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States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

States and Capitals

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO State Capital CM Governor
1 Andhra Pradesh Amaravati Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu S. Abdul Nazer
2 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Pema Khandu Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3 Assam Dispur Himanta Biswa Sarma Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4 Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar Arif Mohammed Khan
5 Chhattisgarh Raipur Vishnu Deo Sai Ramen Deka
6 Goa Panaji Pramod Sawant P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7 Gujarat Gandhinagar Bhupendra Patel Acharya Dev Vrat
8 Haryana Chandigarh Nayab Singh Saini Bandaru Dattatraya
9 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu Shiv Pratap Shukla
10 Jharkhand Ranchi Hemant Soren Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11 Karnataka Bengaluru Siddaramaiah Thaawarchand Gehlot
12 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Pinarayi Vijayan Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Mohan Yadav Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14 Maharashtra Mumbai Devendra Fadnavis C.P. Radhakrishnan
15 Manipur Imphal N. Biren Singh
Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16 Meghalaya Shillong Conrad Kongkal Sangma
C H Vijayashankar
17 Mizoram Aizawl Lalduhoma General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18 Nagaland Kohima Neiphiu Rio
La. Ganesan
19 Odisha Bhubaneswar Mohan Charan Majhi
Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20 Punjab Chandigarh Bhagwant Singh Mann Gulab Chand Kataria
21 Rajasthan Jaipur Bhajan Lal Sharma Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22 Sikkim Gangtok PS Golay Om Prakash Mathur
23 Tamil Nadu Chennai M. K. Stalin R. N. Ravi
24 Telangana Hyderabad Anumula Revanth Reddy Jishnu Dev Varma
25 Tripura Agartala Dr. Manik Saha Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Yogi Aditya Nath Anandiben Patel
27 Uttarakhand Dehradun Pushkar Singh Dhami Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28 West Bengal Kolkata Mamata Banerjee Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO Union Territories Capital CM Lt. Governor
1 Andaman and Nicobar Island Port Blair NA D K Joshi
2 Chandigarh Chandigarh NA Banwarilal Purohit
3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Daman NA Praful Patel
4 Delhi Delhi Rekha Gupta Vinai Kumar Saxena
5 Ladakh NA NA B. D. Mishra
6 Lakshadweep Kavaratti NA Praful Patel
7 Jammu and Kashmir NA Omar Abdullah Manoj Sinha
8 Puducherry Pondicherry N. Rangaswamy C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference States Union Territories
Head of Administration Governor Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type Elected by the People Managed by the central government
Powers Shares power with the central government. Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No. States Language
1 Andhra Pradesh Telugu and Urdu
2 Arunachal Pradesh Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3 Assam Assamese
4 Bihar Hindi
5 Chhattisgarh Hindi
6 Goa Marathi Konkani
7 Gujarat Gujarati
8 Haryana Hindi
9 Himachal Pradesh Hindi and Pahari
10 Jharkhand Hindi
11 Karnataka Kannada
12 Kerala Malayalam
13 Madhya Pradesh Hindi
14 Maharashtra Marathi
15 Manipur Manipuri
16 Meghalaya Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17 Mizoram Mizo and English
18 Nagaland Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19 Odisha Oriya
20 Punjab Punjabi
21 Rajasthan Rajasthani and Hindi
22 Sikkim Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23 Tamil Nadu Tamil
24 Telangana Telugu
25 Tripura Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26 Uttar Pradesh Hindi
27 Uttarakhand Hindi
28 West Bengal Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

  • Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
  • Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
  • Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
  • Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
  • Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
  • Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
  • Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
  • Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

From Idea to Impact: Adda247 Co-Founder Anil Nagar Explains His ‘Why’

Kabhi socha hai… un students ka kya hota hai jo system mein fit hi nahi hote?

The ones who can’t afford big coaching centres.
The ones who don’t speak fluent English.
The ones who fight a hundred battles – just to stay in the race.

When I started Adda247, we didn’t start with a business plan or a fancy pitch deck. We started with one simple thought:

There are millions of students in this country who are not weak.
They’re just being left out.

This blog is about three students who made us pause and remember why we do what we do. They didn’t come from privilege. They came with perseverance.

Aditya – The Boy Who Couldn’t See, But Never Stopped Looking Ahead

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Aditya lost 90% of his vision.

His own family’s coaching centre refused to teach him — afraid his failure would ruin their “result rate.”

But Aditya didn’t stop. He attended our live classes at Adda247. He used screen readers to watch recorded sessions again and again. He did everything his own way.

And the result? 88% in 12th boards. 93% in Economics. 92% in Psychology.

And now, Aditya wants to come back — not as a student, but as a teacher. That’s what full-circle looks like.

“I never thought he would pass 12th, let alone top.
Thank you, Adda247.” — Aditya’s mother

Prachi – The Girl Who Topped, So She Could Change Her Village

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Prachi comes from a remote village in Firozabad district — where roads are broken and schools barely function.

She had no coaching. No internet. No exposure.

What she had — was intent.

She studied using Adda247 resources, stayed consistent — and scored 453/500 in UP Board, securing the 2nd rank in her entire district.

Her dream is to become an IAS officer. Not for a government job. But to fix the very village that tried to hold her back.

We’re now sponsoring her full UPSC prep through StudyIQ. Because students like Prachi don’t just need applause — they need real support.

Anushka – The Girl Who Refused Help, and Still Topped

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Anushka is differently abled. She can’t walk without support. One of her hands is stiff — writing even a line takes effort.

During her board exams, she had the option to use a scribe. She refused. She said, “I will write my own paper.”

She attended live sessions on Adda247. Revised from recorded videos. Prepared quietly — with consistency. And when the results came? 100/100 in Geography.

She didn’t want special treatment. She just wanted a fair chance. Her dream is simple — to be independent. And we’re here to walk with her.

Closing Thoughts

These students didn’t ask for sympathy. They didn’t need “motivation”. They just needed access. And someone to believe in them.

That’s why we built Adda247. Not to chase toppers — but to find the forgotten. To reach the ones no one’s betting on.

Education can change lives. But only when it reaches the ones who need it the most.

Aditya. Prachi. Anushka. In their stories — I found mine again. Zindagi badalne ka pehla kadam.

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Top 10 Countries with the Most Technological Innovation in 2025

In 2025, the global landscape of technological innovation is more dynamic than ever. Driven by artificial intelligence, biotechnology, quantum computing, and sustainable energy, countries are racing not only to create advanced technologies but also to commercialize and scale them for global impact.

While traditional leaders like the United States, Japan, and Germany continue to shape global innovation, rising tech powers such as China, India, and South Korea are rapidly closing the gap, supported by strong state policies, educational reform, and venture capital flows.

This article explores the top 10 countries leading in technological innovation in 2025, focusing on their research ecosystems, intellectual property output, start-up activity, and influence in shaping the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

Top 10 Countries with the Most Technological Innovation in 2025

Rank Country Key Innovation Areas Notable Strengths
1 United States AI, biotech, semiconductors, space tech, clean energy Silicon Valley, top R&D spend, strong VC ecosystem
2 China 5G, AI, EVs, facial recognition, green manufacturing Government-led strategy, mass production, fast scaling
3 South Korea Semiconductors, robotics, smart cities High R&D-to-GDP ratio, tech giants like Samsung and LG
4 Germany Industry 4.0, mobility, green hydrogen, robotics Engineering excellence, EU innovation leadership
5 Japan Robotics, deep tech, quantum, space robotics Strong in hardware and automation, aging tech solutions
6 Israel Cybersecurity, medtech, fintech, quantum encryption High start-up density, military-to-commercial innovation
7 United Kingdom AI, fintech, biosciences, quantum computing Academic research, global start-up hub, government funding
8 Singapore Smart cities, fintech, AI governance, cybersecurity Smart Nation strategy, regional innovation hub
9 India SaaS, space tech, fintech, public digital infrastructure Huge STEM talent, digital public goods leadership
10 Sweden Green tech, digital health, circular economy, design innovation Sustainability-driven innovation, clean energy solutions

1. United States: The Global Powerhouse of Innovation

The United States remains the world’s leading hub for technological innovation in 2025, thanks to its combination of top-tier universities, a thriving start-up culture, and massive R&D investment.

American companies continue to lead in semiconductors, AI, space tech, biotech, and clean energy, with giants like Apple, Google, Tesla, NVIDIA, and SpaceX setting global trends. The U.S. government, through agencies like DARPA and NSF, continues to support cutting-edge innovation in areas such as quantum computing and defense technology.

The Silicon Valley ecosystem, supported by world-class VC funding and an open immigration policy for tech talent, ensures the U.S. retains its crown in global innovation.

2. China: Strategic Innovation and Technological Self-Sufficiency

China has emerged as a leading force in global innovation through state-driven technology development, massive industrial subsidies, and a rapidly growing base of STEM graduates.

In 2025, China leads in 5G deployment, AI implementation, facial recognition, e-commerce platforms, and green tech manufacturing. It also dominates global electric vehicle production and is making strong inroads into semiconductor self-sufficiency.

The Chinese government’s “Made in China 2025” and “China Standards 2035” initiatives have accelerated the nation’s push toward technological leadership across strategic sectors. Cities like Shenzhen, Beijing, and Hangzhou serve as thriving tech ecosystems for domestic and global innovation.

3. South Korea: High-Tech Infrastructure and R&D Leadership

South Korea continues to punch far above its weight in innovation. In 2025, the country maintains its status as one of the highest R&D spenders relative to GDP and leads in advanced manufacturing, robotics, and telecommunications.

South Korean firms like Samsung, LG, and Hyundai are global leaders in consumer electronics, semiconductor innovation, and automated mobility solutions. The country’s national strategy supports AI and quantum computing research, as well as the deployment of smart cities and green technologies.

Education excellence and a tightly integrated public-private partnership model contribute to South Korea’s strong global tech competitiveness.

4. Germany: Engineering Excellence Meets Digital Transition

Germany remains Europe’s most innovative economy in 2025, excelling in industrial automation, clean tech, mobility engineering, and advanced materials. The country continues to lead in Industry 4.0, combining its manufacturing strength with digital transformation.

With a strong research ecosystem centered around Fraunhofer Institutes, TU Munich, and corporate R&D labs, Germany fosters deep innovation in robotics, green hydrogen, and cybersecurity. German automakers are pivoting towards electric and autonomous vehicles, positioning the country as a future mobility leader.

Germany’s innovation edge is enhanced by high levels of patent activity and collaborative innovation across the European Union.

5. Japan: Deep-Tech Innovation and Future Mobility

Japan remains a global leader in robotics, electronics, and nanotechnology. In 2025, the country continues to push the frontiers of automated systems, AI integration, and space robotics, backed by companies like Toyota, Sony, and SoftBank.

Japan’s strategy focuses on solving societal problems through technology, including aging population support systems, AI healthcare, and clean transport. The country’s universities and research institutes are pioneering breakthroughs in quantum materials and neuroscience-based computing.

Although it faces demographic and labor challenges, Japan’s focus on quality over scale ensures continued leadership in deep-tech innovation.

6. Israel: Start-Up Nation Driving Deep Tech

In 2025, Israel remains one of the most innovative countries per capita, with a strong focus on cybersecurity, fintech, medtech, and military-grade technologies. With over 9 percent of GDP spent on R&D, Israel has one of the most vibrant tech start-up ecosystems globally.

Israel’s innovation model is built on military-to-civilian tech transfer, robust academic collaboration, and access to global capital. Tel Aviv is a thriving hub for start-ups working on autonomous systems, AI, biotechnology, and quantum encryption.

The nation’s reputation as a testbed for high-impact tech continues to grow, with increasing global partnerships and unicorn start-ups.

7. United Kingdom: Academic Strength and Global Start-Up Hub

The United Kingdom remains a powerhouse of scientific research and innovation in 2025, supported by prestigious institutions like Oxford, Cambridge, and Imperial College London. Despite Brexit-related challenges, the UK has sustained momentum in AI, quantum tech, biosciences, and fintech.

The London tech ecosystem continues to thrive, producing unicorns across digital health, green finance, and enterprise AI. Government-backed programs like Innovate UK and increased private VC funding have further accelerated the country’s innovation capacity.

Strategic collaboration with both U.S. and EU partners also strengthens the UK’s global R&D reach.

8. Singapore: Smart Nation with Strategic Innovation Focus

In 2025, Singapore stands out as one of the world’s most digitally advanced economies, with leadership in urban tech, health innovation, fintech, and AI governance.

Government initiatives like Smart Nation Singapore and public investments in research parks, tech incubators, and cybersecurity centers have made Singapore a magnet for regional innovation. Its focus on digital regulation, ethical AI, and data transparency offers a global model for future-ready governance.

Singapore’s connectivity, multilingual workforce, and investor-friendly environment make it a top choice for start-ups, researchers, and multinational R&D operations in Southeast Asia.

9. India: A Rising Force in Scalable Tech Innovation

India’s innovation ecosystem continues to evolve rapidly, driven by a massive talent pool, increased government support for R&D, and booming start-up activity. In 2025, India is a global leader in software development, space technology, digital infrastructure, and financial inclusion platforms.

Initiatives like Digital India, Startup India, and the National Quantum Mission are bearing fruit, with Indian firms excelling in SaaS, medtech, agri-tech, and AI-based governance. India is also playing a pivotal role in open-source digital public infrastructure, with models like Aadhaar and UPI being adopted worldwide.

With growing patent filings and strong tech exports, India is emerging as a global innovation engine for the next decade.

10. Sweden: Sustainable Innovation and Design Thinking

Sweden rounds out the list as a leader in sustainable technologies, green mobility, and digital health innovation. Companies like Ericsson, Spotify, Klarna, and Northvolt exemplify Sweden’s balanced approach to technology, ethics, and the environment.

In 2025, Sweden leads in renewable energy R&D, climate tech start-ups, and circular economy systems. The country benefits from strong educational institutions, state-backed innovation funding, and a national culture of design thinking and tech experimentation.

Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Lund continue to serve as hotbeds for deep-tech, AI, and sustainability-driven innovation.

“Original Sin: Jake Tapper’s Explosive Account of Biden’s Mental Decline”

In a revealing new book titled Original Sin: President Biden’s Decline, Its Cover-Up, and His Disastrous Choice to Run Again, CNN anchor Jake Tapper and Axios journalist Alex Thompson uncover the behind-the-scenes reality of Joe Biden’s alleged cognitive decline during his presidency. The book paints a picture of a dual presidency—one marked by legacy and statesmanship, and the other increasingly defined by memory lapses, confusion, and strategic shielding by his close aides.

Why in News?

The book has sparked major political and public discourse since its release in May 2025. It follows the aftermath of Biden’s debated performance during the June 2024 debate with Donald Trump and his eventual withdrawal from the presidential race. With Biden now diagnosed with advanced prostate cancer, the revelations have renewed discussions on presidential fitness, transparency, and media responsibility.

Key Highlights from ‘Original Sin’

Dual Image of Biden

  • The book portrays two Bidens—one as the seasoned, empathetic Vice President, and another as a struggling figure behind closed doors during his presidency.

Alarming Incidents Cited

  • Failure to recognize close political allies.
  • Forgetting important personal milestones like his son Beau’s death anniversary.
  • Struggles to maintain coherent thought during conversations.

Shielded Presidency

  • Aides reportedly managed the presidency like a “five-member board,” with Biden as a nominal chairman.
  • Tapper admits the media failed to fully investigate and report the decline in real-time.

Timeline & Related Developments

  • 2019–2020: Early signs of decline began appearing.
  • 2024: The June debate exposed visible cognitive strain.
  • July 2024: Biden withdrew from the presidential race.
  • May 2025: Book release coincides with news of Biden’s aggressive cancer diagnosis.

Media and Public Response

  • Tapper reflects on missed opportunities to question Biden’s health more assertively.
  • Raises ethical concerns about how health-related matters are reported in Washington.

Static Facts

  • Joe Biden: 46th President of the U.S., served from January 2021 to January 2025.
  • Beau Biden: Joe Biden’s son, died in 2015 due to brain cancer.
  • Jake Tapper: CNN journalist, known for moderating presidential debates and political commentary.

Overall Significance

  • Public Trust: Raises vital questions about the electorate’s right to transparency.
  • Health Disclosure Norms: Suggests a need for standardized health transparency among political leaders.
  • Media Role: Highlights journalistic responsibility in holding leaders accountable, even on sensitive issues like health.

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Top 10 Countries with the Lowest Income Tax in 2025

In an increasingly globalized and remote-friendly world, personal taxation plays a significant role in shaping migration, investment, and employment decisions. Whether for digital nomads, crypto investors, or high-income professionals, countries with low or zero income tax offer appealing financial advantages.

In 2025, while many nations continue to raise tax rates to fund social programs and recover from fiscal deficits, others have chosen to attract global talent and capital by maintaining minimal income tax regimes. This article explores the top 10 countries with the lowest income tax in 2025, along with the reasons behind their policies, and the broader implications for global taxation and lifestyle.

Understanding Income Tax Models

Income tax is the percentage of an individual’s earnings paid to the government. While progressive tax systems are the norm in developed economies, some nations have adopted territorial, flat-tax, or zero-tax systems. These approaches are typically supported by:

  • Natural resource revenues (oil and gas)
  • Tourism and financial services
  • Sovereign wealth funds or government subsidies
  • Economic diversification models with low public expenditure

1. United Arab Emirates: A Tax-Free Oasis for Professionals

As of 2025, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) remains a zero income tax country, with no tax on personal earnings or capital gains. This policy has played a key role in attracting expatriates, entrepreneurs, and remote workers from around the world.

The UAE compensates for its lack of income tax through revenues generated from oil exports, real estate, and business licensing fees. Dubai and Abu Dhabi have become global hubs for fintech, crypto, and media professionals. Despite introducing a corporate tax on businesses, personal income remains untaxed, making the UAE a top destination for tax-efficient living.

2. Qatar: Wealth Without Personal Taxation

Qatar, one of the wealthiest nations per capita, continues to levy no personal income tax on salaries, wages, or capital income. In 2025, it retains its reputation as one of the most financially advantageous places to live and work, especially for foreign professionals in the energy, finance, and logistics sectors.

Qatar’s generous tax model is sustained by its natural gas exports and its role as a regional investment powerhouse. The government’s strategic diversification into infrastructure, tourism, and education continues without burdening individual taxpayers.

3. Saudi Arabia: Zero Income Tax Policy Continues

Saudi Arabia maintains its zero income tax regime for individuals in 2025. While residents are required to pay Zakat (a religious wealth tax), this is applied only to Muslim citizens and does not function like traditional income tax.

The country funds its ambitious Vision 2030 transformation plan through state-owned enterprises, oil revenues, and sovereign investments. As it diversifies into entertainment, tourism, and technology, Saudi Arabia remains a favored destination for foreign workers seeking tax-free earnings.

4. Bermuda: No Income Tax in a Global Finance Hub

Bermuda, a British overseas territory, imposes no personal income tax and is widely known for its offshore finance and insurance industry. In 2025, the island continues to attract high-net-worth individuals, hedge funds, and digital entrepreneurs looking for low-tax environments.

Government revenues are generated primarily through payroll taxes (paid by employers), import duties, and tourism-related levies. Bermuda’s combination of natural beauty and tax efficiency makes it one of the most attractive zero-tax jurisdictions in the Western Hemisphere.

5. Monaco: Tax Haven with Luxury and Exclusivity

Famous for its luxury lifestyle and Mediterranean glamour, Monaco has retained its zero income tax policy for individuals since 1869. In 2025, it remains a favorite destination for sports stars, celebrities, and international business leaders.

Despite its high cost of living, Monaco’s real estate, banking, and tourism sectors allow the principality to maintain its generous tax regime. The country enforces strict residency requirements, ensuring only long-term residents can fully benefit from its tax laws.

6. The Bahamas: Tax-Free Living in the Caribbean

The Bahamas charges no income tax, no capital gains tax, and no wealth tax on individuals in 2025. The island nation relies heavily on tourism and offshore banking for government revenues.

Its combination of English-speaking infrastructure, tropical climate, and stable legal system makes it a go-to destination for remote workers, retirees, and crypto investors. The government encourages economic residency programs, making it easier for foreigners to settle long-term.

7. Brunei: Oil Wealth and Tax-Free Salaries

Brunei Darussalam continues its zero income tax policy in 2025, supported by rich oil and gas reserves. Citizens and expatriates pay no tax on personal income, while corporate taxes are limited to businesses operating outside the oil sector.

As a small but resource-rich nation, Brunei maintains generous state welfare programs and subsidized healthcare and education, all without taxing individual earnings.

8. Cayman Islands: Offshore Power with Zero Personal Tax

The Cayman Islands, another British territory, has built its reputation on zero personal taxation, making it one of the world’s most prominent offshore financial centers. In 2025, there is still no income tax, property tax, or capital gains tax for individuals.

The government collects revenue through licensing fees, import duties, and tourism. With strong privacy laws and a stable political environment, the Cayman Islands remain popular among investors, fund managers, and digital asset firms.

9. Oman: Low Tax Environment in the Gulf

While Oman introduced a value-added tax (VAT) in recent years, personal income remains untaxed in 2025. The country relies on oil exports, corporate taxes, and customs duties for state revenue.

Oman is seen as a more peaceful and scenic alternative to some of its Gulf neighbors, making it appealing to retirees and mid-level expatriate professionals seeking tax-free salaries and a slower pace of life.

10. Kuwait: Tax-Free Wages and Public Subsidies

In 2025, Kuwait continues to offer zero income tax for individuals, including both citizens and foreign workers. The government covers a wide range of services, from fuel subsidies to free healthcare, funded by its massive sovereign oil wealth.

Despite regional competition and fiscal pressures, Kuwait has resisted imposing personal taxes, maintaining its position as one of the world’s most generous rentier states.

Top 10 Countries with the Lowest Income Tax in 2025

Rank Country Personal Income Tax Rate Key Revenue Sources Popular Among
1 United Arab Emirates Zero Oil, business licenses, VAT Expats, crypto professionals
2 Qatar Zero Natural gas exports Energy sector workers, high-income expats
3 Saudi Arabia Zero Oil exports, corporate taxes Expats, engineers, executives
4 Bermuda Zero Payroll taxes, tourism, financial services Finance professionals, HNWIs
5 Monaco Zero Banking, real estate, tourism Celebrities, athletes, wealthy individuals
6 The Bahamas Zero Tourism, offshore banking Digital nomads, investors, retirees
7 Brunei Zero Oil and gas revenues Public sector workers, expats
8 Cayman Islands Zero Financial services, licensing fees Fund managers, entrepreneurs, tech firms
9 Oman Zero Oil, VAT, import duties Middle-income expats, retirees
10 Kuwait Zero Oil exports, state-owned investments Public sector workers, Gulf expats

Morgan Stanley Raises India’s Growth Forecast for FY26 and FY27

Morgan Stanley, a leading global financial services firm, has modestly upgraded India’s GDP growth forecast to 6.2% for FY26 and 6.5% for FY27, citing a strong domestic demand outlook and improving macroeconomic stability. The upward revision reflects confidence in India’s internal growth engines despite global uncertainties.

Why in News?

Morgan Stanley’s latest economic outlook report released on May 21, 2025, revises India’s growth projections upward for the next two fiscal years. This development is crucial as it signals growing investor confidence in India’s economic fundamentals and resilience amid global trade tensions and uncertain external conditions.

Key Points

  • FY26 Forecast: Revised from 6.1% to 6.2%
  • FY27 Forecast: Revised from 6.3% to 6.5%

Reasons for the Upgrade

  • De-escalation of US-China trade tensions, improving external demand marginally.
  • Domestic demand as the key driver, particularly urban consumption and robust rural demand.
  • Continued government policy support, especially through capex-focused fiscal policy.
  • Easier monetary policy anticipated from the RBI due to stable inflation and growth moderation.

Detailed Factors Behind the Forecast

Consumption Recovery

  • Becoming more broad-based.
  • Urban consumption is improving.
  • Rural demand remains strong.

Investment Scenario

  • Public and household capital expenditure (capex) are leading.
  • Gradual recovery expected in private corporate capex.

Policy Outlook

  • RBI expected to ease monetary policy further.
  • Fiscal consolidation to continue with a focus on capital expenditure.
  • Overall macroeconomic stability remains “within the comfort zone” with robust buffers.

Background

  • Morgan Stanley is among the top financial institutions globally, frequently cited for economic forecasting.
  • India had previously received projections of 6.1% (FY26) and 6.3% (FY27) from the firm.
  • The RBI’s official projection for FY26 stands at 6.5%.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Morgan Stanley Raises India’s Growth Forecast for FY26 and FY27
Forecast for FY26 Revised to 6.2% (from 6.1%)
Forecast for FY27 Revised to 6.5% (from 6.3%)
Primary Growth Driver Domestic demand
Consumption Trends Urban improving; rural robust
Investment Trends Public & household capex strong; corporate capex to recover
Policy Support Easing monetary policy, capex-focused fiscal consolidation
RBI’s FY26 GDP Projection 6.5%

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FSSAI Launches Crackdown on Illegal Fruit Ripening Practices

In a proactive step to ensure food safety, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has directed all states and Union Territories to intensify monitoring and enforcement against the use of banned ripening agents like calcium carbide. This directive, aimed primarily at curbing unsafe practices in fruit markets and storage facilities, comes in light of rising concerns over the harmful effects of chemically ripened mangoes on public health.

Why in News?

The FSSAI issued a nationwide directive on May 21, 2025, asking food safety commissioners and regional directors to conduct special enforcement drives to prevent the use of prohibited chemicals, especially calcium carbide, in ripening fruits like mangoes.

Objective of the Directive

  • Ensure the sale of naturally ripened fruits.
  • Protect consumers from exposure to toxic and carcinogenic chemicals.
  • Strengthen enforcement at the state and regional level to monitor fruit markets and storage facilities.

Calcium Carbide: The Key Concern

  • Commonly used to artificially ripen fruits, especially mangoes.
  • Highly hazardous, as it may contain traces of arsenic and phosphorus.
  • Known to cause mouth ulcers, neurological symptoms, and has carcinogenic properties.

FSSAI’s Key Directives

  • Intensify inspections in mandis, fruit markets, and cold storages.
  • Conduct awareness campaigns for farmers, traders, and consumers.
  • Encourage use of ethylene gas, a safer alternative, under controlled conditions.
  • Take legal action against violators under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006.

Background

  • Artificial ripening with calcium carbide has been a recurring problem, especially during mango season.
  • FSSAI has issued several advisories in the past, but enforcement remains inconsistent across states.

Significance

  • A critical move to ensure food safety and public health.
  • Promotes organic and natural food handling practices.
  • Enhances consumer confidence in food quality.

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List of Countries with the Most Nuclear Weapons, Know About Them

As of 2025, nine countries in the world have nuclear weapons. These weapons are very powerful and can cause massive destruction. Some countries have more nuclear warheads than others, and they are also modernizing their weapons. Knowing which countries have the most nuclear warheads helps us understand global power and the need for peace and safety in the world.

What are Nuclear Weapons?

Nuclear weapons are very strong bombs that get their power from nuclear reactions. They can be made in two ways:

  • Fission bombs (atomic bombs): These use the splitting of atoms to release energy.
  • Fusion bombs (hydrogen bombs): These join atoms together and are even more powerful than fission bombs.

These weapons can kill millions of people and damage the environment badly.

History of Nuclear Weapons

The first nuclear bomb was made in 1945. After that, a few countries developed their own:

  • The United States was the first to make and use a nuclear bomb during the World War II.
  • Russia (then the Soviet Union) quickly followed.
  • Other countries like China, the UK and France also made nuclear weapons.
  • Later, India and Pakistan built them too, even though they were not part of the NPT.
  • North Korea first joined the NPT but later left and made nuclear bombs.
  • Israel has nuclear weapons but has not officially said so.
  • South Africa once had nuclear weapons but gave them up in 1991.

Country with the Most Nuclear Weapons

Russia has the highest number of nuclear weapons in the world.

Here are some quick facts:

  • Country: Russia
  • Capital: Moscow
  • Continent: Europe and Asia
  • Population: About 144 million
  • President: Vladimir Putin
  • Defence Minister: Andrey Belousov
  • Total nuclear weapons: 5,449

List of Countries with Nuclear Weapons

Several countries in the world have nuclear weapons. These powerful weapons are used mainly for defense. Only a few nations legally own them, while others have developed them secretly.

Here is the list of 9 countries that have nuclear weapons, along with how many they have:

Rank Country Number of Nuclear Weapons
1. Russia 5,449
2. United States 5,277
3. China 600
4. France 290
5. United Kingdom 225
6. India 180
7. Pakistan 170
8. Israel 90
9. North Korea 50

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_18.1

Supreme Court Mandates Three Years of Legal Practice for Judicial Service Entry

In a landmark judgment delivered on May 20, 2025, the Supreme Court of India mandated a minimum of three years of legal practice as a prerequisite for applying to the Civil Judge (Junior Division) post. The ruling, led by a bench headed by Chief Justice of India B.R. Gavai, aims to enhance the quality of the judiciary by ensuring that candidates have hands-on experience in litigation before assuming judicial roles.

Why in News?

The decision is significant because it restores a legal practice requirement that had been waived by several High Courts, allowing fresh law graduates with no courtroom experience to become judges. The Supreme Court found this practice ineffective over the past two decades and deemed it detrimental to judicial efficiency and public trust.

Background

  • Earlier, several High Courts permitted direct recruitment of fresh law graduates into the judiciary.
  • The SC reviewed affidavits submitted by High Courts, which reported negative outcomes of appointing inexperienced candidates.

Key Judgments and Directions

  • All High Courts and State Governments must amend service rules.
  • Minimum three years of practice as an advocate is now mandatory for applying to the Civil Judge (Junior Division) post.
  • The period of practice will be counted from the date of provisional enrollment with the Bar Council.

Certification Requirements

Candidates must provide proof of practice certified by,

  • Principal Judicial Officer of the court, or
  • Advocate with at least 10 years’ experience, endorsed by a judicial officer.

Additional Considerations

  • Experience as a law clerk to a judge or judicial officer will be counted toward the three-year requirement.
  • The rule will apply to future recruitment cycles only and not those already underway.

Objectives and Significance

  • Ensures that newly appointed judges have practical exposure to court proceedings.
  • Strengthens the judiciary by appointing officers who understand the realities of litigation.
  • Aims to reduce errors and inefficiencies stemming from inexperience.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Supreme Court Mandates Three Years of Legal Practice for Judicial Service Entry
Judgment Date May 20, 2025
Delivered By Supreme Court of India (Bench led by CJI B.R. Gavai)
Main Directive 3 years of legal practice mandatory to apply for Civil Judge (Junior Division)
Applicable From Next recruitment cycle onwards
Exemptions Ongoing recruitment processes prior to judgment
Proof Required Certificate from court or senior advocate endorsed by judicial officer
Experience Count From date of provisional enrollment; includes clerkship experience
Purpose To enhance judicial competence and reduce inefficiencies

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IREDA Secures ‘Excellent’ DPE Rating, Tops Power & NBFC Sector CPSEs

The Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd. (IREDA), India’s premier green financing non-banking financial company (NBFC), has earned an ‘Excellent’ rating from the Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) for the financial year 2023-24. IREDA is now ranked among the top 4 Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) in the country, and it leads the Power and NBFC sectors.

Why in News?

IREDA has been awarded the top performance rating by the Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) for its performance-based Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for FY 2023-24. This recognition reflects the company’s strong financial and strategic performance and its leadership role in renewable energy financing in India.

Key Highlights

  • IREDA received a score of 98+, placing it among the top 4 CPSEs nationwide.
  • The MoU ‘Excellent’ rating was awarded on 7th January 2025 for FY 2023-24.
  • It marks the fourth consecutive year of IREDA receiving the ‘Excellent’ rating.
  • Recognized as the best performing CPSE in the NBFC and Power sectors.
  • The ranking is based on performance against MoU targets, covering financial, operational, and strategic criteria.

Background and Role of IREDA

  • IREDA is a Mini-Ratna (Category I) CPSE under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE).
  • It was established in 1987 as a Public Limited Government Company.
  • Its primary role is to promote, develop, and finance renewable energy projects in India.
  • It has been instrumental in achieving the nation’s green energy goals by financing wind, solar, bioenergy, and hydro projects.

Importance of the Recognition

  • Strengthens IREDA’s credibility as a green financing leader.
  • Encourages other CPSEs to align with national sustainability goals.
  • Supports the Government of India’s commitment to achieving 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030.
  • Enhances investor confidence and international cooperation in renewable energy sectors.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? IREDA Secures ‘Excellent’ DPE Rating, Tops Power & NBFC Sector CPSEs
Organization Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd. (IREDA)
Recognition ‘Excellent’ MoU Rating by DPE
Ranking Top 4 CPSEs overall; No.1 in Power & NBFC sectors
Financial Year FY 2023–24
Parent Ministry Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE)
Score Achieved 98 and above
CMD Pradip Kumar Das
Established 1987

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Top 10 Countries Most Affected by Inflation in 2025

Inflation remains one of the most pressing economic challenges of 2025, particularly in developing nations and politically unstable economies. While many countries have begun to stabilize after the inflation shocks of the early 2020s, others continue to suffer from skyrocketing consumer prices, currency depreciation, and economic mismanagement.

This article takes an in-depth look at the top 10 countries most affected by inflation in 2025, examining the causes, consequences, and global implications of prolonged inflationary pressure.

Understanding Inflation in 2025

Inflation refers to the general increase in prices of goods and services over time, resulting in a decline in purchasing power. Moderate inflation is normal in healthy economies, but hyperinflation or high single-to-double-digit inflation can erode savings, distort investment, and push populations into poverty.

In 2025, inflation is being driven by a combination of factors:

  • Global energy price volatility
  • Currency devaluation
  • Post-pandemic fiscal imbalances
  • Geopolitical conflicts and trade disruptions
  • Extreme weather events impacting food supply

Top 10 Countries Most Affected by Inflation in 2025

Rank Country Estimated Inflation Rate (2025) Key Drivers
1 Argentina Over 140 percent Fiscal deficit, currency devaluation, monetary issues
2 Venezuela Around 120 percent Hyperinflation legacy, sanctions, oil collapse
3 Lebanon About 95 percent Currency crash, political crisis, banking collapse
4 Zimbabwe Over 85 percent Monetary instability, gold-backed reforms
5 Turkey Around 65 percent Lira depreciation, policy missteps
6 Sudan Near 60 percent Conflict, economic breakdown
7 Nigeria About 50 percent Fuel subsidy removal, naira float
8 Pakistan Around 45 percent External debt, energy import shocks
9 Egypt Close to 40 percent Food and fuel import inflation, currency drop
10 Sri Lanka Around 35 percent Post-default recovery, weak rupee

1. Argentina: Persisting Crisis Amid Political Turmoil

Argentina continues to experience one of the highest inflation rates globally. In 2025, the country’s annual inflation remains above 140 percent, driven by long-standing fiscal deficits, monetary overexpansion, and loss of investor confidence. Despite repeated reforms and IMF interventions, inflationary pressures have not been sustainably reduced. Citizens face skyrocketing prices for basic goods, and the peso continues to lose value on the parallel exchange market.

2. Venezuela: Hyperinflation Remains a Structural Problem

Despite a slight reduction from peak hyperinflation years, Venezuela still suffers from three-digit inflation, hovering around 120 percent in 2025. The Bolivar remains severely devalued, and dollarization has become widespread in urban centers. Political instability, reduced oil output, and sanctions have prevented any real macroeconomic recovery, making inflation a persistent and structural issue.

3. Lebanon: Economic Breakdown Fuels Price Instability

Lebanon’s economy continues to be in deep crisis. In 2025, inflation is estimated around 95 percent, following years of currency collapse, banking sector paralysis, and political deadlock. The Lebanese pound has lost over 95 percent of its value since 2019. Food and fuel prices have skyrocketed, and public services have nearly collapsed, fueling mass migration and social unrest.

4. Zimbabwe: Inflation Returns Despite Past Reform Attempts

Zimbabwe once again finds itself battling inflation rates exceeding 85 percent in 2025. Despite monetary policy reforms, including the introduction of the gold-backed digital Zimbabwe dollar, structural weaknesses like corruption, a lack of investor confidence, and reliance on imports have reawakened old inflationary demons. The informal economy has grown as citizens seek alternative survival strategies.

5. Turkey: Currency Devaluation and Unorthodox Policy

Turkey’s inflation, although lower than its 2023 peak, remains dangerously high at around 65 percent in 2025. The Turkish lira continues to depreciate amid politically influenced monetary policies and capital outflows. Persistent current account deficits and high energy costs have further strained household budgets, making food and housing less affordable for millions.

6. Sudan: Conflict and Economic Collapse

Sudan has been dealing with both civil unrest and economic freefall, leading to inflation rates near 60 percent. With institutions weakened, public debt surging, and supply chains broken, price levels for essential goods have exploded. Food insecurity is rising, and the Sudanese pound continues to plunge against major currencies.

7. Nigeria: Fuel Subsidy Removal and Currency Reforms

In 2025, Nigeria faces inflation of around 50 percent, largely driven by the removal of fuel subsidies and a currency float policy that has led to naira devaluation. While the reforms were intended to attract foreign investment and reduce fiscal pressure, they also triggered immediate spikes in transportation, food, and energy prices, disproportionately affecting low-income households.

8. Pakistan: External Debt Crisis and Energy Shocks

With inflation reaching approximately 45 percent, Pakistan struggles with external debt obligations, fluctuating fuel prices, and heavy import dependency. The Pakistani rupee has weakened, and price volatility in essential commodities like wheat and fuel continues to burden the population. IMF-supported austerity has also reduced subsidies and lifted utility rates.

9. Egypt: Currency Devaluation and Food Inflation

Egypt’s inflation rate stands around 40 percent in 2025 due to currency devaluation and rising food prices. Heavy reliance on imported grain and energy has made Egypt particularly vulnerable to external shocks such as war in trade corridors and global price hikes. Central bank rate hikes have failed to curb core inflation effectively.

10. Sri Lanka: Lingering Effects of Sovereign Default

After its 2022 sovereign default, Sri Lanka is still grappling with economic recovery. In 2025, inflation remains around 35 percent, especially affecting food and fuel. IMF assistance and tourism recovery have helped stabilize some indicators, but household purchasing power remains weak, and currency depreciation continues to elevate import costs.

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