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C-DOT & IIT Mandi to Develop Wideband Spectrum Sensor Chip

The Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT), in collaboration with IIT Mandi and IIT Jammu, has taken a significant step in developing state-of-the-art telecommunications technology by signing an agreement for the development of a Wideband Spectrum-Sensor ASIC-Chip. This project is aimed at enhancing spectrum utilization, ensuring efficient broadband services, particularly in rural India. It falls under the Telecom Technology Development Fund (TTDF) scheme, supporting India’s vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat and Make-in-India.

Key Highlights

Project and Goals

  • Development of Wideband Spectrum-Sensor ASIC-Chip to improve spectrum efficiency.
  • Focus on designing hardware-friendly communication algorithms for wideband spectrum sensing.
  • Target spectrum beyond 2 GHz bandwidth to utilize under-utilized bands or white spaces.
  • Aim to enhance broadband access in rural India by leveraging spectrum holes.

Technological Innovations

  • Spectrum sensing enables Cognitive Radio to adapt to the environment without interfering with the primary network.
  • Development of efficient hardware architectures for,
  • Short sensing time
  • High data throughput
  • Enhanced hardware efficiency
  • Initial emulation of designs in the FPGA environment followed by ASIC semiconductor-chip development.
  • Demonstration of a wideband cognitive radio module for the 6 GHz satellite band (5.925–7.125 GHz).

Key Benefits

  • Boosts throughput of cognitive radio networks.
  • Enhances spectrum utilization efficiency for communication systems.
  • Creates intellectual properties (IPs) for dynamic spectrum access technology.
  • Aligns with the objectives of the India Semiconductor Mission.

Supporting Schemes and Vision

  • Project funded under the TTDF scheme by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT).
  • Supports the Make-in-India initiative and Atmanirbhar Bharat vision.
  • Plays a vital role in bridging the digital divide in India.

Key Attendees at Agreement Ceremony

  • Dr. Raj Kumar Upadhyay, CEO, C-DOT
  • Dr. Rahul Shrestha, Principal Investigator, IIT Mandi
  • Dr. Rohit B. Chaurasiya, Co-Investigator, IIT Jammu
  • Dr. Pankaj Kumar Dalela and Ms. Shikha Srivastava, Directors, C-DOT

Remarks by Officials

  • Dr. Upadhyay: Highlighted the importance of indigenous spectrum sensing technologies.
  • Dr. Shrestha and Dr. Chaurasiya: Reaffirmed commitment to dynamic spectrum access technology and research infrastructure enhancement.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? C-DOT & IIT Mandi to Develop Wideband Spectrum Sensor Chip
Project Development of Wideband Spectrum-Sensor ASIC-Chip
Institutions Involved C-DOT, IIT Mandi, IIT Jammu
Supporting Scheme Telecom Technology Development Fund (TTDF)
Objective Enhance spectrum utilization and provide broadband in rural India
Technological Focus Wideband spectrum sensing beyond 2 GHz
Key Benefits Improved spectrum efficiency, boosted cognitive radio throughput
Target Band 6 GHz satellite band (5.925–7.125 GHz)
National Missions Supported Make-in-India, Atmanirbhar Bharat, India Semiconductor Mission
Significance Bridging the digital divide, fostering indigenous telecom technology

14th January Top 10 General Awareness Quiz

Keeping up with major events is vital for exam success. The Daily Current Affairs Quiz offers an excellent way for aspirants to evaluate their awareness of significant national and international happenings. Regular participation helps candidates strengthen their understanding of key subjects like governance, finance, technology, and global affairs, which frequently appear in SSC, Banking, and other competitive exams.

Q1. In India which part has been identified as a key global hotspot for threatened freshwater species by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)?

(a) Eastern Ghats

(b) Sundarbans

(c) North-East Forests

(d) Western Ghats

Q2. The Adani Group has announced a substantial investment of ₹75,000 crore in which state of India?

(a) Uttar Pradesh

(b) Gujarat

(c) Chhattisgarh

(d) Maharashtra

Q3. Union Minister Piyush Goyal launched which portal during the Bharat Climate Forum 2025?

(a) The Bharat Cleantech Manufacturing Platform

(b) Bharat Prakrutkik Jalvayu Bachao Portal

(c) Prakriti Sanrakshan Solutions

(d) Bharat Green Revolution PortalBharat Green Revolution Portal

Q4. The INROAD project aims to enhance the quality of natural rubber in which region of India?

(a) South India

(b) North-East India

(c) Northern Plains

(d) Western India

Q5. The HIMKAVACH multi-layer clothing system has been developed by which organization?

(a) Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)

(b) Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)

(c) Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL)

(d) National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC)

Q6. India has joined which international body to enhance its engagement with Big Data and Data Science for official statistics?

(a) United Nations Statistical Commission (UNSC)

(b) International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

(c) World Economic Forum (WEF)

(d) United Nations Committee of Experts on Big Data and Data Science for Official Statistics (UN-CEBD)

Q7. Mount Ibu, which erupted on January 11, 2025, is located in which country?

(a) Philippines

(b) Indonesia

(c) Japan

(d) Ecuador

Q8.  What is the target renewable energy capacity India aims to achieve by 2030?

(a) 400 GW

(b) 450 GW

(c) 500 GW

(d) 600 GW

Q9. Who was elected as the Secretary of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) during the Special General Meeting (SGM) on January 12, 2025?

(a) Prabhtej Singh Bhatia

(b) Arun Dhumal

(c) Devajit Saikia

(d) Ashish Shelar

Q10. On which day National Youth is celebrated annually in India?

(a) 11th January

(b) 12th January

(c) 13th January

(d) 14th January

S1. Ans. (d)
Sol. The Western Ghats have been identified as a key global hotspot for threatened freshwater species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its first-ever multi-taxon global freshwater fauna assessment.

Correct Answer: Western Ghats

Key Points: 

  • Region Identified as Hotspot: Western Ghats, India
  • Global Hotspots: Lake Victoria, Lake Titicaca, Sri Lanka’s Wet Zone, Western Ghats
  • Notable Endangered Species: Humpbacked Mahseer
  • Primary Threats Identified: Pollution, dam construction, water extraction, agriculture, invasive species
  • Most Affected Indian State: Kerala
  • Critical River in Western Ghats: Periyar River

S2. Ans. (c)

Sol. The Adani Group has announced an investment of ₹75,000 crore in Chhattisgarh, focusing on expanding its energy and cement operations within the state.

Correct Answer: Chhattisgarh

Key Points:

  • Investment Breakdown: ₹60,000 crore for power generation (6,120 MW increase) and ₹5,000 crore for cement plant expansions.
  • CSR Commitments: ₹10,000 crore allocated for education, healthcare, skill development, and tourism initiatives over the next 4 years.
  • Future Collaborations: Potential projects in defense manufacturing, data centers, and a Global Capability Centre discussed.

S3. Ans. (a)
Sol. The Bharat Cleantech Manufacturing Platform was launched by Union Minister of Commerce & Industry, Shri Piyush Goyal, during the Bharat Climate Forum 2025 in New Delhi.

Correct Answer: The Bharat Cleantech Manufacturing Platform

Key Points:

  • Platform Objective: Strengthen India’s cleantech value chains in solar, wind, hydrogen, and battery storage
  • Benefits of the Platform: Promotes collaboration, co-innovation, financing, and resource sharing
  • India’s Renewable Achievements: Leading in meeting NDCs, affordable solar power, and having the largest energy grid

S4. Ans. (b)

Sol. The INROAD project focuses on enhancing the quality of natural rubber produced in India’s North-East region.

Correct Answer: North-East India

Key Points:

  • INROAD (Indian Natural Rubber Operations for Assisted Development) project secured ₹100 crore for improving natural rubber quality in North-East India.
  • Project Focus: Enhances quality of natural rubber in North-East India.
  • Funding: ₹100 crore investment.
  • Tyre Manufacturers: Apollo, Ceat, JK, MRF involved.
  • The project aims to establish model infrastructure and provide skill development for rubber farmers.

S5. Ans. (b)

Sol. The HIMKAVACH multi-layer clothing system has been developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).

Correct Answer: Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)

Key Points:

  • DRDO developed HIMKAVACH, a multi-layer cold weather clothing system.
  • Temperature Range: Designed for protection in temperatures between +20°C to -60°C.
  • User Trials: Successfully completed user trials, meeting required standards.
  • Protection Features: Provides insulation, breathability, and moisture protection.
  • Strategic Importance: Crucial for soldiers operating in high-altitude regions, like the Himalayas.

S6. Ans. (d)

Sol. India has joined the United Nations Committee of Experts on Big Data and Data Science for Official Statistics (UN-CEBD), demonstrating its commitment to leveraging Big Data and technology for evidence-based policymaking.

Correct Answer: United Nations Committee of Experts on Big Data and Data Science for Official Statistics (UN-CEBD)

Key Points: 

  • United Nations Committee of Experts on Big Data and Data Science for Official Statistics (UN-CEBD)
  • India’s Membership: Joined in January 2025 to contribute to global statistical practices
  • Key Contribution: Shaping global standards for using Big Data in official statistics
  • India’s Innovations: Data Innovation Lab, use of satellite imagery, machine learning

S7. Ans. (b)

Sol. Mount Ibu is situated in North Maluku, Indonesia.

Correct Answer: Indonesia

Key Points:

  • Eruption sent ash clouds up to 4,000 meters high; lava ejected up to two kilometers from the crater.
  • Exclusion Zone: Authorities set a 4-kilometer exclusion zone around the volcano for safety.
  • Location: Mount Ibu is located on Halmahera Island, North Maluku, Indonesia.

S8. Ans. (c)

Sol. India aims to achieve 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030.

Correct Answer: 500 GW

Key Points: 

  • India added around 30 GW of renewable energy capacity in 2024, a record high.
  • This is a 113% jump compared to the 13.75 GW capacity added in 2023.
  • The cumulative renewable energy capacity in India has now reached nearly 218 GW.
  • India aims to achieve 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030 as part of its climate commitments.
  • To meet this target, the country needs to add an average of 50 GW per year over the 

next six years.

S9. Ans. (c)

Sol. Devajit Saikia was elected as the Secretary of BCCI during the SGM on January 12, 2025.

Correct Answer: Devajit Saikia

Key Points:

  • Event: BCCI Special General Meeting (SGM)
  • Positions Filled: Secretary and Treasurer
  • New Secretary: Devajit Saikia
  • New Treasurer: Prabhtej Singh Bhatia
  • Reason for Vacancies: Jay Shah resigned to become ICC Chair; Ashish Shelar became Maharashtra Minister

S10. Ans. (b)

Sol. National Youth is celebrated annually in India on 12th January. 

Correct Answer: 12th January

Key Points:

  • Established: 1984
  • First Celebrated: 1985
  • Significance: To honor Swami Vivekananda and inspire youth to follow his teachings

Where is Hemis National Park Located?

Hemis National Park is one of India’s most remarkable natural treasures, known for its stunning landscapes and unique wildlife. This place offers breathtaking views, exciting adventures, and a chance to witness rare animals in their natural habitat. Its beauty and serene environment make it a must-visit destination for nature lovers and explore life.

Location of Hemis National Park

Hemis National Park is situated north of the Himalayas in the Ladakh Union Territory of India. It is about 50 kilometers away from Leh, one of Ladakh’s major cities. The park is named after the well-known Hemis Monastery, which lies within its boundaries, adding a cultural touch to the natural beauty.

Size of Hemis National Park

The park is India’s largest notified protected area, covering a massive area of about 4,400 square kilometers. It is also a high-altitude park, with elevations ranging from 3,000 meters to 6,000 meters, making it a unique place for both wildlife and adventure.

Wildlife in Hemis National Park

Hemis National Park is famous for its variety of wildlife. It is home to the rare and majestic snow leopard, often called the “Ghost of the Mountains.” Other animals include the Tibetan wolf, Eurasian brown bear, and Bharal (blue sheep). Birdwatchers can also enjoy spotting different species of birds in the park.

Vegetation of the Park

The park’s vegetation is as diverse as its wildlife. It features alpine meadows, coniferous forests, and scrublands, making it a picturesque destination. During the summer, blooming flowers add vibrant colors to the landscape.

Best Time to Visit Hemis National Park

The best time to visit Hemis National Park is between June and September. During this period, the flowers are in full bloom, and the wildlife is more active, providing the best experience for visitors.

Visakhapatnam Green Hydrogen Hub

On January 8, 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone for the NTPC Green Energy Limited (NGEL) Green Hydrogen Hub in Pudimadaka, Anakapalle district, near Visakhapatnam. This initiative marks a significant advancement in India’s commitment to sustainable energy and positions Visakhapatnam as a key player in the global green hydrogen economy.

Project Overview

The Visakhapatnam Green Hydrogen Hub is a collaborative venture between NGEL and the New & Renewable Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh (NREDCAP). This project is the first Green Hydrogen Hub under the National Green Hydrogen Mission, reflecting India’s dedication to clean energy.

Investment and Capacity

The hub is set to attract an investment of approximately ₹1.85 lakh crore. It will feature 20 GW of renewable energy projects and is designed to produce 1,500 tonnes per day (TPD) of green hydrogen. Additionally, it will generate 7,500 TPD of green hydrogen derivatives, including green methanol, green urea, and sustainable aviation fuel, primarily targeting export markets.

Strategic Importance

Visakhapatnam’s strategic location, with its proximity to the coast and robust port infrastructure, makes it an ideal site for this hub. The facility will utilize advanced electrolysis technology powered entirely by renewable energy sources like solar and wind power. This setup aims to transform India’s industrial and transportation sectors by providing a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels.

Economic and Environmental Impact

The project is expected to generate thousands of direct and indirect jobs, driving economic growth in the region. It is projected to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by millions of tons annually, aligning with India’s updated nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement.

Future Prospects

This initiative is a cornerstone of India’s National Green Hydrogen Mission, which aims to produce 5 million tonnes of green hydrogen annually by 2030. The mission seeks to promote self-reliance in energy production and reduce dependency on imports, positioning India as a global supplier of green hydrogen and its derivatives.

Summary of the news

Why in News Key Points
Foundation of India’s first Green Hydrogen Hub PM Modi laid the foundation stone on January 8, 2025, in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
Investment and Project Scale ₹1.85 lakh crore investment. Green Hydrogen Hub to have 20 GW renewable energy capacity.
Hydrogen Production Hub to produce 1,500 tonnes per day (TPD) of green hydrogen and 7,500 TPD of hydrogen derivatives (e.g., green methanol, green urea, sustainable aviation fuel).
Location Pudimadaka, Anakapalle district, near Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
Collaboration Joint project between NTPC Green Energy Limited (NGEL) and New & Renewable Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh (NREDCAP).
Significance for India Part of India’s National Green Hydrogen Mission to make India a global leader in green hydrogen production.
Environmental and Economic Impact Creation of thousands of jobs, reduction in carbon emissions, and promotion of sustainable energy solutions.
Strategic Importance Utilizes renewable energy sources like solar and wind.
Hydrogen Derivatives Focus on green methanol, green urea, and sustainable aviation fuel for export markets.

Kumbhvani FM Channel Launched for Maha Kumbh 2025

On January 10, 2025, Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath inaugurated ‘Kumbhvani‘ (103.5 MHz), a dedicated FM channel by All India Radio, to enhance the Maha Kumbh 2025 experience. The event was attended by Union Minister of State for Information and Broadcasting, Dr. L. Murugan, who participated online.

Channel Overview

  • Broadcast Period: January 10 to February 26, 2025
  • Operating Hours: 5:55 AM to 10:05 PM daily
  • Frequency: FM 103.5 MHz

Special Programming

Live Broadcasts

    • Main bathing rituals on January 14, 29, and February 3
    • Daily live updates from the Kumbh area

Cultural Presentations

    • Serial ‘Shiva Mahima’
    • Programs highlighting Indian cultural heritage

Talk Shows

    • ‘Namaskar Prayagraj’ (9:00-10:00 AM)
    • ‘From the Bank of Sangam’ (4:00-5:30 PM)

Health Counseling

    • ‘Hello Doctor’ program offering live health consultations

News and Information

  • Main news bulletins at 8:40 AM, 2:30 PM, and 8:30 PM
  • Coverage of cultural events and special programs for youth, women, and foreign visitors
  • Important notices on travel, health, hygiene, and safety

Historical Context

All India Radio has a longstanding tradition of promoting Indian cultural heritage. During the 2013 Kumbh and 2019 Ardh Kumbh, the Kumbhvani channel gained significant popularity among listeners. Continuing this tradition, the channel has been re-established for Maha Kumbh 2025 to bring the festival’s ambiance to a wider audience.

Summary of the news

Why in News Key Points
Kumbhvani FM Channel Launch for Maha Kumbh 2025 Date of Launch: January 10, 2025
Frequency: 103.5 MHz
Chief Minister (CM) of Uttar Pradesh: Yogi Adityanath
Broadcast Period: January 10 to February 26, 2025
Operating Hours: 5:55 AM to 10:05 PM daily
Union Minister of State for Information and Broadcasting: Dr. L. Murugan (attended online)
Key Programs: Live updates, cultural shows, health advice
Special Shows: ‘Shiva Mahima’, ‘Namaskar Prayagraj’, ‘From the Bank of Sangam’
News Bulletins: Main bulletins at 8:40 AM, 2:30 PM, and 8:30 PM
Health Counseling Program: ‘Hello Doctor’
State: Uttar Pradesh Capital: Lucknow
Festivals: Maha Kumbh 2025 Location: Prayagraj (previously known as Allahabad)
Main Bathing Rituals Dates: January 14, 29, February 3, 2025

Who is Known as the Rawalpindi Express?

The nickname “Rawalpindi Express” is associated with someone known for their exceptional speed and powerful presence in the world of cricket. This title represents a cricketer who captured the attention of fans worldwide with their lightning-fast deliveries. The person behind this name became a symbol of speed skill, and fearlessness on the field, earning respect from teammates, opponents, and cricket lovers everywhere.

Rawalpindi Express

Shoaib Akhtar, a former Pakistani cricketer, is famously known as the “Rawalpindi Express.” This nickname reflects both his lightning-fast pace and his roots in Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Akhtar holds the record for the fastest delivery ever bowled in cricket, clocking in at 161.3 km/h (100.23 mph). His reputation as one of the most fearsome fast bowlers in the history of cricket earned him this iconic title.

Early Life and Background of Shoaib Akhtar

Shoaib Akhtar was born on August 13, 1975, in Morgah, Rawalpindi, into a Punjabi family. His paternal side belongs to the Gujjar tribe, and his maternal side to the Awan tribe. Growing up in a working-class family, his father, Mohammad Akhtar, worked as a night watchman at a petrol station, while his mother, Hameeda Awan, raised five children. Akhtar’s early life was marked by financial struggles, but his determination and passion for cricket set him on a path to stardom.

Cricketing Journey of Shoaib Akhtar

Akhtar’s cricketing career began with his debut in Test Cricket in 1997, followed by his One Day International Cricket (ODI) debut in 1988. Despite a modest start, his performances, especially in the 1999 Cricket World Cup, helped him gain international recognition. His speed and ability to bowl at extreme pace quickly made him one of the fastest bowlers the world had ever seen. Akhtar went on to have a notable international career, consistently taking wickets for Pakistan in various formats.

Notable Achievements and Records

One of Shoaib’s most remarkable achievements in his record for the fastest delivery bowled in cricket history, clocked at 161.3 km/h during a match in 2003. This milestone made him one of only three bowlers to break the 100 mph barrier. Known for his raw pace, Akhtar’s bowling was feared by batsmen all over the world, and he became an integral part of Pakistan’s fast-bowling attack throughout his career.

Injuries and Controversies

Akhtar’s career, however, was not without challenges. He was often plagued by injuries, including knee and ankle issues, which hampered his consistency on the field. In addition to his physical struggles, Akhtar’s career was marred by controversies, including a ban for performance-enhancing drug use in 2006 and clashes with fellow players and coaches. Despite these setbacks, he remained a force to be reckoned with on the field.

Post-Retirement Career

After retiring from international cricket, Shoaib Akhtar transitioned into a career as a cricket commentator. He started his own YouTube channel, where he shares reviews of international matches, leagues and Pakistani cricket. Akhtar’s outspoken views and bold commentary have continued to attract attention, cementing his place as one of cricket’s most intriguing personalities, even after his playing days were over.

Personal Life of Shoaib Akhtar

Shoaib Akhtar married Rubab Khan in November 2014, and the couple has three children. Their first son, Mohammad Mikaeel Ali, was born in 2016, followed by a second son, Mujaddid, in 2019. In 2024, the family welcomed a daughter, Nooreh Ali. Akhtar’s personal life, marked by his commitment to his family and faith, contrasts with the aggressive persona he displayed on the cricket field.

Legacy of Rawalpindi Express

Shoaib Akhtar’s legacy as the “Rawalpindi Express” is firmly entrenched in the annals of cricket history. Known for his blistering pace, fiery personality, and record-breaking performances, Akhtar remains one of the most memorable fast bowlers in the sport. His influence continues through his commentary, where he offers expert opinions on the game he dominated for over a decade.

Lohri 2025, Know Date, Time, History, Significance and Celebrations

Lohri is an important festival celebrated mainly in North India. It marks the end of winter and the arrival of longer, warmer days. The festival is also a time to celebrate the harvest of crops like sugarcane, wheat and mustard. Lohri is a joyful occasion that brings warmth, light and happiness to the cold winter months. In 2025, Lohri will be celebrated on Monday, January 13.

Lohri 2025, Date and Time

Lohri 2025 will be celebrated on January 13, with the auspicious moment of Lohri Sankranti occurring at 09:03 AM on January 14. The festival marks the end of the winter season and the beginning of warmer days, as the days grow longer after this time.

History of Lohri

Lohri is a popular festival mainly celebrated in northern India, particularly in Punjab. It marks the winter solstice, the day when the sun starts moving towards the northern hemisphere. This is why the festival celebrates the arrival of longer days and shorter nights. It is an important harvest festival, especially for farmers, as it honors the successful harvest of crops like sugarcane, wheat and mustard.

Significance of Lohri

Lohri holds a special meaning for farmers. It is a time to thank Surya Devta (the Sun God) and Agni (the Fire God) for their blessings during the harvest season. The bonfire that is lit during Lohri symbolizes fertility, good fortune and prosperity, especially for newlyweds and babies. The fire also represents the burning of the winter chill and the beginning of the new harvest season.

How is Lohri Celebrated?

Lohri celebrated include lighting a bonfire, singing folk songs, and telling Dulla Bhatti stories, which are part of the region’s tradition. People gather around the bonfire and offer sesame seeds, jaggery, peanuts and sugarcane into the fire, symbolizing a wish for health and prosperity. It is also a time to celebrate with family and friends, with much dancing and singing.

Traditional Food During Lohri

During Lohri, people enjoy traditional foods such as gajak (a sweet made from sesame seeds and jaggery), make ki roti (cornbread) and sarson ka saag (mustard greens). These dishes are closely associated with the winter harvest and are relished during the celebrations.

National Youth Day January 12th

National Youth Day, also known as Rashtriya Yuva Diwas, is celebrated annually on January 12 to honor the birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda. Recognized for his contributions to spiritual growth, national integration, and youth empowerment, Swamiji’s life and teachings remain an inspiration to India’s youth. The Government of India declared his birthday as National Youth Day in 1984 to encourage young people to follow his ideals and work towards a progressive, united, and self-reliant India.

History of National Youth Day

  • Declared by: Government of India in 1984.
  • First Celebrated: January 12, 1985.
  • Aim: To inspire India’s youth through Swamiji’s philosophies and teachings.
  • Focus: Encouraging youth to embrace values like fearlessness, unity, spiritual growth, and service to humanity.

Significance of the Day

  • Celebrated to unite Indian youth for nation-building.
  • Encourages holistic learning through workshops, cultural events, and seminars.
  • Promotes fearlessness, strength, unity, and religious harmony.
  • Helps spread awareness of youth rights and responsibilities.
  • Focuses on cleanliness drives, community service, and social awareness programs.

Celebrations and Activities

  • Celebrations held at Ramakrishna Mission centers, schools, colleges, and institutions and Activities include,
  • Parades
  • Devotional songs
  • Meditation sessions
  • Seminars and speeches on Swami Vivekananda’s life and ideals.
  • Essay-writing and quiz competitions.
  • Youth conventions and cultural programs.
  • Celebrations aim to motivate youth to contribute to nation-building.

Swami Vivekananda: A Brief Overview

  • Born as: Narendranath Datta on January 12, 1863.
  • Known For: Philosopher, spiritual leader, religious teacher, and reformer.
  • Chief Disciple of: Sri Ramakrishna Paramahansa.
  • Legacy: Introduced Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world.
  • Iconic Moment: His Chicago Speech (1893) that introduced Hinduism to the global stage.
  • Founded: Ramakrishna Mission in 1897 at Belur Math, Kolkata.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? National Youth Day January 12th
Established 1984
First Celebrated 1985
Significance To honor Swami Vivekananda and inspire youth to follow his teachings
Activities Parades, speeches, seminars, essay-writing, meditation, youth conventions, cultural programs
Swami Vivekananda’s Contribution Introduced Vedanta and Yoga to the West, famous for his Chicago Speech (1893)
Organization Celebrated by schools, colleges, and Ramakrishna Mission centers
Main Values Promoted Fearlessness, strength, unity, religious harmony, spiritual growth, service to humanity

150 Years of India Meteorological Department (IMD)

The India Meteorological Department (IMD), established in 1875, is one of the oldest scientific institutions in India dedicated to weather forecasting and disaster preparedness. As it marks its 150th anniversary on January 15, 2025, the IMD continues to play a pivotal role in tracking weather patterns, issuing cyclone warnings, monitoring earthquakes, and studying atmospheric changes.

Evolution of Meteorology in India

  • Ancient Roots: Early texts like the Upanishads (circa 3000 B.C.) discuss weather phenomena, including cloud formation, rain cycles, and seasons.
  • Modern Meteorology: Scientific advancements began in the 17th century with the invention of the thermometer, barometer, and gas laws.
  • First Observatory: Established in 1785 in Kolkata (Calcutta) to conduct weather studies.

Foundation of IMD

  • Founded in 1875 by the British Government of India to centralize weather data collection.
  • The first Meteorological Reporter was Henry Francis Blanford.
  • IMD’s creation was accelerated after the 1864 Calcutta cyclone, which killed over 60,000 people, and the 1866 Orissa famine, caused by failed monsoons.

IMD’s Role in India’s Development

  • IMD has expanded to operate six Regional Meteorological Centres and state-level centres in all capitals.
  • These are located in Chennai, Guwahati, Kolkata, Mumbai, Nagpur and New Delhi.
  • It became a member of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1949 after India’s independence.
  • IMD provides weather forecasts, cyclone alerts, earthquake monitoring, and pollution tracking to help the country prepare for natural disasters.

IMD’s Infrastructure and Operations

  • Uses a complex communication network for data collection from ground observatories, naval ships, atmospheric balloons, and satellites.
  • Generates warnings for extreme weather events to safeguard lives and property.

Significance of IMD

  • The IMD’s accurate forecasting has been crucial in reducing disaster impacts over the years.
  • It continues to improve weather forecasting technologies to strengthen India’s climate resilience and disaster management capabilities.

IMD’s Milestone

Year Milestone Details
1785 First Observatory Established in Kolkata (Calcutta)
1864 Calcutta Cyclone Killed 60,000 people, prompting IMD’s creation
1875 IMD Foundation Established by the British government
1944 Headquarters Shift Moved from Kolkata to New Delhi
1949 Member of WMO IMD joined the World Meteorological Organization
2025 150th Anniversary Celebrating 150 years of service

Key Functions of IMD

  • Weather Forecasting: Monitors monsoon, cyclones, and rainfall.
  • Disaster Warnings: Provides alerts for cyclones, storms, and extreme weather.
  • Earthquake Monitoring: Tracks seismic activities across the country.
  • Pollution Tracking: Monitors air quality and atmospheric pollution.
  • Climate Services: Supports agriculture, aviation, water management, and disaster preparedness.

Significance of IMD’s 150th Anniversary

  • The 150th anniversary of IMD marks a significant milestone in India’s progress in meteorology and disaster management.
  • IMD’s continuous upgrades in forecasting technology and data collection systems have made it a vital institution for ensuring the country’s climate resilience and public safety.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? 150 Years of India Meteorological Department (IMD)
Established 1875 by the British Government of India
First Meteorological Reporter Henry Francis Blanford
Purpose Centralize weather data collection and improve forecasting
Significance One of the oldest government departments; crucial for weather forecasting and disaster preparedness
IMD’s 150th Anniversary January 15, 2025
Historical Trigger 1864 Calcutta cyclone and 1866 Orissa famine
Initial Headquarters Kolkata (then Calcutta)
Current Headquarters New Delhi (since 1944)
WMO Membership Joined the World Meteorological Organization in 1949
First Observatory Established in 1785 in Kolkata
Key Functions Weather forecasting, disaster warnings, earthquake monitoring, pollution tracking, climate services
Regional Centres 6 Regional Meteorological Centres and state-level centres in all capitals
Infrastructure Uses data from ground observatories, naval ships, atmospheric balloons, and satellites
Technological Advancements Continuously upgrading weather forecasting systems to improve accuracy
Significance  Today Crucial for disaster preparedness, agriculture, aviation, water management, and climate resilience
Historical Evolution Traces roots to ancient texts (Upanishads) discussing weather phenomena

Largest Vanilla Producing Country in the World, List of Top-10

Vanilla is a popular spice used in desserts, perfumes and even medicines. It comes from the pods of vanilla orchids and grows best in warm, tropical areas. Producing vanilla takes time and care, making it one of the most valuable spices. Several countries around the world cultivate vanilla, each offering unique flavor. Let’s explore the top-10 vanilla producing countries globally.

Global Vanilla Production

The global vanilla market was valued at USD 292 billion in 2023 and is expected to grow at a 4.7% annual rate from 2024 to 2032. The demand for natural vanilla is rising due to its use in banking, beverages and its health benefits, including antioxidant and antidepressant properties.

World’s Largest Vanilla Producer

Madagascar is the world’s largest producer of vanilla beans, contributing about 80% of the global supply each year. In the northeast SAVA region, around 70,000 farmers carefully grow, pollinate and harvest vanilla orchids. This dedication makes Madagascar a key player in the vanilla industry, supplying this prized spice worldwide.

Top-10 Largest Vanilla Producing Countries in the World 2025

Madagascar stands as the largest vanilla producing country with the annual vanilla production of 2,926 tons, followed by Indonesia, China, Mexico and Papua New Guinea.

Here is the list of top-10 largest vanilla producing countries in the world by 2025:

Rank  Country Vanilla Production (in tons)
1. Madagascar 2,926
2. Indonesia 2,304
3. China 885
4. Mexico 513
5. Papua New Guinea 502
6. Turkey 303
7. Uganda 211
8. Tonga 180
9. French Polynesia 24
10. Reunion 21

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