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SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF

The SBI Clerk Mains Exam 2025 is expected to be conducted in April 2025, and the General Awareness (GA) section plays a crucial role in determining candidates’ overall performance. This section covers current affairs, banking awareness, and static GK, making it an essential part of the exam preparation.

To help candidates maximize their scores, we have compiled a comprehensive GA Capsule PDF covering all major topics required for the SBI Clerk Mains 2025.

Why is the GA Capsule Important for SBI Clerk Mains 2025?

The General Awareness section is one of the most scoring parts of the SBI Clerk Mains Exam. Unlike quantitative aptitude or reasoning, this section does not require calculations, allowing aspirants to answer questions quickly and accurately. A well-prepared candidate can boost their overall score significantly with proper GA preparation.

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025 – Download PDF

To assist candidates in their SBI Clerk Mains 2025 preparation, we are providing a free downloadable PDF covering all the important General Awareness topics.

Download SBI Clerk General Awareness PDF: Click Here

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Topics Covered in the SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025

  • UNION BUDGET 2025-26
  • Economic Survey 2024-25
  • Padma Awards
  • Republic Day Parade 2025
  • RBI Monetary Policy- February 2025
  • Golden Globe Awards
  • 8th Pay Commission

How to Use the GA Capsule Effectively?

  • Revise Regularly: Read the PDF daily to stay updated with important events.
  • Make Notes: Write down key points for quick revision before the exam.
  • Attempt Quizzes: Solve daily quizzes on current affairs to strengthen your knowledge.
  • Focus on Banking & Economy: Since SBI Clerk is a banking exam, prioritize banking and financial awareness.
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States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

States and Capitals

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO State Capital CM Governor
1 Andhra Pradesh Amaravati Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu S. Abdul Nazer
2 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Pema Khandu Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3 Assam Dispur Himanta Biswa Sarma Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4 Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar Arif Mohammed Khan
5 Chhattisgarh Raipur Vishnu Deo Sai Ramen Deka
6 Goa Panaji Pramod Sawant P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7 Gujarat Gandhinagar Bhupendra Patel Acharya Dev Vrat
8 Haryana Chandigarh Nayab Singh Saini Bandaru Dattatraya
9 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu Shiv Pratap Shukla
10 Jharkhand Ranchi Hemant Soren Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11 Karnataka Bengaluru Siddaramaiah Thaawarchand Gehlot
12 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Pinarayi Vijayan Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Mohan Yadav Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14 Maharashtra Mumbai Devendra Fadnavis C.P. Radhakrishnan
15 Manipur Imphal N. Biren Singh
Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16 Meghalaya Shillong Conrad Kongkal Sangma
C H Vijayashankar
17 Mizoram Aizawl Lalduhoma General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18 Nagaland Kohima Neiphiu Rio
La. Ganesan
19 Odisha Bhubaneswar Mohan Charan Majhi
Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20 Punjab Chandigarh Bhagwant Singh Mann Gulab Chand Kataria
21 Rajasthan Jaipur Bhajan Lal Sharma Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22 Sikkim Gangtok PS Golay Om Prakash Mathur
23 Tamil Nadu Chennai M. K. Stalin R. N. Ravi
24 Telangana Hyderabad Anumula Revanth Reddy Jishnu Dev Varma
25 Tripura Agartala Dr. Manik Saha Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Yogi Aditya Nath Anandiben Patel
27 Uttarakhand Dehradun Pushkar Singh Dhami Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28 West Bengal Kolkata Mamata Banerjee Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO Union Territories Capital CM Lt. Governor
1 Andaman and Nicobar Island Port Blair NA D K Joshi
2 Chandigarh Chandigarh NA Banwarilal Purohit
3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Daman NA Praful Patel
4 Delhi Delhi Rekha Gupta Vinai Kumar Saxena
5 Ladakh NA NA B. D. Mishra
6 Lakshadweep Kavaratti NA Praful Patel
7 Jammu and Kashmir NA Omar Abdullah Manoj Sinha
8 Puducherry Pondicherry N. Rangaswamy C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference States Union Territories
Head of Administration Governor Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type Elected by the People Managed by the central government
Powers Shares power with the central government. Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No. States Language
1 Andhra Pradesh Telugu and Urdu
2 Arunachal Pradesh Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3 Assam Assamese
4 Bihar Hindi
5 Chhattisgarh Hindi
6 Goa Marathi Konkani
7 Gujarat Gujarati
8 Haryana Hindi
9 Himachal Pradesh Hindi and Pahari
10 Jharkhand Hindi
11 Karnataka Kannada
12 Kerala Malayalam
13 Madhya Pradesh Hindi
14 Maharashtra Marathi
15 Manipur Manipuri
16 Meghalaya Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17 Mizoram Mizo and English
18 Nagaland Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19 Odisha Oriya
20 Punjab Punjabi
21 Rajasthan Rajasthani and Hindi
22 Sikkim Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23 Tamil Nadu Tamil
24 Telangana Telugu
25 Tripura Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26 Uttar Pradesh Hindi
27 Uttarakhand Hindi
28 West Bengal Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

  • Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
  • Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
  • Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
  • Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
  • Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
  • Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
  • Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
  • Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

What is the Full Form of FORTRAN? Know About It

The full form of FORTRAN is Formula Translation. It is the first high-level programming language, created by John Backus in 1957. FORTRAN was designed specially for scientific computing and numerical computing, which involves performing complex math calculations. The main goal of FORTRAN was to make it easier to translate mathematical equations into code for computers.

The History of FORTRAN

FORTRAN was introduced in 1957, marking a significant breakthrough in the evolution of programming languages. Before FORTRAN, programming was done using machine languages, which required writing complicated binary and hexadecimal code. John Backus and his team wanted to make programming easier and faster, so they developed a language that combined simple English-like commands with mathematical equations.

This change made programming more accessible and helped reduce the amount of time spent writing code. Scientists and researchers were quick to adopt FORTRAN, and it became the go-to language for scientific and engineering applications.

How FORTRAN Changed the Programming World?

Before FORTRAN, programming was slow and required a lot of effort. With FORTRAN, programmers could write code muck faster without losing any performance. It allowed people to create programs that ran just as those written in machine langauge, making it a huge leap forward for computing.

By the late 1950s, FORTRAN had become the standard language for scientific computing. It went through several updates in the following decades to keep up with advance in programming and technology. Versions like FORTRAN 77, FORTRAN 90 and later updates in the 2000s kept improving the language’s capabilities.

Characteristics of FORTRAN

Here are some important features of FORTRAN:

  • Easy to Learn: FORTRAN is simple to understand, making it suitable for beginners and advanced programmers alike.
  • Cross-Platform Compatibility: You can easily transfer a FORTRAN program from one computer to another.
  • Supports Complex Math: It offers built-in functions to handle complex math calculations.
  • Faster Development: Compared to machine or assembly code, it reduces development time by a lot.
  • Memory Management: Programmers can manage storage allocation, making programs run efficiently.
  • Flexible Formatting: Unlike older programming language, FORTRAN does not require code to be written in rigid formats.

Uses of FORTRAN

FORTRAN is mainly used in fields that require extensive mathematical calculations, such as:

  • Algebraic Problems: It is used for solving algebraic equations and other types of math problems.
  • Scientific Computing: Researchers and scientists are FORTRAN for simulations and calculations in physics, chemistry and engineering.
  • Numerical Computing: It is ideal for applications that involve large amounts of numerical data and mathematical operations.

In Which State is Panhala Fort Located?

India has many historical forts that tell stories of bravery and power. These forts were built by different rulers and played an important role in history. Some forts are famous for their architecture, while others are known for battles fought there. One such fort, located in western India, is known for its strong walls, secret tunnels, and connection to a great Maratha ruler. Let’s explore its history and importance.

Location of Panhala Fort

Panhala Fort is a famous fort located in the state of Maharashtra, India. It is situated on the Sahyadri mountain range, around 20 kilometers from Kolhapur city. The fort offers beautiful views of the surrounding landscape, making it a popular tourist destination.

Historical Background of the Panhala Fort

The history of Panhala Fort dates back to the 12th century. It was built by the Shilahar dynasty and later expanded by the Maratha rulers, including Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. The fort played a key role in various battles and was a significant military base during the Maratha period.

Significance of Panhala Fort

Panhala Fort holds great significance in Indian history, particularly in the Maratha era. It was used as a strategic location by Shivaji Maharaj to defend against invaders. The fort also served as a royal residence during the Maratha period, making it an important symbol of the Maratha Empire’s strength.

Major Features of the Panhala Fort

  • Architectural Design: The fort has impressive walls, gateways and towers that showcase the military architecture of the time.
  • Teen Darwaza: This is a beautiful triple gate that is a prominent feature of the fort.
  • Sajja Kothi: A historically significant place within the fort where Shivaji Maharaj is said to have spent time during his stay.
  • Bhaupur: A strategic part of the fort that overlooks the surrounding valley.

Panhala Fort is not only a place of historical importance but also a serene spot for nature lovers, offering peaceful views of the Western Ghats.

UPI Transactions Hit Record Rs 24.77 Trillion in March 2025, Marking New High in FY25

Unified Payments Interface (UPI) transactions surged to a record high in March 2025, reaching Rs 24.77 trillion in value and 19.78 billion in volume. This represents a significant 13% increase in value and 14% rise in volume compared to February 2025. The remarkable growth was driven by a surge in year-end transactions, reflecting strong adoption of digital payments across India.

Record-Breaking UPI Growth in March 2025

March 2025 marked the first time in UPI history that transaction value crossed Rs 24 trillion, while volume surpassed 19 billion transactions. Since its launch in April 2016, UPI has become India’s preferred digital payment mode, and this new milestone reinforces its dominance in the digital economy.

UPI Performance for FY25

For the financial year 2024-25 (FY25), UPI transactions recorded remarkable growth:

  • Total Transaction Value: Rs 260.56 trillion (+30% YoY)
  • Total Transaction Volume: 131.14 billion (+42% YoY)

This significant growth indicates increasing reliance on UPI for peer-to-peer (P2P) and merchant transactions, further boosting India’s digital financial ecosystem.

Month-wise UPI Transaction Trends

UPI transactions showed fluctuations over the past few months, with a sharp rise in March 2025 following a dip in February:

Month Transaction Value (Rs Trillion) Transaction Volume (Billion) Growth Trend
March 2025 24.77 19.78 Record High (+13% in value, +14% in volume)
February 2025 21.48 16.11 Decline from January (-6.5% in value, -5% in volume)
January 2025 23.48 16.99 Steady Growth
December 2024 22.15 15.83 Stable Transactions

The March spike followed a temporary slowdown in February, attributed to seasonal fluctuations. However, a strong recovery in March highlights growing consumer confidence in digital transactions.

Comparison with March 2024

Compared to March 2024, the UPI figures for March 2025 showed:

  • 36% rise in transaction volume
  • 25% increase in transaction value

This indicates continued expansion of digital payment adoption across businesses and consumers.

IMPS Transactions Also Witness Growth

In addition to UPI, Immediate Payment Service (IMPS) transactions saw a rise in March 2025:

  • Transaction Volume: 462 million (+14% from February)
  • Transaction Value: Rs 6.68 trillion (+19% from February)

The growth in IMPS transactions underscores India’s increasing dependence on real-time digital payments beyond UPI.

Key Drivers of UPI Growth

Several factors contributed to UPI’s surge in March 2025:

  1. Increased Year-End Spending: Businesses and consumers ramped up transactions before the close of the financial year.
  2. Expanding Merchant Acceptance: More small businesses and retailers adopted UPI for seamless payments.
  3. Government Push for Digital Payments: Continued efforts to promote cashless transactions contributed to higher UPI adoption.
  4. Enhanced UPI Infrastructure: Improved transaction speed and security boosted user confidence.
  5. Rising Adoption of UPI AutoPay & Credit on UPI: New features encouraged higher usage among consumers.

Future Outlook for UPI in India

With UPI setting new records in March 2025 and FY25, experts predict:

  • Further growth in transaction volumes, driven by increased merchant penetration and integration with global payment networks.
  • Expansion of UPI in rural areas, bringing digital financial inclusion to underserved regions.
  • Enhanced cross-border UPI transactions, allowing seamless international payments.
  • AI-powered fraud detection, ensuring better security and reduced payment failures.

UPI continues to revolutionize India’s digital payments ecosystem, setting new benchmarks in transaction volumes and values.

Summary of UPI Performance (March & FY25)

Category Amount YoY Growth (%)
March 2025 Transaction Value Rs 24.77 trillion +25%
March 2025 Transaction Volume 19.78 billion +36%
FY25 Total Transaction Value Rs 260.56 trillion +30%
FY25 Total Transaction Volume 131.14 billion +42%
IMPS March 2025 Transaction Value Rs 6.68 trillion +19%
IMPS March 2025 Transaction Volume 462 million +14%

India’s GST Collections Surge 9.9% YoY in March 2025, Reaching Rs 1.96 Lakh Crore

India’s Goods and Services Tax (GST) collections witnessed a strong growth of 9.9% year-on-year (YoY) in March 2025, reaching Rs 1.96 lakh crore. This marks a significant rise in indirect tax revenue, reflecting steady economic activity and increased compliance.

Breakdown of GST Collections for March 2025

The gross GST collection for March stood at Rs 1.96 lakh crore, demonstrating strong performance across different tax categories:

  • Central GST (CGST): Rs 38,100 crore
  • State GST (SGST): Rs 49,900 crore
  • Integrated GST (IGST): Rs 95,900 crore
  • GST Cess: Rs 12,300 crore

After adjusting for refunds, net GST collections for March 2025 stood at Rs 1.76 lakh crore, showing a 7.3% YoY growth. This increase highlights sustained consumption patterns and better tax administration.

Annual GST Performance for FY25

The cumulative GST collections for the financial year 2024-25 (FY25) have reached Rs 22.08 lakh crore, recording a 9.4% YoY growth. After accounting for refunds, net GST collections for FY25 stood at Rs 19.56 lakh crore, marking an 8.6% increase from the previous financial year.

The continued rise in GST collections aligns with the government’s budget estimate, which projected an 11% increase in GST revenues for the year, with total anticipated revenues of Rs 11.78 lakh crore from Central GST and compensation cess.

Month-wise GST Collection Trends

The month-wise trend in GST collections over recent months highlights the consistent growth in indirect tax revenue:

  • March 2025: Rs 1.96 lakh crore (+9.9% YoY)
  • February 2025: Rs 1.83 lakh crore (+9.1% YoY)
  • January 2025: Rs 1.96 lakh crore (+12.3% YoY)
  • December 2024: Rs 1.77 lakh crore (+7.3% YoY)
  • November 2024: Slower growth of 8.5% YoY, attributed to reduced consumption post-festive season

Factors Driving the Growth in GST Collections

Several key factors have contributed to the rise in GST revenues:

  1. Increased Domestic Consumption: Higher demand for goods and services has led to increased tax revenue from businesses.
  2. Improved Tax Compliance: Strengthened enforcement mechanisms and better reporting have helped curb tax evasion.
  3. Economic Growth: Steady growth in manufacturing and services sectors has contributed to a higher tax base.
  4. Digital Tax Initiatives: The introduction of AI-based monitoring, e-invoicing, and stricter audit mechanisms has enhanced compliance.
  5. Seasonal Effects: The beginning of the financial year often sees higher tax filings and settlements.

Future Outlook for GST Revenue Growth

With the government setting an ambitious 11% target for GST revenue growth in FY25, the focus remains on:

  • Expanding the tax base by bringing more businesses under the GST framework.
  • Stronger compliance measures, reducing tax evasion and leakages.
  • Boosting economic activities, particularly in manufacturing and retail sectors.
  • Continued technology adoption, including automation in GST return filings and AI-based monitoring.

The overall GST performance in March and FY25 suggests sustained revenue growth, bolstering the government’s fiscal position and enhancing financial stability.

Summary of GST Collections (March & FY25)

Category Amount (Rs Crore) YoY Growth (%)
March 2025 Gross GST Collection 1,96,000 9.9%
Central GST (CGST) 38,100
State GST (SGST) 49,900
Integrated GST (IGST) 95,900
GST Cess 12,300
March 2025 Net GST Collection 1,76,000 7.3%
February 2025 Gross GST Collection 1,83,646 9.1%
January 2025 Gross GST Collection 1,96,000 12.3%
December 2024 Gross GST Collection 1,77,000 7.3%
FY25 Gross GST Collection 22,08,000 9.4%
FY25 Net GST Collection (Post Refunds) 19,56,000 8.6%

90th Anniversary of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI): A Milestone in India’s Financial History

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) marks its 90th anniversary in 2025, commemorating nine decades of financial governance, economic stability, and monetary policy regulation in India. Established on April 1, 1935, under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, the RBI has played a pivotal role in shaping India’s financial landscape. The event celebrates the central bank’s journey, achievements, and future roadmap in an era of digital banking and financial inclusion.

Historical Background of RBI

1. Formation and Early Years

  • The RBI was established on April 1, 1935, following the recommendations of the Hilton Young Commission.
  • Initially, it was a privately owned institution, but in 1949, it was nationalized, giving the government full control over monetary policies.
  • The first Governor of RBI was Sir Osborne Smith, while Sir C.D. Deshmukh was the first Indian Governor.

2. Evolution Over the Decades

  • 1949: Nationalization of RBI under the Reserve Bank (Transfer to Public Ownership) Act, 1948.
  • 1950s-60s: Played a key role in establishing public sector banks and financial institutions.
  • 1991: Introduced economic liberalization and structural reforms under Dr. Manmohan Singh’s leadership.
  • 2000s-Present: Focus on digital payments, financial inclusion, and inflation targeting.

Key Roles and Functions of RBI

1. Monetary Policy Regulation

  • The RBI formulates and implements monetary policies to control inflation, liquidity, and credit flow.
  • Introduced the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) in 2016 to ensure transparent decision-making.

2. Issuance of Currency

  • The RBI is responsible for issuing and managing Indian currency notes (except Re.1 notes and coins, which are issued by the Government of India).
  • Introduced Mahatma Gandhi Series (1996, 2005, 2016) and new currency notes post-demonetization (2016).

3. Regulation of Banks and NBFCs

  • Supervises commercial banks, cooperative banks, NBFCs (Non-Banking Financial Companies), and digital payment systems.
  • Introduced Basel III norms for banking sector stability.

4. Foreign Exchange and Financial Market Management

  • Regulates foreign exchange markets under FEMA (1999).
  • Maintains forex reserves to stabilize the rupee against global currencies.

5. Financial Inclusion and Digital Banking

  • Launched Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), expanding banking services to rural India.
  • Promoted UPI, digital payments, and CBDC (Central Bank Digital Currency) to transform banking.

Major Achievements of RBI in 90 Years

1. Economic Reforms and Stability

  • Spearheaded economic liberalization in 1991, leading to global integration.
  • Ensured financial stability during global crises, including 2008 recession and COVID-19 pandemic.

2. Digital Revolution in Banking

  • Launched Unified Payments Interface (UPI), making India a global leader in digital transactions.
  • Promoted RuPay, Bharat QR, and digital lending platforms.

3. Inflation Targeting and Monetary Policy Reforms

  • Adopted inflation targeting in 2016, setting a range of 4% (+/-2%).
  • Strengthened monetary policy tools like repo rate, CRR, and SLR.

Future Roadmap of RBI

1. Strengthening Digital Finance

  • Expanding CBDC (Digital Rupee) for retail and wholesale transactions.
  • Enhancing AI-driven financial surveillance and fraud prevention.

2. Sustainable and Inclusive Growth

  • Promoting green banking initiatives and ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) financing.
  • Increasing banking penetration in rural and underserved areas.

3. Global Financial Leadership

  • Enhancing India’s role in international financial organizations (IMF, BIS, G20).
  • Strengthening India’s foreign exchange reserves and trade finance capabilities.

Summary of the News

Key Aspect Details
Why in News? RBI celebrates its 90th anniversary, marking 9 decades of financial leadership.
Establishment Year April 1, 1935, based on Hilton Young Commission’s recommendations.
First Governor Sir Osborne Smith (1935-1937).
Nationalization Became a government-owned entity in 1949.
Major Responsibilities Monetary policy, currency issuance, banking regulation, forex management.
Key Achievements Economic liberalization (1991), UPI, inflation targeting, financial inclusion.
Digital Initiatives UPI, CBDC (Digital Rupee), RuPay, AI-driven banking security.
Future Goals Green banking, AI-based financial governance, global financial leadership.

Nidhi Tiwari Biography, Know About Her Life, Education and Career

Nidhi Tiwari is a renowned Indian Foreign Service (IFS) officer who has made significant contributions to India’s diplomatic relations and national security. She hails from Mahmoorganj, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh and has built a remarkable career in the Indian government. Nidhi is currently serving as the Private Secretary to Prime Minister Narendra Modi, a role that highlights her exceptional skills and dedication.

Nidhi Tiwari – Early Life and Background

Nidhi Tiwari was born and raised in Mahmoorganj, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, a city known for its rich cultural heritage. Growing up, she showed a strong academic interest and was determined to make a difference in public service. Her childhood in Varanasi shaped her values and determination to serve the nation.

Education of Nidhi Tiwari

Nidhi completed her primary education in Varanasi, and later, she pursued higher studies with a focus on achieving excellence. She appeared for the UPSC Civil Services Examination and secured the 96th rank in 2013, which paved the way for her career in the Indian Foreign Service. Though details about her education remain incomplete, her academic excellence is evident from her achievements.

Nidhi Tiwari – Family

Nidhi Tiwari was born into a close-knit family in Varanasi. Although the names of her parents are not publicly known, it is clear that they supported her ambitions from an early age. Nidhi continues to live with her family in Varanasi.

Career Highlights of Nidhi Tiwari

Nidhi’s career in the Indian Foreign Service began when she joined the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) after passing the UPSC exam. She worked in the Disarmament and International Security Affairs Division, where she contributed to India’s diplomatic and security policies.

In 2022, Nidhi joined the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) as an Under Secretary, and quickly earned a promotion to Deputy Secretary due to her impressive performance. By 2025, she was appointed as the Private Secretary to prime Minister Narendra Modi, handling critical communications and coordinating the Prime Minister’s official work.

Achievements of Nidhi Tiwari

  • UPSC Success: Nidhi secured the 96th rank in the UPSC Civil Services Examination in 2013, which enabled her to meet the prestigious IFS.
  • Service in MEA: She worked in the Ministry of External Affairs, contributing to international security matters and collaborating with National Security Advisor Ajit Doval.
  • PMO Appointments: Nidhi’s career took a significant leap when she was appointed to the Prime Minister’s Office as Under Secretary in 2022 and later promoted to Deputy Secretary.
  • Private Secretary to PM: In 2025, she was appointed as the Private Secretary to Prime Minister Narendra Modi, a prestigious role requiring high-level coordination and decision-making.

Nidhi Tiwari – Net Worth

Nidhi’s estimated net worth is around $50,000 or approximately Rs.40 lakh. She earns a monthly income of Rs.2 lakh, including her salary and allowances, and her annual income is around Rs.24 lakh. This is an estimate and may vary.

Interesting Facts About Nidhi Tiwari

  • Nidhi secured the 96th rank in UPSC and joined the Indian Foreign Service in 2014.
  • She contributed significantly to India’s diplomatic and national security policies during her time at the Ministry of External Affairs.
  • Her work with National Security Advisor Ajit Doval enhanced her expertise in foreign affairs and security.
  • In 2022, she joined the Prime Minister’s Office and quickly rose to Deputy Secretary.
  • Nidhi was appointed as the Private Secretary to Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2025.
  • Her story serves as an inspiration, especially for women aspiring to join the civil services.

India’s 6.5% Growth Highest Amongst Advanced, Emerging G20 Nations: Moody’s

According to Moody’s Ratings, India is projected to achieve a 6.5% GDP growth in the current fiscal year (2025-26), making it the fastest-growing economy among advanced and emerging G20 nations. Although slightly lower than last year’s 6.7% growth, India continues to outpace its global counterparts, driven by strong tax measures, monetary easing, and capital attraction.

India’s Economic Outlook as per Moody’s Report

1. India’s Growth Leading G20 Nations

  • Despite a slight slowdown from 6.7% to 6.5%, India remains the fastest-growing economy in the G20.
  • The continued expansion is backed by tax policy reforms and monetary measures to sustain investments.
  • India’s domestic market strength enables it to withstand global economic turbulence.

2. Role of Tax Measures and Monetary Easing

  • The Union Budget 2025-26 introduced a higher income tax rebate, increasing the I-T exemption limit to Rs 12 lakh from Rs 7 lakh, providing Rs 1 lakh crore tax relief to the middle class.
  • The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) reduced interest rates by 25 basis points to 6.25% in February, with expectations of another rate cut in April.
  • These measures boost consumer spending, business investments, and economic stability.

3. Inflation and Economic Stability

  • Inflation is projected to average 4.5% in the fiscal year 2025-26, down from 4.9% last year.
  • A stable inflation rate enhances purchasing power and supports economic expansion.

4. India’s Strength in Capital Markets

  • India and Brazil are highlighted as better positioned economies to attract global capital in risk-averse conditions.
  • Large, domestically driven economies like India have deep capital markets, strong policy credibility, and substantial foreign exchange reserves.
  • India’s low external vulnerability indicator (61%) signals resilience against financial shocks.

Global Economic Trends and Impact on India

1. Emerging Market Growth Slowdown

  • Moody’s predicts slower growth for emerging markets in 2025-26, though Asia-Pacific will remain the fastest-growing region.
  • However, US policies on global capital flows, trade, and tariffs could impact emerging markets, including India.

2. Comparison with Other Large Economies

  • China’s growth remains export-driven, supported by infrastructure and high-tech investments, but domestic consumption remains weak.
  • Smaller emerging economies such as Argentina and Colombia are more vulnerable to investor sentiment shifts and currency fluctuations.
  • India’s economy, by contrast, is domestically driven and insulated from external debt risks.

Summary of the News

Key Aspect Details
Why in News? Moody’s projected India’s GDP growth at 6.5%, the highest among G20 nations.
Previous Year Growth 6.7% in fiscal 2024-25.
Growth Drivers Tax reforms, monetary easing, and capital market stability.
Inflation Projection 4.5% in fiscal 2025-26, down from 4.9% last year.
RBI Interest Rate Cut Reduced by 25 basis points to 6.25%, with another expected in April.
India’s Strengths Large domestic market, deep capital reserves, low external vulnerability (61%).
Comparison with China China’s growth is export-driven, but domestic consumption is weak.
Global Risks US trade policies, global capital flow shifts, currency fluctuations.
India & Brazil’s Position Better positioned to withstand global financial shocks.

India’s robust economic performance, driven by domestic consumption, tax benefits, and stable monetary policies, places it at the forefront of global growth despite external challenges. Moody’s highlights that India’s strong policy framework and financial stability will continue to attract global investments, ensuring long-term economic resilience and growth.

Naini Lake’s Facing Depleting of Water Levels

Naini Lake, a significant landmark in Nainital, is facing a critical decline in water levels, hitting a five-year low of 4.7 feet, raising concerns about the potential for drinking water scarcity during the summer. The lake, which supplies 76% of Nainital’s water demand, is experiencing pressures from both natural and human-induced factors. A combination of decreasing rainfall, reduced snowfall, unplanned development, and pollution has worsened the lake’s condition. Experts highlight the need for a holistic approach to conservation, focusing on natural rejuvenation and sustainable development practices.

Key Factors Affecting Naini Lake’s Water Levels

Water Levels and Gauge Level

  • The lake’s current water level is at 4.7 feet, which is a significant drop compared to its normal gauge level of 12 feet.
  • The lake’s deepest point is 89 feet. A level below the gauge level is termed the “zero level,” which does not mean the lake will dry up but indicates the water level has dropped significantly.

Dependence on Naini Lake

  • 76% of Nainital’s water demand in 2024 was met by the lake, with the Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan extracting 10 million liters daily.

Impact of Changing Weather Patterns

  • Annual mean temperatures in Uttarakhand have increased by 1.5°C from 1970 to 2022, affecting rainfall and snowfall patterns.
  • In 2024, rainfall decreased to 2000 mm compared to 2400 mm in 2022. Additionally, snowfall, which used to occur four days per year in winter, has been absent in 2025.

Human Activities and Urbanization

  • Increased population, commercialization, and tourism have intensified the pressure on the lake’s water resources.
  • Unplanned construction, encroachments, and degradation of recharge zones have significantly affected the lake’s health.
  • Pollution from untreated wastewater and improper waste disposal further deteriorates the lake’s quality.

Siltation and Encroachment

  • The lake’s shrinking size is exacerbated by siltation and encroachments around the lake, with construction near its shores reducing its catchment area.
  • Sukhatal Lake, a crucial aquifer recharge zone for Naini Lake, has also suffered due to the dumping of debris and encroachment.

Petitions and Legal Action

  • Legal petitions and Supreme Court rulings have been filed for years, addressing issues like illegal construction near the lake and its surrounding areas.
  • In 2021, concerns about the concretization of Sukhatal Lake led to a PIL, and the Uttarakhand High Court has been involved in halting further construction activities to preserve the natural environment.

Rejuvenation Efforts

  • Experts emphasize that any future development in the region must incorporate ecosystem-based conservation efforts, particularly focusing on natural recharge zones.
  • Sustainable development and conservation efforts should focus on restoring the lake’s natural processes rather than encouraging more tourism-centric projects.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Naini Lake’s Facing Depleting of Water Levels
Water Level Current level 4.7 feet, lowest in five years. The gauge level is 12 feet. Zero level reached over 10 times since 2000.
Dependence on Naini Lake Provides 76% of Nainital’s water demand, with 10 million liters extracted daily for drinking water supply.
Climate Impact Annual temperature rise of 1.5°C since 1970. Reduced rainfall (2000 mm in 2024) and absence of snowfall in 2025 contributed to lower water levels.
Human Activities Population growth, increased tourism, commercial development, and encroachment have all contributed to the lake’s deterioration.
Pollution and Siltation Pollution from untreated wastewater and debris dumping, along with siltation and encroachments, have worsened the lake’s condition.
Legal and Petition Efforts Multiple legal petitions filed since 1993, with the Supreme Court and Uttarakhand High Court intervening to address unregulated construction and lake degradation.

Sarhul Festival of Jharkhand 2025

The Sarhul Festival is an important celebration for Adivasi communities in the Chhotanagpur region, particularly in Jharkhand. In Jharkhand, Sarhul is a public holiday. In the year 2025, it falls on 01st of April, Tuesday. It marks the arrival of spring and signifies the start of the new year for these tribal groups. This festival, dedicated to the worship of the Sal tree, holds deep cultural and ecological significance. The Sal tree is revered as the abode of Sarna Maa, the village deity, and Sarhul symbolizes the harmonious union of the Sun and the Earth, essential for life. This celebration is rich in rituals, social unity, and political assertion, particularly in the context of Adivasi identity and rights.

Key Points about the Sarhul Festival

Meaning of Sarhul

  • “Sarhul” translates to worship of the Sal tree, representing the union of the Sun and Earth which is vital for life.
  • The Sal tree is considered sacred and is believed to be the abode of Sarna Maa, a village deity worshipped by Adivasi communities.

Celebration Duration

  • The festival spans three days with significant activities and rituals observed each day.
  • Day 1: Preparations such as cleaning of homes and Sarna Sthals (sacred groves), gathering Sal flowers, and the priest (pahan) observing a fast.
  • Day 2: Main rituals at Sarna Sthals, including sacrifices, prayers for prosperity, and cultural performances.
  • Day 3: Concludes with a community feast, featuring traditional Adivasi food, Handia (rice beer), and ceremonial fishing.

Communities Celebrating Sarhul

  • Primarily celebrated by Munda, Oraon, and Ho tribes.
  • Due to migration, Sarhul is now celebrated in other regions like Assam, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Bhutan.

Historical and Political Significance

  • The 1960s saw Baba Karthik Oraon, an Adivasi leader, initiate a Sarhul procession in Ranchi, marking the beginning of the festival’s modern-day importance.
  • Over 60 years, Sarhul has evolved into a larger assertion of Adivasi identity and has become a platform for tribal rights and cultural preservation.
  • Political Debate: Some groups demand the official recognition of the Sarna religion in India’s caste census, while others argue for inclusion within Sanatan Dharma.

Sacred Groves

  • Sacred groves are forest patches protected by local communities due to their religious and cultural importance.
  • These groves act as biodiversity hotspots and preserve rare plant and animal species.
  • Human activities like hunting are restricted, but sustainable practices, such as honey collection, are permitted.

Sacred Groves in India

  • Jharkhand and Bihar: Known as Sarna groves.
  • Himachal Pradesh: Called Dev Van.
  • Maharashtra: Referred to as Devrai or Deorai.
  • Karnataka: Known as Devarakadu.
  • Rajasthan: Called Oran.
  • Meghalaya: Known as Law Kyntang.

Successful Environmental Initiatives

  • Piplantri Village, Rajasthan: A village initiative where 111 trees are planted for every girl child born, helping to empower women and protect the environment.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Sarhul Festival of Jharkhand
Meaning of Sarhul Worship of the Sal tree, symbolizes the union of Sun and Earth, signifying life.
Celebration Duration Three days
Day 1 Preparations and rituals
Day 2 Main rituals at Sarna Sthals
Day 3 Community feast and Handia
Communities Primarily celebrated by Munda, Oraon, and Ho tribes, also observed in other regions
Historical Significance Initiated by Baba Karthik Oraon in 1960s, becoming a platform for asserting Adivasi identity
Sacred Groves Forest patches with cultural significance, preserved for biodiversity and religious reasons
Sacred Grove Names Sarna (Jharkhand, Bihar), Dev Van (HP), Devarakadu (Karnataka), Oran (Rajasthan), etc
Environmental Impact Piplantri Village: Planting 111 trees for every girl child born, boosting women empowerment

The Great Conciliator A Book On Lal Bahadur Shastri

Sanjeev Chopra’s latest book, The Great Conciliator: Lal Bahadur Shastri and the Transformation of India, offers a comprehensive look at India’s second Prime Minister, a leader often overshadowed in history books. Chopra, a historian and former IAS officer, explores Shastri’s political, social, and administrative journey, from his early life in Mughalsarai to his nation-building initiatives, including the formation of the Border Security Force (BSF) and the iconic slogan “Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan.”

Key Highlights of the Book

Lal Bahadur Shastri’s Overlooked Legacy

  • Despite a four-decade-long political career, history has not given Shastri the recognition he deserves.
  • He played a pivotal role in stabilizing India post-Nehru and strengthening the country’s administrative framework.
  • Unlike assertive leaders, he believed in listening, consensus-building, and finding middle ground.

Shastri’s Upbringing and Its Influence

  • Born into a middle-class Kayastha household in Mughalsarai (now Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Nagar).
  • Raised in an environment that valued education, discipline, and service, shaping his political and administrative values.
  • Studied at Kashi Vidyapith, an institution that played a crucial role in his ideological and leadership development.

Shastri’s Leadership Style: A True Conciliator

  • Known for his ability to listen and accommodate different perspectives.
  • Successfully resolved the language dispute in South India, where he considered people’s concerns before making policy decisions.
  • Balanced both political acumen and administrative efficiency, ensuring stability in governance.

Major Contributions of Lal Bahadur Shastri

  • Formation of the Border Security Force (BSF)
  • The Rann of Kutch incident highlighted the need for a centralized border security force.
  • Until then, state police forces managed border security, leading to inefficiencies.
  • Shastri convinced states to hand over border control to a unified force, leading to the creation of BSF.

Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan Slogan

  • Coined during the 1965 Indo-Pak War and food crises in India.
  • Recognized that both farmers and soldiers were the backbone of the nation.
  • The slogan inspired agricultural growth and national unity.

Why Shastri Remains an Underrated Leader

  • Did not impose his ideas forcefully like other leaders.
  • Preferred consensus over confrontation, which led to less recognition in political narratives.
  • Unlike Nehru or Indira Gandhi, he maintained a simple, grounded personality, avoiding flamboyant politics.

Relevance of Shastri’s Leadership Today

  • India needs more leaders with his integrity, listening ability, and problem-solving approach.
  • His pragmatic decision-making is still a guiding principle for effective governance.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? The Great Conciliator A Book On Lal Bahadur Shastri
Book Title The Great Conciliator: Lal Bahadur Shastri and the Transformation of India
Key Focus Lal Bahadur Shastri’s life, leadership, and legacy
Shastri’s Leadership A great listener, consensus-builder, and pragmatic leader
Major Contributions Formation of BSF, Jai Jawan Jai Kisan slogan
Why He’s Overlooked Not assertive, preferred negotiation over dominance
Relevance Today India needs leaders with integrity and problem-solving skills like him
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