahay Saksena, HBS Gill, Pravin Kumar, Sanjay Kumar, and Sanjay Kumar Verma, who retires on June 30, 2024.

CBDT : key points

Function: CBDT administers direct taxes such as income tax, corporate tax, and wealth tax.

Structure: Headed by a chairman, CBDT can have up to six members in the rank of special secretary.

Policy Making: Responsible for formulating policies related to direct taxes and ensuring their implementation.

Authority: Exercises control and supervision over the Income Tax Department.

Tenure: Chairman and members are appointed by the government, with the chairman typically serving a fixed term.