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States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

States and Capitals

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO State Capital CM Governor
1 Andhra Pradesh Amaravati Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu S. Abdul Nazer
2 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Pema Khandu Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3 Assam Dispur Himanta Biswa Sarma Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4 Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar Arif Mohammed Khan
5 Chhattisgarh Raipur Vishnu Deo Sai Ramen Deka
6 Goa Panaji Pramod Sawant P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7 Gujarat Gandhinagar Bhupendra Patel Acharya Dev Vrat
8 Haryana Chandigarh Nayab Singh Saini Bandaru Dattatraya
9 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu Shiv Pratap Shukla
10 Jharkhand Ranchi Hemant Soren Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11 Karnataka Bengaluru Siddaramaiah Thaawarchand Gehlot
12 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Pinarayi Vijayan Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Mohan Yadav Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14 Maharashtra Mumbai Devendra Fadnavis C.P. Radhakrishnan
15 Manipur Imphal N. Biren Singh
Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16 Meghalaya Shillong Conrad Kongkal Sangma
C H Vijayashankar
17 Mizoram Aizawl Lalduhoma General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18 Nagaland Kohima Neiphiu Rio
La. Ganesan
19 Odisha Bhubaneswar Mohan Charan Majhi
Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20 Punjab Chandigarh Bhagwant Singh Mann Gulab Chand Kataria
21 Rajasthan Jaipur Bhajan Lal Sharma Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22 Sikkim Gangtok PS Golay Om Prakash Mathur
23 Tamil Nadu Chennai M. K. Stalin R. N. Ravi
24 Telangana Hyderabad Anumula Revanth Reddy Jishnu Dev Varma
25 Tripura Agartala Dr. Manik Saha Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Yogi Aditya Nath Anandiben Patel
27 Uttarakhand Dehradun Pushkar Singh Dhami Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28 West Bengal Kolkata Mamata Banerjee Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO Union Territories Capital CM Lt. Governor
1 Andaman and Nicobar Island Port Blair NA D K Joshi
2 Chandigarh Chandigarh NA Banwarilal Purohit
3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Daman NA Praful Patel
4 Delhi Delhi Rekha Gupta Vinai Kumar Saxena
5 Ladakh NA NA B. D. Mishra
6 Lakshadweep Kavaratti NA Praful Patel
7 Jammu and Kashmir NA Omar Abdullah Manoj Sinha
8 Puducherry Pondicherry N. Rangaswamy C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference States Union Territories
Head of Administration Governor Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type Elected by the People Managed by the central government
Powers Shares power with the central government. Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No. States Language
1 Andhra Pradesh Telugu and Urdu
2 Arunachal Pradesh Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3 Assam Assamese
4 Bihar Hindi
5 Chhattisgarh Hindi
6 Goa Marathi Konkani
7 Gujarat Gujarati
8 Haryana Hindi
9 Himachal Pradesh Hindi and Pahari
10 Jharkhand Hindi
11 Karnataka Kannada
12 Kerala Malayalam
13 Madhya Pradesh Hindi
14 Maharashtra Marathi
15 Manipur Manipuri
16 Meghalaya Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17 Mizoram Mizo and English
18 Nagaland Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19 Odisha Oriya
20 Punjab Punjabi
21 Rajasthan Rajasthani and Hindi
22 Sikkim Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23 Tamil Nadu Tamil
24 Telangana Telugu
25 Tripura Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26 Uttar Pradesh Hindi
27 Uttarakhand Hindi
28 West Bengal Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

  • Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
  • Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
  • Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
  • Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
  • Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
  • Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
  • Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
  • Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

Saudi Arabia Launches TOURISE to Shape the Future of Global Tourism

On May 22, 2025, Saudi Arabia officially launched TOURISE, a global platform designed to connect leaders across tourism, technology, investment, and sustainability sectors. Unveiled by Minister of Tourism Ahmed Al-Khateeb, TOURISE aims to unlock investment opportunities, address challenges facing the tourism industry, and shape future travel policies through collaboration and innovation. This initiative underscores Saudi Arabia’s ambition to become a leading global tourism hub, supported by strategic infrastructure investments and policy reforms.

Why in News?

As global tourism continues to evolve rapidly, impacted by technological disruption, shifting traveler preferences, and growing sustainability demands, Saudi Arabia has positioned itself at the forefront by launching TOURISE. This platform arrives at a pivotal moment, shortly after the kingdom surpassed its Vision 2030 target of 100 million visitors by 2024, demonstrating the country’s growing influence in global tourism. TOURISE’s launch aims to guide the sector’s future growth while promoting inclusive, sustainable, and technologically advanced tourism.

Aim

  • To establish a year-round global platform that fosters collaboration, innovation, and investment in the tourism sector.

Objectives

  • Connect leaders from tourism, tech, investment, and sustainability fields worldwide.
  • Unlock new investment opportunities in tourism infrastructure and services.
  • Address sector-wide challenges such as sustainability and digital transformation.
  • Develop and guide global tourism policies for future growth phases.
  • Promote inclusive and sustainable tourism practices.

Background

  • Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 aims to diversify its economy, with tourism playing a key role.
  • In 2024, Saudi Arabia achieved its Vision 2030 goal of attracting 100 million visitors — seven years ahead of schedule.
  • Tourism now contributes nearly 5% to Saudi Arabia’s GDP, reflecting its expanding economic importance.
  • TOURISE was announced virtually by Minister Ahmed Al-Khateeb, emphasizing tourism’s role in the global economy and the need for sector evolution.

Key Features of TOURISE

  • Supported by an advisory board consisting of global experts from tourism, hospitality, technology, entertainment, and investment sectors.
  • Formation of working groups focused on core themes such as AI in tourism, business innovation, travel experience upgrades, and sustainability.
  • Publication of white papers and global indices in partnership with international organizations.
  • Hosting the first TOURISE Summit in Riyadh from November 11-13, 2025.
  • An Innovation Zone to showcase emerging public and private sector technologies.
  • An awards program recognizing leadership in sustainability, digital transformation, cultural preservation, inclusive tourism, and workforce development.
  • Award nominations open on June 2, with winners announced at the summit’s opening day.

Significance

  • TOURISE exemplifies Saudi Arabia’s strategic move to become a global tourism leader by leveraging technology, investment, and sustainability. The platform’s collaborative approach involving public and private sectors is expected to drive innovation and address pressing challenges in the tourism ecosystem.
  • By focusing on AI, sustainability, and inclusivity, TOURISE aligns with global trends shaping the future of travel, supporting economic growth and job creation worldwide.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Saudi Arabia Launches TOURISE to Shape the Future of Global Tourism
Launch Venue Virtual Launch by Minister Ahmed Al-Khateeb
Organizer Saudi Ministry of Tourism
Focus Areas Tourism innovation, investment, technology, sustainability
Initiative TOURISE
Vision Support Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 and global tourism growth
Key Event First TOURISE Summit in Riyadh, Nov 11-13, 2025
Supporting Bodies Advisory board with global tourism, tech, investment leaders

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NCW Launches Yashoda AI to Boost Women’s AI and Cybersecurity Skills

The National Commission for Women (NCW) launched ‘Yashoda AI: Your AI SAKHI’ on May 22, 2025, at Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University, Bareilly. This groundbreaking initiative aims to enhance AI literacy, cybersecurity knowledge, and digital safety awareness among women, particularly those from rural and semi-urban areas. Yashoda AI aspires to empower women to lead India’s technological future, ensuring their active participation and leadership in the digital age.

Why in News?

With India’s increasing reliance on technology and digital platforms, the need to include women, especially from underserved communities, in AI and cybersecurity education is more critical than ever. The launch of Yashoda AI reflects NCW’s commitment to bridging the gender digital divide and addressing emerging challenges like AI-driven crimes and digital privacy threats. This initiative comes at a time when cyber safety and digital literacy are vital for inclusive and secure growth in India’s evolving tech ecosystem.

Aim

  • To empower women with essential skills in Artificial Intelligence, Cybersecurity, and Digital Safety, enabling them to contribute to a tech-driven and inclusive India.

Objectives

  • Increase AI literacy and digital awareness among women, especially in rural and semi-urban areas.
  • Provide practical knowledge on cyber safety, digital privacy, and AI-related crimes.
  • Encourage women to take leadership roles in digital education and safety.
  • Engage students, educators, and women professionals including those in the police force for holistic community-driven learning.

Background

  • The National Commission for Women (NCW) is India’s statutory body dedicated to protecting and promoting women’s rights.
  • Digital inclusion and cyber safety have become major focus areas for NCW amid the rising number of cybercrimes against women.
  • Yashoda AI is launched in collaboration with Future Shift Labs (FSL), a tech education organization.
  • The program emphasizes community participation and leadership to make digital learning relevant and impactful for women.

Key Features

  • Official launch on May 22, 2025, at Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University, Bareilly.
  • Focus on AI literacy, Cybersecurity training, and digital safety strategies.
  • Workshops and discussions on AI-driven crimes and digital privacy concerns.
  • Active involvement of women from diverse sectors including academia and law enforcement.
  • Community-driven educational approach ensuring women not only learn but lead digital initiatives.

Significance

  • Yashoda AI represents a vital step in India’s efforts to bridge the gender gap in technology. By focusing on AI and cybersecurity, it equips women to protect themselves and others in digital spaces while contributing to India’s vision of a Viksit Bharat (Developed India).
  • The initiative fosters an inclusive digital culture where women are empowered as creators, leaders, and innovators in the fast-evolving technological landscape.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? NCW Launches Yashoda AI to Boost Women’s AI and Cybersecurity Skills
Initiative Yashoda AI: Your AI SAKHI
Launch Date May 22, 2025
Organized By National Commission for Women (NCW) & Future Shift Labs (FSL)
Focus Areas AI Literacy, Cybersecurity, Digital Safety
Target Group Women from rural and semi-urban areas
Objectives Empowerment, Leadership, Cyber Awareness
Significance Bridging gender digital divide, promoting safe digital spaces

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Wings India 2026 to Take Off from Hyderabad in January

Wings India 2026, the biennial flagship event for India’s civil aviation sector, is set to be held in Hyderabad from January 28 to 31. Organized jointly by the Ministry of Civil Aviation, Airport Authority of India, and FICCI, the event at Begumpet Airport will serve as a comprehensive platform for the entire aviation ecosystem. This event brings together global stakeholders including airlines, manufacturers, investors, vendors, and policymakers to foster growth and innovation in commercial, general, and business aviation as well as advanced air mobility.

Why in News?

The announcement of Wings India 2026 in Hyderabad is significant as it highlights the growing importance of India’s civil aviation sector, which is rapidly expanding due to rising air travel demand and technological advancements. The event will showcase innovations, facilitate investments, and promote skill development, making it a key milestone for industry stakeholders. With a curtain raiser scheduled in Delhi on May 23, the event is gaining momentum and attention from both domestic and international participants.

Aim

  • To provide a comprehensive platform that promotes the growth and development of India’s civil aviation sector.

Objectives

  • Bring together stakeholders from various aviation sub-sectors including commercial, general, business aviation, and advanced air mobility.
  • Foster collaborations between manufacturers, airlines, investors, and policy-makers.
  • Showcase technological advancements and innovations in aviation.
  • Promote investment opportunities and facilitate knowledge sharing.
  • Support skill development initiatives to meet the industry’s growing workforce needs.

Background

  • Wings India is a biennial event that has grown to become India’s premier civil aviation exhibition and conference.
  • It is jointly organized by the Ministry of Civil Aviation, Airport Authority of India, and FICCI.
  • Hyderabad’s Begumpet Airport has been a longstanding venue, known for its strategic location and aviation heritage.
  • The event typically features exhibitions, seminars, B2B meetings, and networking sessions, attracting global participation.
  • The civil aviation sector in India is among the fastest-growing globally, driven by rising passenger traffic, government initiatives like UDAN, and a push towards advanced air mobility.

Key Features of Wings India 2026

  • Scheduled from January 28 to 31, 2026, at Begumpet Airport, Hyderabad.
  • Expected participants include airlines, aircraft manufacturers, investors, vendors, cargo operators, space industry representatives, banking institutions, and skill development agencies.
  • Focus areas include commercial aviation, general aviation, business jets, advanced air mobility, and space technologies.
  • The event serves as a meeting point for states and Union Territories to showcase regional aviation initiatives.
  • A curtain raiser event will be held in Delhi on May 23, 2025, featuring briefings by the Union Minister and Minister of State for Civil Aviation to foreign missions and stakeholders.

Significance

  • Wings India 2026 plays a vital role in promoting India as a global aviation hub. It accelerates industry growth by enabling partnerships, attracting investment, and showcasing innovations.
  • The event’s comprehensive approach helps build a skilled workforce, encourages sustainable aviation practices, and supports regional connectivity, thereby contributing to India’s economic progress and global aviation leadership.

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Top-7 Most Active Volcanoes of the United States, Know About Them

The United States has many volcanoes, and some of them are very active. These volcanoes can erupt at any time, spending out lava, ash and smoke. Most active volcanoes in the U.S. are found in places like Hawaii, Alaska and the Pacific Northwest. In this article, we will learn about the 7 most active volcanoes in the U.S.

What are Volcanoes?

Volcanoes are mountains that have a hole deep inside the Earth. Hot melted rock called lava, along with gas and ash, can come out from this hole during an eruption. Volcanoes are formed when this lava cools down. Some volcanoes are active and can erupt again, while others are quiet and may never erupt.

Number of Active Volcanoes in the United States

The United States has about 169 active volcanoes, as shared by the American Geoscience Institute. Most of these volcanoes are in Alaska, where eruptions happen almost every year. Scientists from the USGS watch these volcanoes closely to warn people before eruptions. Some volcanoes often release lava, ash and gases, which can change the land, affect flights, weather and harm nature.

Top-7 Most Active Volcanoes in the United States

The United States has many volcanoes, and some are very active. These volcanoes erupt often and can change the land. Here are the names of top-7 most active volcanoes in the United States:

S. No. Volcano Location Eruption
1. Kilauea Hawaii 2025
2. Mount St. Helens Washington 2008
3. Mount Rainier Washington 1984
4. Mauna Loa Hawaii 2022
5. Mount Redoubt Alaska 2009
6. Mount Shasta California 1786
7. Augustine Volcano Alaska 2006

Kilauea

Kilauea is one of the most active volcanoes in the world. It is found on Hawaii’s Big Island. This volcano erupts often and has flowing lava that moves across the land. One of its big eruptions started in 2020 and lasted for years. People visit this place because it is part of Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park, Kilauea is famous for its red-hot lava and small, regular eruptions.

Mount St. Helens

Mount St. Helens had a very big eruption in 1980, which destroyed a lot of land and killed people. Since then, it has had smaller eruptions, with the last one in 2008. Even though it’s quiet now, the volcano is still active. Small earthquakes and steam come from it sometimes. Scientists are watching it because it might erupt again.

Mount Rainier

Mount Rainier is a tall and snowy mountain near Seattle. It looks calm but is actually one of the most dangerous volcanoes. It has not erupted for a long time, but it is still active. What makes it risky is the ice on top. If the volcano erupts, the ice can melt fast and cause big mudslides called lahars that could reach nearby towns.

Mauna Loa

Mauna Loa is the biggest volcano on Earth if you measure how much land it covers. It is also very active and is found on Hawaii’s Big Island. It has erupted 33 times since 1843, with the latest eruption in 2022. Because it is so big, an eruption from Mauna Loa can affect a huge area. That’s why it is always under close watch.

Mount Redoubt

Mount Redoubt is not far from Anchorage, Alaska. It is an active volcano that last erupted in 2009, sending ash high into the sky. The ash was so much that it stopped planes from flying safely. This volcano is very close to towns, so it is watched carefully by the Alaska Volcano Observatory.

Mount Shasta

Mount Shasta is a large and snowy volcano in northern California. It hasn’t erupted since 1786, but scientists still say it’s active. There is heat under the mountain, which means it can erupt again in teh future. Many people go hiking or skiing on Mount Shasta, but it is also a volcano that might come back to life one day.

Augustine Volcano

Augustine Volcano is on a small island in Cook Inlet, Alaska. It has erupted many times in the past, with the last eruption in 2006. When it erupts, it can send out ash and lava. This can be dangerous for airplanes flying nearby. That’s why scientists keep an eye on it all the time.

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Strongest Currencies in Asia 2025 – Where INR Stands

In 2025, Asia remains a diverse economic region, home to some of the strongest and most stable currencies in the world. Currency strength is typically measured by how much foreign currency one unit can buy, especially compared to the US Dollar. A strong currency usually reflects economic stability, low inflation, high foreign reserves, and effective fiscal management.

This article explores the top currencies in Asia by strength and explains how the Indian Rupee (INR) compares to them in 2025.

What Makes a Currency Strong?

A strong currency generally has:

  • High demand in international trade
  • A stable and growing economy
  • Low inflation rates
  • High interest rates to attract foreign investment
  • Strong government and central bank policies

Countries with strong currencies tend to have low levels of debt, large exports, or energy-rich economies that attract global confidence.

Where INR Stands in 2025

As of 2025, the Indian Rupee remains moderately strong within the region. While it has improved from its lowest point earlier in the year, it is still weaker compared to top Asian currencies like the Kuwaiti Dinar or Singapore Dollar.

The INR’s relative weakness can be attributed to:

  • Trade deficits
  • Reliance on oil imports
  • Global economic pressures
  • Currency volatility due to market speculation

However, strong capital inflows and economic reforms have helped the INR regain some value during the mid-year period.

Top Strongest Currencies in Asia (2025)

Here’s a simplified table showing the top 10 strongest currencies in Asia based on their approximate value against 1 US Dollar:

Rank Currency Country Approx. Exchange Rate (1 USD = )
1 Kuwaiti Dinar Kuwait 0.31
2 Bahraini Dinar Bahrain 0.38
3 Omani Rial Oman 0.39
4 Jordanian Dinar Jordan 0.71
5 Singapore Dollar Singapore 1.35
6 Brunei Dollar Brunei 1.35
7 Israeli Shekel Israel 3.25
8 Chinese Yuan China 7.10
9 Japanese Yen Japan 110.00
10 Indian Rupee India 85.50

Top 5 Military Satellites and Space Assets in 2025

In 2025, space has become a pivotal domain for military operations. Nations are investing heavily in satellite technologies to enhance communication, navigation, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities. This article delves into five prominent military satellite systems: the United States’ AEHF, Russia’s GLONASS, China’s Yaogan, India’s GSAT, and Europe’s Galileo.

Top 5 Military Satellites and Space Assets in 2025

Satellite System Country/Region Primary Function Key Features
AEHF United States Secure military communications Jam-resistant, global coverage
GLONASS Russia Navigation and timing Encrypted military signals, global reach
Yaogan China Reconnaissance and surveillance Optical/SAR imaging, ELINT capabilities
GSAT India Military communications Multi-band secure links for naval forces
Galileo European Union Navigation and timing Encrypted PRS for government/military use

United States: Advanced Extremely High Frequency (AEHF)

Secure and Resilient Communications

The Advanced Extremely High Frequency (AEHF) system is the U.S. Department of Defense’s next-generation satellite communication system. It provides global, secure, protected, and jam-resistant communications for high-priority military ground, sea, and air assets. Operating in the extremely high-frequency (EHF) range, AEHF ensures survivable communications even in contested environments. The constellation comprises multiple satellites in geosynchronous orbit, offering enhanced data rates and coverage compared to its predecessors.

Russia: GLONASS

Independent Global Navigation

GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System) is Russia’s counterpart to the U.S. GPS. It provides global positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services for both civilian and military users. The system consists of a constellation of satellites in medium Earth orbit, ensuring global coverage. For military applications, GLONASS offers encrypted signals to support navigation and targeting for various platforms, including missiles and aircraft.

China: Yaogan Satellite Series

Strategic Reconnaissance and Surveillance

China’s Yaogan satellite series is a collection of remote sensing satellites used primarily for military purposes. These satellites are equipped with optical imaging, synthetic aperture radar (SAR), and electronic intelligence (ELINT) payloads. They support China’s military by providing real-time intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities, enabling monitoring of land and maritime domains. The Yaogan constellation enhances China’s situational awareness and targeting precision.

India: GSAT Series

Dedicated Military Communications

India’s GSAT (Geostationary Satellite) series includes satellites specifically designed for military communication. Notably, GSAT-7 serves the Indian Navy, providing secure, real-time communication between ships, submarines, and aircraft. These satellites operate in multiple frequency bands, ensuring robust and encrypted communication links. The GSAT series strengthens India’s network-centric warfare capabilities and reduces reliance on foreign communication assets.

Europe: Galileo

Autonomous Navigation System

Galileo is the European Union’s global navigation satellite system, developed to provide high-precision positioning and timing services. While primarily civilian, Galileo includes a Public Regulated Service (PRS) designed for government-authorized users, including military and emergency services. PRS offers encrypted, robust signals resistant to jamming and spoofing, ensuring reliable navigation support for European defense operations.

PM Modi Inaugurates Rising North East Investors Summit 2025, Boosting Regional Development

Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the Rising North East Investors Summit 2025 at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi, marking a significant step towards the holistic development of India’s North Eastern region. The two-day summit, held on May 23-24, brings together industry leaders, government officials, and stakeholders to explore investment opportunities across key sectors such as tourism, textiles, agro-food processing, and energy. PM Modi underscored the strategic and cultural importance of the Northeast, highlighting the region’s transformation and its potential as a growth engine for India’s eastern corridor.

Why in News?

The Rising North East Investors Summit 2025 is in the spotlight due to its emphasis on attracting large-scale investments and fostering economic growth in one of India’s most diverse and strategically important regions. With a focus on infrastructure development, entrepreneurship, and sustainability, the summit represents the government’s commitment to making the Northeast a front-runner in India’s development narrative. The event is crucial for promoting regional integration and enhancing the economic opportunities for local communities.Aim and Objectives

  • Aim: To boost investment inflows and accelerate economic growth in the North Eastern states of India.

Objectives

  • Showcase Northeast’s vast potential across multiple sectors such as tourism, textiles, bio-economy, and energy.
  • Facilitate Business-to-Business (B2B) and Business-to-Government (B2G) engagements.
  • Strengthen collaboration between central ministries, state governments, and private investors.
  • Promote sustainable and inclusive development for local communities.
  • Create employment opportunities and improve infrastructure connectivity.

Background

  • The North Eastern region has been a focal point of India’s “Act East Policy” aimed at enhancing connectivity and economic cooperation with ASEAN countries and other eastern neighbours.
  • Historically underdeveloped, the region has witnessed significant government investment in infrastructure, education, and skill development over the last decade.
  • The government earlier held events like the Ashtalakshmi Mahotsav, symbolizing prosperity, and now the Investors Summit continues this momentum.
  • The Northeast’s diversity, natural resources, and cultural heritage provide a unique advantage for growth in sectors like organic agriculture, handloom, and eco-tourism.

Key Highlights of the Summit

The summit is a two-day event with sessions on ministerial discussions, B2B and B2G meetings, and an exhibition zone showcasing investment opportunities.

Targeted sectors include,

  • Tourism and Hospitality
  • Agro-Food Processing and allied industries
  • Textiles, Handloom, and Handicrafts
  • Healthcare, Education, and Skill Development
  • IT and IT-enabled Services
  • Infrastructure and Logistics
  • Energy
  • Entertainment and Sports
  • PM Modi’s address emphasized Northeast as “Ashtalakshmi,” representing eight-fold prosperity and opportunity.
  • The government’s transition from “Look East” to “Act East” policy has led to tangible development, shifting the region from a frontier to a growth engine.

Significance

The summit reinforces the government’s vision to empower the Northeast as a key player in India’s economic future. It symbolizes a shift towards a more integrated, prosperous, and self-reliant region, leveraging its natural resources and cultural strengths. Investments resulting from this summit are expected to create jobs, improve infrastructure, and attract further domestic and foreign interest in the region.

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Ram Mohan Appointed as New Director of MPEDA

In a significant development in India’s marine export sector, Ram Mohan M K has been appointed as the new Director of the Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA). A seasoned professional with over two decades of service in the organization, Mohan brings deep expertise in marketing, quality control, and international trade, including a tenure as Resident Director in Tokyo.

Why in News?

The appointment of Ram Mohan M K as the Director of MPEDA is making headlines due to his extensive experience in the marine exports sector and international assignments. This leadership change is expected to reinforce India’s strategy to boost seafood exports and ensure compliance with global quality standards.

Background and Credentials

  • Ram Mohan is an alumnus of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) postgraduate programme in mariculture, affiliated to Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT).
  • He holds a Ph.D. from the ICAR–Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai.

Professional Journey

  • Joined MPEDA in 2003.

Held critical roles in,

  • Marketing
  • Quality Assurance
  • Infrastructure Development
  • Resident Director at Tokyo, facilitating India-Japan seafood trade.

Current Roles

Board Member of,

  • MIDCON (Marine Infrastructure Development Company of India Ltd.)
  • Seafood Park India Ltd.
  • Lakshadweep Development Corporation Ltd.

About MPEDA

  • Full Form: Marine Products Export Development Authority
  • Established: 1972
  • Ministry: Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India
  • Headquarters: Kochi, Kerala

Functions

  • Promotion of marine product exports
  • Implementation of quality control regulations
  • Development of infrastructure for seafood processing and storage
  • Supporting sustainable aquaculture

Significance of Appointment

  • The appointment comes at a time when India is aiming to expand its share in the global seafood market.
  • Ram Mohan’s international exposure, particularly in Japan—a key export destination—can help improve bilateral trade and compliance with international standards.
  • Expected to play a vital role in enhancing export efficiency, sustainability, and innovation in India’s seafood sector.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Ram Mohan Appointed as New Director of MPEDA
New Position Director, Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA)
Educational Background PG in Mariculture (CMFRI-CUSAT), Ph.D. (ICAR–CIFE)
Previous Role Resident Director, MPEDA Tokyo
Organization Founded 1972
Reporting Ministry Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Govt. of India
HQ Location Kochi, Kerala

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_17.1

RBI Transfers Record ₹2.69 Lakh Crore Surplus to Centre for FY25

In a landmark fiscal development, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has approved a record surplus transfer of ₹2.69 lakh crore to the Central Government for the financial year 2024-25. The decision, taken during the 616th meeting of the Central Board of Directors chaired by RBI Governor Sanjay Malhotra, reflects strong financial performance and macroeconomic stability. The transfer follows a hike in the Contingent Risk Buffer (CRB) to 7.5%, under the revised Economic Capital Framework (ECF).

Why in News?

The RBI has made headlines for approving the highest-ever dividend to the Government of India. This move is not only significant for fiscal policy and deficit management but also reflects India’s improving macroeconomic fundamentals post-COVID.

Context and Decision

  • RBI’s 616th Central Board meeting held on May 23, 2025.
  • Chaired by RBI Governor Sanjay Malhotra.
  • Approved ₹2,68,590.07 crore as surplus transfer for FY25.

About the Surplus Transfer

  • Surplus derived from RBI’s income from open market operations, foreign exchange, and investments.
  • Surplus is transferred after accounting for expenses, provisions, and risk buffers.

Contingent Risk Buffer (CRB) Changes

  • Maintained at 5.5% between 2018-19 and 2021-22 (COVID years).
  • Raised to 6.0% in FY23 and 6.5% in FY24.
  • Further increased to 7.5% in FY25.
  • Based on the revised ECF approved on May 15, 2025.

About the Economic Capital Framework (ECF)

  • Introduced in 2019 following recommendations of Bimal Jalan Committee.
  • Specifies guidelines for risk provisioning and surplus distribution.
  • Ensures balance between RBI’s financial stability and the government’s fiscal needs.

Participants in the Meeting

  • Deputy Governors: M. Rajeshwar Rao, T. Rabi Sankar, Swaminathan J., Dr. Poonam Gupta.
  • Other Board Members: Ajay Seth (Dept. of Economic Affairs), Nagaraju Maddirala (Dept. of Financial Services), Satish K. Marathe, Revathy Iyer, Prof. Sachin Chaturvedi, Pankaj R. Patel, Dr. Ravindra Dholakia.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? RBI Transfers Record ₹2.69 Lakh Crore Surplus to Centre for FY25
Amount Transferred as Surplus ₹2,68,590.07 crore
Financial Year 2024–25
Chaired By RBI Governor Sanjay Malhotra
Economic Capital Framework Revised May 15, 2025
Contingent Risk Buffer (CRB) Rate Increased to 7.5%
Purpose of Transfer Strengthen govt’s fiscal position

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_19.1

Top 5 Naval Special Operations Forces Globally: A Detailed Comparison

Naval Special Operations Forces represent the most elite and versatile warriors within any country’s military structure. These units are designed for unconventional warfare, counter-terrorism, reconnaissance, hostage rescue, and covert maritime operations. In 2025, five such units consistently stand out for their training, capabilities, and global impact: the United States Navy SEALs, India’s MARCOS, Russia’s Naval Spetsnaz, United Kingdom’s Special Boat Service (SBS), and Israel’s Shayetet 13.

Each of these units has evolved in response to specific threats, environments, and operational needs, and all possess highly specialized skill sets that make them critical to national defense and global missions.

United States Navy SEALs

Global Reach and Tactical Dominance

The Navy SEALs (Sea, Air, and Land Teams) are the United States’ premier maritime special operations force, known for their versatility across multiple domains. Formed during the Vietnam War era, they have become synonymous with global power projection.

Their core strengths lie in:

  • Underwater demolition, critical for sabotage and port access

  • Direct action missions, such as high-profile hostage rescues and kill-capture operations

  • Intelligence gathering and counter-terrorism, especially in high-risk conflict zones

SEALs operate under the US Naval Special Warfare Command and often collaborate with the CIA’s Special Activities Center. Their missions range from covert insertions via submarines to high-altitude parachute jumps into hostile territory. What sets them apart is their rigorous training pipeline, including the legendary BUD/S course, and their ability to seamlessly integrate into joint operations worldwide.

MARCOS (India)

Stealth, Speed, and Indigenous Excellence

MARCOS, short for Marine Commandos, are India’s elite naval special forces unit. Often referred to as the “Dadiwale fauj” (the bearded army) due to their disguised urban operations, MARCOS is the silent spear of the Indian Navy.

Key aspects of MARCOS include:

  • Expertise in amphibious warfare, particularly suited to India’s vast coastline and island territories

  • Proficiency in underwater reconnaissance and combat diving, including operations from submarines

  • Specialization in counter-terrorism and anti-piracy, particularly in maritime chokepoints like the Arabian Sea

MARCOS undergo intense physical and psychological screening, followed by training with the Indian Army’s Parachute Regiment and the National Security Guard. They are trained for high-risk, stealth-based operations and are increasingly integrated into India’s tri-service Special Operations Command.

Spetsnaz Naval (Russia)

Brutal Efficiency and Cold-War Legacy

Russia’s Naval Spetsnaz is part of the broader Spetsnaz network but operates under the command of the Russian Navy. Originally developed during the Cold War to counter NATO maritime forces, Naval Spetsnaz maintains a fearsome reputation for both offensive and defensive underwater tactics.

Distinct capabilities include:

  • Use of diver delivery vehicles and underwater sabotage

  • Expertise in harbor infiltration, ship boarding, and mine placement

  • Aggressive training methods emphasizing hand-to-hand combat and urban guerrilla warfare

Naval Spetsnaz units are trained at facilities such as the infamous Russian Navy Diving School. Their presence in sensitive areas like the Arctic and Black Sea underscores their role as strategic deterrents as well as offensive assets.

Special Boat Service (SBS) – United Kingdom

Silent Professionals of Maritime Special Warfare

Often considered the British equivalent of the Navy SEALs, the Special Boat Service (SBS) is the United Kingdom’s elite naval special forces unit. Operated under the Royal Navy but administered by UKSF (UK Special Forces), SBS specializes in covert reconnaissance, counter-terrorism, and direct action in maritime environments.

The SBS is known for:

  • Conducting covert insertions via mini-submarines, kayaks, and HALO jumps

  • Operating in urban coastal areas for hostage rescue and sabotage

  • Collaborating with the Special Air Service (SAS) for joint operations

SBS operators are often drawn from the Royal Marines and are trained in close quarters combat, demolitions, and advanced diving. They maintain a strict policy of operational secrecy, which has earned them the nickname “The Silent Service”.

Shayetet 13 – Israel

Surgical Precision and Maritime Counter-Terrorism

Shayetet 13 is Israel’s most elite naval commando unit, tasked with counter-terrorism, sabotage, intelligence, and hostage rescue missions in both sea and land environments. Often compared to the SEALs and SBS, Shayetet 13 has earned its reputation through decades of precision operations in one of the world’s most volatile regions.

Their strengths include:

  • Targeted raids, particularly against high-value terrorist figures

  • Mastery in covert infiltration of enemy ports, ships, and coastal facilities

  • Operating seamlessly with Israeli intelligence agencies like Mossad and Shin Bet

Training in Shayetet 13 is extremely rigorous, involving a process that lasts over 20 months. Their operational style emphasizes rapid deployment, silence, and surgical execution, making them one of the most feared special forces units globally.

Comparative Overview

Each of these five elite forces brings unique strengths to the table:

  • The Navy SEALs offer unmatched global reach and joint operations capability

  • MARCOS excels in regional dominance and indigenous stealth operations

  • Spetsnaz Naval emphasizes raw strength, sabotage, and Cold War-era combat methods

  • The SBS brings in deep experience in urban maritime counter-terrorism with surgical precision

  • Shayetet 13 is defined by intelligence-led, highly precise, high-risk missions in hostile environments

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_21.1

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