India’s employment landscape has seen significant improvement in recent years, with the unemployment rate dropping from 6% to 3.2% between 2017 and 2024, as per the latest Annual Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) data. The Worker Population Ratio (WPR), indicating the share of the working-age population employed, rose from 46.8% to 58.2% during this period, demonstrating strong job creation despite challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This marks a notable shift from earlier notions of “jobless growth” and highlights India’s progress in economic and employment expansion.
Key Trends in India’s Employment Growth
Substantial Job Creation: Employment in India grew by 36%, adding 170 million jobs between 2016-17 and 2022-23, with GDP growth averaging over 6.5% during this period. This growth dispels the myth of jobless economic expansion.
Labor Market Strengthening: Data from the Reserve Bank of India’s KLEMS database reveals a consistent rise in employment since the 1980s. Furthermore, the Worker Population Ratio (WPR) increased by almost 26% from 2017-2023, pointing to robust employment generation across various sectors.
Economic Drivers of Employment Growth
Consumption-Driven Growth: The rising consumption in India is directly linked to job creation. As consumption increases, employment also rises, as the majority of new jobs are in the formal, paid sector, rather than unpaid or low-wage work.
Sectoral Employment Shifts: Agriculture continues to employ over 45% of India’s workforce, but there has been a notable shift towards manufacturing and services, with larger industrial units creating more jobs than smaller ones.
Youth, Female, and Gig Workforce Growth
Youth Employment: The unemployment rate for youth (ages 15-29) has significantly decreased from 17.8% in 2017-18 to 10% in 2022-23, showing improved opportunities for younger workers.
Female Labor Force Participation: Policies supporting women’s workforce participation have led to steady growth in female employment.
Gig Economy Growth: India’s gig economy is set to expand rapidly, with the workforce in this sector expected to reach 23.5 million by 2029-30.
Economic Survey and Employment Trends
Improved Labor Market Indicators: The latest Economic Survey of India confirms a positive trend in employment, with the unemployment rate down to 3.2% in FY 2023. The growth of the formal sector is evident in the rise of EPFO payroll additions, doubling from 61.1 lakh in FY 2019 to 131.5 lakh in FY 2024.
Manufacturing and AI: The manufacturing sector continues to offer growth opportunities, unaffected by automation, while advancements in AI are expected to further shape job creation in the future.
India’s Economic Profile and Future Outlook
GDP Growth: India’s real GDP is projected to grow by 8.2% in FY 2023-24, up from 7% in FY 2022-23, driven largely by strong performance in manufacturing and mining sectors. This growth reinforces the connection between economic expansion and job creation, positioning India as a key global economic player.
Summary of the news
| Why in News | Key Points |
|---|---|
| Unemployment Rate in India | – India’s unemployment rate decreased from 6% to 3.2% in 7 years (2017-2024). |
| – Worker Population Ratio (WPR) increased from 46.8% in 2017-18 to 58.2% in 2023-24. | |
| – Employment grew by 36% (170 million jobs) from 2016-17 to 2022-23. | |
| – Economic growth (GDP) averaged 6.5% during this period. | |
| Economic Survey 2023-24 | – India’s real GDP projected to grow by 8.2% in FY 2023-24. |
| – Manufacturing sector grew by 9.9%, and Mining & Quarrying sector by 7.1% in FY 2023-24. | |
| Female and Youth Employment | – Female labor force participation increasing due to supportive policies. |
| – Youth unemployment rate decreased from 17.8% (2017-18) to 10% (2022-23). | |
| Gig Economy | – India’s gig economy workforce expected to reach 23.5 million by 2029-30. |
| Sectoral Employment Trends | – Agriculture still employs 45% of the workforce, but manufacturing and services are growing. |
| EPFO Payroll Growth | – EPFO net payroll additions increased from 61.1 lakh (FY 2019) to 131.5 lakh (FY 2024). |
| Consumption-Driven Economic Growth | – Consumption-driven growth has been a key factor in driving job creation. |
| Key Economic Data | – Nominal GDP grew by 9.6% in FY 2023-24, and Real GVA grew by 7.2%. |
| – Real GDP estimated to reach ₹173.82 lakh crore in 2023-24. | |
| Important Reports | – Report from Observer Research Foundation challenges the “jobless growth” narrative. |
| Major Employment Scheme | – Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) contributing to job growth in rural areas. |
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