Featured

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF

The SBI Clerk Mains Exam 2025 is expected to be conducted in April 2025, and the General Awareness (GA) section plays a crucial role in determining candidates’ overall performance. This section covers current affairs, banking awareness, and static GK, making it an essential part of the exam preparation.

To help candidates maximize their scores, we have compiled a comprehensive GA Capsule PDF covering all major topics required for the SBI Clerk Mains 2025.

Why is the GA Capsule Important for SBI Clerk Mains 2025?

The General Awareness section is one of the most scoring parts of the SBI Clerk Mains Exam. Unlike quantitative aptitude or reasoning, this section does not require calculations, allowing aspirants to answer questions quickly and accurately. A well-prepared candidate can boost their overall score significantly with proper GA preparation.

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025 – Download PDF

To assist candidates in their SBI Clerk Mains 2025 preparation, we are providing a free downloadable PDF covering all the important General Awareness topics.

Download SBI Clerk General Awareness PDF (Part-1 and 2): Click Here

Share Your Feedback: Click Here

Topics Covered in the SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025

  • UNION BUDGET 2025-26
  • Economic Survey 2024-25
  • Padma Awards
  • Republic Day Parade 2025
  • RBI Monetary Policy- February 2025
  • Golden Globe Awards
  • 8th Pay Commission

How to Use the GA Capsule Effectively?

  • Revise Regularly: Read the PDF daily to stay updated with important events.
  • Make Notes: Write down key points for quick revision before the exam.
  • Attempt Quizzes: Solve daily quizzes on current affairs to strengthen your knowledge.
  • Focus on Banking & Economy: Since SBI Clerk is a banking exam, prioritize banking and financial awareness.
Featured

States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

States and Capitals

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO State Capital CM Governor
1 Andhra Pradesh Amaravati Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu S. Abdul Nazer
2 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Pema Khandu Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3 Assam Dispur Himanta Biswa Sarma Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4 Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar Arif Mohammed Khan
5 Chhattisgarh Raipur Vishnu Deo Sai Ramen Deka
6 Goa Panaji Pramod Sawant P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7 Gujarat Gandhinagar Bhupendra Patel Acharya Dev Vrat
8 Haryana Chandigarh Nayab Singh Saini Bandaru Dattatraya
9 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu Shiv Pratap Shukla
10 Jharkhand Ranchi Hemant Soren Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11 Karnataka Bengaluru Siddaramaiah Thaawarchand Gehlot
12 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Pinarayi Vijayan Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Mohan Yadav Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14 Maharashtra Mumbai Devendra Fadnavis C.P. Radhakrishnan
15 Manipur Imphal N. Biren Singh
Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16 Meghalaya Shillong Conrad Kongkal Sangma
C H Vijayashankar
17 Mizoram Aizawl Lalduhoma General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18 Nagaland Kohima Neiphiu Rio
La. Ganesan
19 Odisha Bhubaneswar Mohan Charan Majhi
Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20 Punjab Chandigarh Bhagwant Singh Mann Gulab Chand Kataria
21 Rajasthan Jaipur Bhajan Lal Sharma Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22 Sikkim Gangtok PS Golay Om Prakash Mathur
23 Tamil Nadu Chennai M. K. Stalin R. N. Ravi
24 Telangana Hyderabad Anumula Revanth Reddy Jishnu Dev Varma
25 Tripura Agartala Dr. Manik Saha Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Yogi Aditya Nath Anandiben Patel
27 Uttarakhand Dehradun Pushkar Singh Dhami Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28 West Bengal Kolkata Mamata Banerjee Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO Union Territories Capital CM Lt. Governor
1 Andaman and Nicobar Island Port Blair NA D K Joshi
2 Chandigarh Chandigarh NA Banwarilal Purohit
3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Daman NA Praful Patel
4 Delhi Delhi Rekha Gupta Vinai Kumar Saxena
5 Ladakh NA NA B. D. Mishra
6 Lakshadweep Kavaratti NA Praful Patel
7 Jammu and Kashmir NA Omar Abdullah Manoj Sinha
8 Puducherry Pondicherry N. Rangaswamy C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference States Union Territories
Head of Administration Governor Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type Elected by the People Managed by the central government
Powers Shares power with the central government. Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No. States Language
1 Andhra Pradesh Telugu and Urdu
2 Arunachal Pradesh Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3 Assam Assamese
4 Bihar Hindi
5 Chhattisgarh Hindi
6 Goa Marathi Konkani
7 Gujarat Gujarati
8 Haryana Hindi
9 Himachal Pradesh Hindi and Pahari
10 Jharkhand Hindi
11 Karnataka Kannada
12 Kerala Malayalam
13 Madhya Pradesh Hindi
14 Maharashtra Marathi
15 Manipur Manipuri
16 Meghalaya Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17 Mizoram Mizo and English
18 Nagaland Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19 Odisha Oriya
20 Punjab Punjabi
21 Rajasthan Rajasthani and Hindi
22 Sikkim Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23 Tamil Nadu Tamil
24 Telangana Telugu
25 Tripura Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26 Uttar Pradesh Hindi
27 Uttarakhand Hindi
28 West Bengal Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

  • Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
  • Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
  • Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
  • Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
  • Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
  • Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
  • Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
  • Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

Top 10 Wealthiest Families in Asia 2025 Revealed by Bloomberg

Bloomberg has released its much-awaited list of the Top 20 Wealthiest Families in Asia for 2025. Six Indian families feature among Asia’s richest, with the Ambani family topping the chart with a combined wealth of $90.5 billion (₹7.85 lakh crore). This list highlights Asia’s legacy business empires that have evolved through generations, particularly in India where family-run conglomerates dominate the corporate landscape.

Background / Introduction

Asia has long been a hub of powerful business dynasties, and this year’s rankings underscore the regional economic influence of multi-generational families. In India, legacies like Reliance, Birla, and Bajaj are examples of family-owned empires that have diversified and grown globally. Bloomberg’s 2025 list excludes first-generation billionaire entrepreneurs and focuses solely on families that have passed on wealth through at least one generation.

Key Facts / Quick Summary Table

Topic Details
Name Asia’s Richest Families 2025
Related to Economy / Business Families
Location Asia (Focus: India, Thailand, Indonesia, etc.)
Implemented by Bloomberg
Date January 31, 2025
Special Feature India has 6 families in Asia’s top 20 list

Purpose / Role / Significance

The list reflects how wealth has been sustained and expanded across generations. It helps evaluate not just personal fortunes, but the long-term resilience and growth of family-run enterprises. For India, this also serves as a testament to the country’s deep-rooted entrepreneurial culture, economic influence, and the strength of its legacy corporate houses in shaping both domestic and global business landscapes.

Features / Characteristics

Top 10 Richest Families in Asia – 2025

Rank Family Name Company Wealth Location Generations
1 Ambani Reliance Industries $90.5B India 3
2 Chearavanont Charoen Pokphand Group $42.6B Thailand 4
3 Hartono Djarum, Bank Central Asia $42.2B Indonesia 3
4 Mistry Shapoorji Pallonji Group $37.5B India 5
5 Kwok Sun Hung Kai Properties $35.6B Hong Kong 3
6 Tsai Cathay Financial, Fubon Financial $30.9B Taiwan 3
7 Jindal OP Jindal Group $28.1B India 3
8 Yoovidhya TCP Group $25.7B Thailand 2
9 Birla Aditya Birla Group $23.0B India 7
10 Lee Samsung $22.7B South Korea 3

Maharashtra Diwas 2025: Origin, History, Significance & Celebration

Maharashtra Diwas, also known as Maharashtra Day or Maharashtra Din, is celebrated every year on May 1st to commemorate the formation of the state of Maharashtra in 1960. The state was created following the division of the Bombay State along linguistic lines, recognizing the Marathi-speaking population’s cultural and political aspirations. The day is celebrated with patriotic zeal and a showcase of Maharashtra’s heritage, cultural pride, and achievements over the decades.

Why in the news?

Maharashtra Will observe and celebrate the State foundation day on 1st of May.

Key Facts about Maharashtra Diwas

  • Date Observed: May 1 (Annually)
  • Established: On May 1, 1960, under the Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960
  • Basis for Formation: Linguistic and cultural identity of Marathi-speaking people
  • Capital: Mumbai (formerly Bombay)
  • Celebrations: Parades, flag hoisting, cultural events, and new project launches
  • Significance: Honors the struggles for linguistic recognition and statehood
  • Commission Involved: States Reorganisation Commission

Historical Background

  • Prior to 1960, Maharashtra was part of the large Bombay State, which included modern-day Maharashtra, Gujarat, and parts of Madhya Pradesh.
  • The Bombay State was linguistically diverse, comprising speakers of Marathi, Gujarati, Kutchi, and Konkani.
  • The States Reorganisation Commission (SRC), formed in 1953, suggested the reorganization of Indian states on linguistic lines.
  • This led to the passing of the Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960, which divided Bombay State into two separate states — Maharashtra and Gujarat — on May 1, 1960.
  • Mumbai became the capital of Maharashtra, recognizing its economic and historical importance to the Marathi-speaking population.

Significance of Maharashtra Diwas

  • The day marks the recognition of Marathi language, identity, and culture, which had been long overshadowed in a multilingual administrative setup.
  • Maharashtra Diwas is a symbol of pride for the state’s people, recalling the efforts and sacrifices made by leaders and activists for a separate state.
  • It reinforces the value of linguistic harmony, regional identity, and statehood aspirations in India’s democratic structure.
  • Over the decades, Maharashtra has emerged as a cultural, industrial, and financial powerhouse, and the day is also used to highlight the state’s achievements.

Celebrations and Activities

  • Flag hoisting ceremonies are held in government offices and educational institutions across the state.
  • Parades, marches, and cultural programs are organized in Mumbai and other major cities.
  • Government officials, including the Governor and Chief Minister, give speeches highlighting the state’s development.
  • The state often uses this occasion to inaugurate developmental projects and launch new policies.
  • Schools, colleges, and local bodies conduct essay writing, singing, and drama competitions focused on Maharashtra’s history and culture.
  • Maharashtra Diwas also promotes tourism, with many visitors attending local cultural festivals and exhibitions.

Maharashtra Today

  • Maharashtra is India’s second-most populous state and a major contributor to the nation’s economy.
  • Mumbai, its capital, is known as the financial capital of India.
  • The state is rich in cultural traditions, home to historical forts, folk arts like Lavani and Tamasha, and major festivals such as Ganesh Chaturthi.
  • It is a hub for education, industry, film (Bollywood), and agriculture, playing a critical role in national growth.

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_8.1

List of Chief of Indian Army Staff from 1947 to 2025

The Indian Army, since its inception post-independence in 1947, has seen a distinguished line of leaders at its helm. These Chiefs of Army Staff (COAS) have played pivotal roles in shaping the force into one of the largest and most formidable armies in the world. Here, we provide a comprehensive list of the Indian Army Chiefs from 1947 to 2025, highlighting their contributions and tenures.

General Upendra Dwivedi assumed the position of the 30th Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) of India on June 30, 2024, succeeding General Manoj Pande, who retired after more than four decades of distinguished service. Prior to this appointment, General Dwivedi served as the Vice Chief of Army Staff from February 2024 and was the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Northern Command from February 2022 to February 2024.

Who is the Indian Army Chief

The Chief of Army Staff (COAS) of the Indian Army serves as the head of the military staff and the chairman of the Indian Army Board. This position is always held by a four-star general. As the senior-most officer in the Indian Army, the COAS acts as a military advisor to the Government of India and the Ministry of Defence.

List of Chief of Army Staff from 1947 to 2025

The Indian Army has seen numerous leaders who have contributed to the nation’s defense and security. From its formation post-independence to the present day, the role of the Chief of Army Staff has evolved, reflecting the changing dynamics of military strategy and governance.

Here is the complete list of Chief of Army Staff from 1947 to 2025:

Name Tenure
General Sir Robert Lockhart 15 Aug 1947 – 31 Dec 1947
General Sir Roy Bucher 01 Jan 1948 – 14 Jan 1949
Field Marshal K. M. Cariappa 15 Jan 1949 – 14 Jan 1953
General K. S. Rajendra Singhji 15 Jan 1953 – 14 May 1955
General S. M. Srinagesh 15 May 1955 – 07 May 1977
General K. S. Thimayya 08 May 1977 – 07 May 1961
General P. N. Thapar 08 May 1961 – 19 Nov 1962
General J. N. Chaudhuri 20 Nov 1962 – 07 Jan 1966
General P. P. Kumaramangalam 08 Jan 1966 – 07 Jan 1969
General S. H. F. J. Manekshaw 08 Jan 1969 – 14 Jan 1973
General G. G. Bewoor 15 Jan 1973 – 31 May 1975
General T. N. Raina 01 Jan 1975 – 31 May 1978
General O. P. Malhotra 01 Jan 1978 – 31 May 1981
General K. V. Krishna Rao 01 Jun 1981 – 31 Jul 1983
General A. S. Vaidya 01 Aug 1983 – 31 Jan 1986
General K. Sundarji 01 Feb 1986 – 30 Apr 1988
General V. N. Sharma 01 May 1988 – 30 Jun 1990
General S. F. Rodrigues 01 Jul 1990 – 30 Jun 1993
General B. C. Joshi 01 Jul 1993 – 18 Nov 1994
General S. Roychowdhury 22 Nov 1994 – 30 Sep 1997
General V. P. Malik 01 Oct 1997 – 30 Sep 2000
General S. Padmanabhan 01 Oct 2000 – 31 Dec 2002
General N. C. Vij 01 Jan 2003 – 31 Jan 2005
General J. J. Singh 01 Feb 2005 – 30 Sep 2007
General Deepak Kapoor 30 Sep 2007 – 30 Mar 2010
General V. K. Singh 31 Mar 2010 – 31 May 2012
General Bikram Singh 01 Ju 2012 – 31 Jul 2014
General Dalbir Singh Suhag 31 Jul 2014 – 31 Dec 2016
General Bipin Rawat 31 Dec 2016 – 31 Dec 2019
General Manoj Mukund Naravane 31 Dec 2019 – 30 Apr 2022
General Manoj Pande 30 Apr 2022 – 30 Jun 2024
General Upendra Dwivedi Effective from 30 June 2024

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_10.1

Gujarat Statehood Day, Date, History, Celebrations

Gujarat Formation Day, also known as Gujarat Sthapana Divas, is celebrated annually on May 1st to commemorate the establishment of the state of Gujarat in 1960, following the bifurcation of the Bombay State on linguistic lines. The creation of Gujarat, fueled by the Mahagujarat Movement, marked the recognition of the Gujarati-speaking population’s cultural and administrative identity. The day is observed with parades, flag hoisting, cultural programs, and developmental project inaugurations across the state.

Why in the news?

On the 1st of May, State of Gujarat celebrate its Sthapana Divas (Statehood Day), when state got its status on the name of Gujarat on 1st of May, 1960.

Historical Background of Gujarat Formation

  • Bombay State, post-independence, was a bilingual state comprising both Marathi and Gujarati-speaking regions.
  • Demand for linguistic states led to movements nationwide, including the Mahagujarat Andolan.
  • The idea of a separate Gujarat was first mooted in 1937 by KM Munshi at the Gujarat Sahitya Sabha in Karachi.
  • The Mahagujarat Janata Parishad was formed under Indulal Yagnik, who played a key role in mobilizing public support.
  • Gujarat became a separate state on May 1, 1960, under the Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960.
  • Saurashtra and Kutch regions were merged into Gujarat.
  • Ahmedabad was the initial administrative capital before it shifted to Gandhinagar in 1970.

Importance of Gujarat Formation Day

  • It commemorates the struggles and sacrifices of leaders and citizens during the Mahagujarat Movement.
  • Reinforces cultural identity and linguistic pride among Gujaratis.
  • Highlights the state’s progress in industrialization, infrastructure, and education.
  • Provides a platform to reflect on Gujarat’s achievements and envision future growth.
  • The day fosters unity, regional pride, and community participation.

Key Facts About Gujarat’s Development

  • 2nd largest onshore crude oil producer and 4th largest in natural gas production.
  • Known as the Petroleum Capital of India, with major reserves in Ankleshwar, Mehsana, Hazira, Bharuch, and others.
  • Accounts for 72% of global processed diamonds and 80% of India’s diamond exports.
  • Produces 65–70% of India’s denim, making it the largest in India and 3rd largest globally.
  • Has 60 notified Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and is a leading industrial state.
  • Home to 8 chemical clusters, 14 industrial estates, and 3 petrochemical SEZs.
  • Gujarat has 42 ports and 18 operational airports, ranking first in logistics infrastructure in India.

Houses major educational institutions

  • 3 Central Universities
  • 22 State Universities
  • 32 Private Universities
  • 238 Engineering Colleges (AICTE approved)
  • 422 ITIs, 145 Polytechnic Institutes, 74 Pharmacy Colleges, 4 Agricultural Universities

Demographics & Culture

  • Gujarat has a population of 60.4 million, making up 5% of India’s population.
  • Over 65% of its population belongs to the working-age group (15–59 years).
  • Known for rich cultural traditions and fairs such as Kavant, Tarnetar, and Shamlaji.
  • Celebrated for folk dances, handicrafts, and spiritual festivals.

Gujarat Formation Day 2025 Celebrations

  • Main celebrations were held in Godhra, Panchmahal district.
  • Chief Minister Bhupendra Patel inaugurated/lays foundation for projects worth ₹644.72 crore.

Projects included

  • IG Police Office
  • RTO Building
  • Bypass Road
  • Ropeway Extension at Pavagadh
  • Lithium Iron Battery Processing Plant
  • Governor Acharya Devvrat also attended.

Events included

  • Weapons Exhibition by Gujarat Police
  • Police Band Parade
  • Cultural Evening Program with felicitation of prominent citizens

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_12.1

WAVES 2025: India’s Mega Leap Towards a Global M&E Powerhouse

India’s Media & Entertainment industry is one of the fastest-growing sectors globally. WAVES 2025, envisioned as a transformative summit, aims to bridge creativity and technology by spotlighting storytelling, innovation, and digital entrepreneurship. The event is a convergence of global tech giants, industry veterans, creative professionals, and next-gen talent — setting the tone for India’s rise as a digital and cultural superpower.

Why in the News?

WAVES 2025 – World Audio Visual & Entertainment Summit – kicked off on May 1, 2025, in Mumbai at the Jio World Convention Centre. Organized by the Government of India, this first-of-its-kind global event showcases India’s ambition to become a global leader in the Media & Entertainment (M&E) industry, attracting over 100,000 registrations from across 60+ countries.

Purpose/Significance

  • Global Showcase: To position India as the next global hub for digital content, animation, gaming, and cinematic arts.
  • Creator Economy Boost: Fosters innovation and monetization opportunities for young creators and startups.
  • Cultural Diplomacy: Enhances India’s soft power and cultural influence on the global stage.
  • Technological Integration: Encourages fusion of AI, XR, VFX, gaming, and creative storytelling.

Key Features / Highlights of WAVES 2025

  • Create in India Challenge: 32 contests across animation, comics, AI avatars, drone videos, XR, music, fashion, VFX, and game development.
  • Over 60 Countries Participated: Demonstrating the international reach of India’s digital creativity.
  • Top Global Speakers: Featuring industry icons like Amitabh Bachchan, Shah Rukh Khan, Satya Nadella, and Sundar Pichai.
  • Esports Tournament: Massive participation with over 35,000 registrations in eFootball and World Cricket Championship.
  • Cultural Events: Symphony of India, Wah Ustad, Battle of the Bands amplify India’s musical legacy.
  • Red Carpet Awards: WAVES Creator Awards to recognize top innovators and talents.
  • Exhibitions & Startup Pitches: A platform for India’s creative startups to connect with global investors.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? WAVES 2025: India’s Mega Leap Towards a Global M&E Powerhouse
Name WAVES 2025 (World Audio Visual & Entertainment Summit)
Related to Media & Entertainment, Culture, Technology
Location Mumbai, Maharashtra (Jio World Convention Centre)
Implemented by Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Govt of India
Event Date May 1–4, 2025
Special Feature Over 100,000 registrations; 1,100+ international participants; 30+ challenges
Flagship Initiative Create in India Challenge

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_14.1

International Labour Day 2025, Date, History, All Things You Need To Know

Every year on May 1, the world observes International Labour Day, also known as International Workers’ Day, to recognize and honour the contributions of workers across all sectors. More than just a celebration, the day underscores the importance of workers’ rights, fair labour practices, and the need for safe and equitable workplaces. In 2025, the observance is particularly significant as it overlaps with efforts to enhance labour protections globally amid modern workplace challenges like automation and informal employment.

Why in the news?

International Labour Day 2025 will be celebrated worldwide on Thursday, 1st May 2025. Dedicated to recognising the efforts, sacrifices, and achievements of the global workforce, this day serves as a powerful reminder of the historic struggles that shaped the rights and protections workers enjoy today.

Historical Background

  • The roots of International Labour Day lie in the late 19th-century labour movement in the United States. On May 1, 1886, thousands of American workers began a nationwide strike demanding an eight-hour workday.
  • The movement reached a tragic peak during the Haymarket Affair in Chicago, where a bomb blast led to the deaths of seven police officers and at least four civilians. In 1889, the Second International declared May 1 as International Workers’ Day to commemorate this historic struggle.

Labour Day in India

  • First celebrated in India in 1923 in Chennai (then Madras) by the Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan, led by Comrade Singaravelu Chettiar. The red flag symbolizing labour rights was used for the first time in this event.
  • The day also coincides with Maharashtra Day and Gujarat Day, which mark the formation of these states in 1960.

Interesting Facts About Labour Day

  • Despite originating in the US, Labour Day is not observed on May 1 in the United States and Canada—they celebrate it on the first Monday of September.
  • Over 80 countries officially observe Labour Day on May 1.
  • Canada’s first Labour Day celebration took place in 1872, predating the US observance.
  • The colour red is globally associated with labour movements and is often used in rallies and events.

Labour Laws in India – Structure and Reforms

  • India’s labour law framework has undergone major consolidation in recent years.
  • The Four Labour Codes
  • Code on Wages, 2019 – Regulates minimum wages, payment of wages, bonus, and equal remuneration.
  • Industrial Relations Code, 2020 – Deals with trade unions, strikes, and worker-employer dispute resolution.
  • Social Security Code, 2020 – Covers PF, ESI, maternity benefits, gratuity, and gig worker welfare.
  • Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 – Ensures workplace safety, health standards, and working hours.

Constitutional and Legal Provisions for Labour Rights in India

  • Article 23 & 24: Prohibit forced labour and child labour.
  • Article 39: Advocates for equal pay for equal work.
  • Article 41 & 43: Right to work, secure employment, and living wage.

India has ratified key ILO conventions,

  • Convention 138 (Minimum Age)
  • Convention 182 (Worst Forms of Child Labour)

Key Labour Rights in India

  • Right to fair wages and timely payments
  • Right to safe working conditions
  • Right to form and join trade unions
  • Right to social security benefits
  • Protection against discrimination at the workplace

Major Government Initiatives

  • e-Shram Portal: National database for unorganised workers.
  • PM Shram Yogi Maandhan Yojana: Pension scheme for informal workers.
  • MGNREGA: Provides 100 days of wage employment to rural households.
  • National Career Service (NCS): Platform for job seekers and employers.

Significance of Labour Day 2025

  • Reinforces Workers’ Rights: Calls for humane working hours, dignity, and job security.
  • Celebrates Past Achievements: Progress in social protections and workplace safety.
  • Global Solidarity: A day for unity among workers worldwide.
  • Highlights New Challenges: Automation, gig economy, climate change, and remote work.
  • Encourages Reforms: Pushes for effective enforcement of new labour codes and inclusive labour growth.

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_16.1

 

Cabinet Backs Caste Count — But at What Cost?

In a significant move, the Union Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs has approved the inclusion of a caste census in the upcoming national population census. The announcement was made by Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw, who emphasized that this exercise will be conducted in a “transparent manner” to preserve social harmony.

Important Highlights:

  • The caste census will be officially conducted as part of the next national census, not as a separate survey.
  • Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw criticized the Congress and other INDIA bloc parties, claiming they had historically opposed caste-based census and used it politically.
  • The Minister stated that caste surveys often “created doubts” in society and argued for a more systematic and national-level enumeration to avoid political misuse.
  • Congress, INDIA bloc, and several regional parties have long demanded a caste census. Congress-ruled Karnataka recently carried out a state-level caste survey.
  • The Karnataka caste survey faced backlash from Vokkaliga and Lingayat communities, who claimed the survey data did not represent them accurately and required revision.
  • Bihar became the first state to conduct a caste census in 2023, setting a precedent for others.

History of Census and Caste Enumeration in India

  • The last full national census in India was conducted in 2011. The 2021 Census was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and is yet to be conducted.
  • The decennial Census in India has been conducted every 10 years since 1871.
  • The Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) was conducted in 2011, but its caste data was not released officially due to concerns over data reliability and political sensitivity.
  • British India’s last full caste enumeration was done in 1931.
  • In 2023, Bihar became the first Indian state to conduct an independent caste census after independence.
  • Karnataka conducted its own state-level caste survey in 2023–24, but it faced community-based backlash and credibility issues.

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_18.1

International Jazz Day 2025, Date, Significance, Origin

Every year on April 30, the world comes together to celebrate International Jazz Day, a UNESCO-led initiative that recognises jazz music as more than just an art form — it is a global language of peace, diversity, dialogue, and mutual understanding. Launched with the help of jazz legend Herbie Hancock, this day unites musicians and communities across the world in workshops, concerts, and discussions.

Why in the News?

International Jazz Day 2025 is being celebrated on April 30, continuing its mission to honour jazz music and its power to foster peace, unity, creativity, and freedom across cultures. Initiated by UNESCO in 2011, this global event is once again drawing attention to the impact of jazz as a catalyst for social change and education.

Background and Origin

  • Started by: UNESCO in 2011
  • Key supporter: Herbie Hancock, UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador and jazz icon
  • Purpose: To promote jazz music as a tool for education, communication, and social change

Historical Context

  • Jazz originated in the early 20th century in the United States
  • Rooted in a fusion of African and European musical traditions
  • Known for its improvisation, rhythm, emotion, and expression

Global Celebrations

  • Celebrated annually on April 30
  • Global Concerts, workshops, and dialogues held in multiple countries
  • The UNESCO Global Concert 2024 was held in Tangier, Morocco
  • Events are usually live-streamed to ensure global participation

Significance and Values

Jazz promotes,

  • Peace
  • Unity and diversity
  • Freedom of expression
  • Teamwork and cultural respect
  • Acknowledges the struggles and achievements of jazz pioneers during times of racial discrimination and hardship

Message for 2025

  • Reinforces jazz as the “most democratic” music form, encouraging inclusiveness
  • Encourages the youth to explore and express through jazz
  • Serves as a bridge between cultures, enhancing international cooperation through music

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_20.1

Will India-Pakistan War Hit the Stock Market?

The India-Pakistan relationship has long been marked by tension, historical grievances, and occasional military skirmishes. Any escalation between these nuclear-armed neighbors sends ripples far beyond their borders — especially into financial markets. The very threat of conflict can trigger panic, reduce investor confidence, and disrupt trade. In this article, we delve deep into the economic and market implications of a potential India-Pakistan conflict.

1. Immediate Market Reaction: Volatility and Sell-Offs

Stock Market Tremors

When military tensions between India and Pakistan rise, equity markets react almost instantaneously. Typically, there is a sharp decline in benchmark indices like the Nifty 50 and Sensex due to:

  • Panic selling
  • Flight of foreign capital
  • Weakening investor sentiment

For instance, after the Pulwama attack in 2019, followed by India’s airstrike in Balakot, the Indian stock market lost over ₹4 lakh crore in a single day before recovering.

Sectors Most Affected

  • Aviation and tourism take a direct hit due to travel advisories and airspace restrictions.
  • Banking and finance suffer from reduced consumer spending and rising NPAs.
  • Defense stocks, however, may show temporary gains due to increased government orders.

2. Currency and Bond Market Impact

Rupee Depreciation

In times of geopolitical crisis, the Indian Rupee weakens against the US Dollar as:

  • Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) pull out funds
  • Import bills rise, especially for energy
  • Investors flock to safe-haven assets like gold and US Treasury bonds

A prolonged standoff could push the rupee past key psychological barriers, making imports costlier and inflationary pressures worse.

Bond Yields and Government Borrowing

Heightened uncertainty leads to:

  • Increased bond yields
  • Higher cost of government borrowing
  • Pressure on fiscal deficit as defense spending surges

3. Commodities: Gold Rises, Oil Becomes Volatile

Gold: The Safe Haven

Historically, gold prices rise during conflict. Indian investors, already culturally inclined toward gold, increase purchases as a hedge, pushing prices even higher.

Oil: A Double-Edged Sword

India imports over 85% of its crude oil, and conflict-induced volatility in the region can:

  • Disrupt supply chains
  • Cause spikes in Brent crude prices
  • Widen India’s current account deficit

Additionally, if hostilities lead to damage in trade corridors like the Arabian Sea or Gwadar Port, global oil supply chains could be affected.

4. FDI and FPI: Investor Confidence Takes a Hit

Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) Exit

Foreign investors are highly sensitive to geopolitical risks. A major India-Pakistan flare-up would likely cause:

  • Massive outflows from equity and debt markets
  • Pressure on the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to stabilize markets via rate interventions or liquidity infusion

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Slows

Companies may postpone or cancel expansion plans in India, especially in sensitive sectors like:

  • Manufacturing
  • Infrastructure
  • Telecom and tech, which are closely monitored during times of national security concerns

5. Trade Disruption: Bilateral and Beyond

Limited India-Pakistan Trade

Although formal trade between India and Pakistan is minimal (less than $3 billion historically), conflict still:

  • Destabilizes regional trade agreements
  • Disrupts cross-border trucking, rail, and air logistics
  • Hurts exporters in sectors like pharmaceuticals, textiles, and agriculture

Spillover to South Asia

If tensions escalate to the level of full-scale war, it could:

  • Disrupt SAARC cooperation
  • Affect India’s trade with Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia
  • Push other South Asian markets into turmoil

6. Defense Budget Surge and Economic Reallocation

Opportunity Cost of War

Military engagement leads to a redirection of national funds from:

  • Education
  • Healthcare
  • Infrastructure

toward defense procurement and military logistics. This not only slows long-term growth but also raises the fiscal deficit.

Impact on Inflation and Growth

War can cause:

  • Supply chain shocks
  • Spike in food and fuel prices
  • Stagnation of GDP growth due to reduced industrial and service sector output

7. Psychological and Social Impacts on the Market

Consumer Confidence Drops

During conflict, consumer confidence dips drastically. Households:

  • Reduce discretionary spending
  • Postpone high-ticket purchases like homes and cars
  • Save more out of uncertainty, reducing economic circulation

Investor Sentiment Crashes

Both domestic and global investors prefer stable political environments. An India-Pakistan war narrative:

  • Deters new capital infusion
  • Increases India’s risk premium in global credit markets
  • Harms long-term economic image

India Post Partners with SBI Mutual Fund to Streamline KYC

To simplify and expand mutual fund investments across India, particularly in remote regions, the Department of Posts (DoP) and SBI Funds Management Limited (SBIFM) have partnered to offer door-to-door KYC verification services. This collaboration ensures secure, accurate, and convenient onboarding of mutual fund investors, leveraging India Post’s vast postal network.

Why in the News?

India Post has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with SBI Mutual Fund to offer doorstep KYC verification services across India, especially targeting rural and underserved regions. This initiative promotes financial inclusion under the Jan Nivesh and Digital India programs.

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_23.1

MoU Signing & Stakeholders

MoU signed between,

  • Ms. Manisha Bansal Badal (GM, Business Development, DoP)
  • Sh. Munish Sabharwal (SVP, SBI Funds Management Ltd.)
  • Signing held at Dak Bhawan, New Delhi

Role of India Post

  • Uses its 1.64 lakh+ post office network
  • Provides doorstep collection of KYC documents
  • Trained staff ensures accuracy, privacy, and compliance
  • Targets areas with limited access to financial services

Benefits to Investors

Especially helpful for,

  • Senior citizens
  • Persons with mobility issues
  • Residents in remote or rural areas
  • Enables KYC completion from home
  • Reduces need for visiting physical branches

Wider Government Objectives

  • Supports Jan Nivesh and Digital India goals
  • Aims to increase capital market participation
  • Enhances financial literacy and onboarding

Past Success of India Post

  • Collaborated earlier with UTI Mutual Fund and SUUTI
  • Handled over 5 lakh KYC verifications efficiently
  • Demonstrated ability to manage large-scale KYC operations

Future Scope

  • India Post plans more partnerships with public/private financial firms
  • Aims to become a major driver of investment facilitation, especially in semi-urban and rural India
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? India Post Partners with SBI Mutual Fund to Streamline KYC
Partnership India Post & SBI Funds Management Limited
Objective Doorstep KYC verification for mutual fund investors
Network Utilized Over 1.64 lakh post offices across India
Primary Beneficiaries Rural citizens, senior citizens, and mobility-challenged individuals
Supporting Schemes Jan Nivesh, Digital India
Prior Collaborations UTI Mutual Fund, SUUTI – over 5 lakh KYCs handled

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_24.1

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_25.1
SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_26.1

Monthly Current Affairs