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States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

States and Capitals

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO State Capital CM Governor
1 Andhra Pradesh Amaravati Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu S. Abdul Nazer
2 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Pema Khandu Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3 Assam Dispur Himanta Biswa Sarma Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4 Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar Arif Mohammed Khan
5 Chhattisgarh Raipur Vishnu Deo Sai Ramen Deka
6 Goa Panaji Pramod Sawant P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7 Gujarat Gandhinagar Bhupendra Patel Acharya Dev Vrat
8 Haryana Chandigarh Nayab Singh Saini Bandaru Dattatraya
9 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu Shiv Pratap Shukla
10 Jharkhand Ranchi Hemant Soren Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11 Karnataka Bengaluru Siddaramaiah Thaawarchand Gehlot
12 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Pinarayi Vijayan Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Mohan Yadav Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14 Maharashtra Mumbai Devendra Fadnavis C.P. Radhakrishnan
15 Manipur Imphal N. Biren Singh
Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16 Meghalaya Shillong Conrad Kongkal Sangma
C H Vijayashankar
17 Mizoram Aizawl Lalduhoma General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18 Nagaland Kohima Neiphiu Rio
La. Ganesan
19 Odisha Bhubaneswar Mohan Charan Majhi
Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20 Punjab Chandigarh Bhagwant Singh Mann Gulab Chand Kataria
21 Rajasthan Jaipur Bhajan Lal Sharma Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22 Sikkim Gangtok PS Golay Om Prakash Mathur
23 Tamil Nadu Chennai M. K. Stalin R. N. Ravi
24 Telangana Hyderabad Anumula Revanth Reddy Jishnu Dev Varma
25 Tripura Agartala Dr. Manik Saha Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Yogi Aditya Nath Anandiben Patel
27 Uttarakhand Dehradun Pushkar Singh Dhami Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28 West Bengal Kolkata Mamata Banerjee Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO Union Territories Capital CM Lt. Governor
1 Andaman and Nicobar Island Port Blair NA D K Joshi
2 Chandigarh Chandigarh NA Banwarilal Purohit
3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Daman NA Praful Patel
4 Delhi Delhi Rekha Gupta Vinai Kumar Saxena
5 Ladakh NA NA B. D. Mishra
6 Lakshadweep Kavaratti NA Praful Patel
7 Jammu and Kashmir NA Omar Abdullah Manoj Sinha
8 Puducherry Pondicherry N. Rangaswamy C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference States Union Territories
Head of Administration Governor Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type Elected by the People Managed by the central government
Powers Shares power with the central government. Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No. States Language
1 Andhra Pradesh Telugu and Urdu
2 Arunachal Pradesh Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3 Assam Assamese
4 Bihar Hindi
5 Chhattisgarh Hindi
6 Goa Marathi Konkani
7 Gujarat Gujarati
8 Haryana Hindi
9 Himachal Pradesh Hindi and Pahari
10 Jharkhand Hindi
11 Karnataka Kannada
12 Kerala Malayalam
13 Madhya Pradesh Hindi
14 Maharashtra Marathi
15 Manipur Manipuri
16 Meghalaya Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17 Mizoram Mizo and English
18 Nagaland Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19 Odisha Oriya
20 Punjab Punjabi
21 Rajasthan Rajasthani and Hindi
22 Sikkim Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23 Tamil Nadu Tamil
24 Telangana Telugu
25 Tripura Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26 Uttar Pradesh Hindi
27 Uttarakhand Hindi
28 West Bengal Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

  • Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
  • Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
  • Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
  • Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
  • Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
  • Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
  • Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
  • Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

Important Days in May 2025, List of National and International Events

The month of May 2025 is filled with a series of significant national and international observances. These important days commemorate historic events, raise awareness about critical global issues, and celebrate cultural, scientific, and humanitarian achievements. For aspirants preparing for competitive examinations, knowing these days is essential as they often appear in the General Awareness and Current Affairs sections.

Important Days and Dates in May 2025

Date Day/Event
1 May International Labour Day / May Day, Maharashtra Day, Gujarat Day
2 May World Tuna Day
3 May World Press Freedom Day
4 May World Portuguese Language Day 
6 May International No Diet Day, World Asthma Day (First Tuesday of May)
7 May World Athletics Day
8 May World Red Cross Day, World Thalassaemia Day
9 May Rabindranath Tagore Jayanti, Maharana Pratap Jayanti
10 May World Lupus Day
11 May National Technology Day, Mother’s Day (Second Sunday of May)
12 May International Nurses Day, Buddha Purnima (Buddha Jayanti)
15 May International Day of Families
16 May National Dengue Day, International Day of Light, National Endangered Species Day (Third Friday)
17 May World Telecommunication Day, World Hypertension Day, Armed Forces Day (Third Saturday)
18 May World AIDS Vaccine Day (HIV Vaccine Awareness Day), International Museum Day
20 May International HR Day
21 May National Anti-Terrorism Day, International Tea Day
22 May International Day for Biological Diversity
23 May World Turtle Day
24 May National Brother’s Day
25 May Africa Day
26 May National Memorial Day (Last Monday of May)
30 May International Day of Potato, Goa Statehood Day, Hindi Journalism Day
31 May World No Tobacco Day (Anti-Tobacco Day)

List of Important Days and Events in May 2025

1 May – International Labour Day / May Day

Also known as Antarrashtriya Shramik Diwas or Kamgar Din in India, this day honors the contributions of workers and the labor movement. It is celebrated worldwide to advocate for fair labor practices and workers’ rights.

1 May – Maharashtra Day and Gujarat Day

On 1 May 1960, the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat were formed following the bifurcation of the Bombay State. Both states observe a state holiday and organize parades and cultural programs.

2 May – World Tuna Day

Designated by the United Nations, this day raises awareness about the importance of tuna fish in global food security and the need for sustainable fishing practices.

3 May – World Press Freedom Day

This day emphasizes the importance of free and independent media. It also serves as a tribute to journalists who have lost their lives while performing their duties.

4 May – Coal Miners Day and International Firefighter’s Day

  • Coal Miners Day is observed to recognize the sacrifices and hard work of coal miners in one of the most dangerous professions.
  • International Firefighter’s Day was initiated following the tragic deaths of five firefighters in Australia. It honors the bravery and service of firefighters worldwide.

4 May (First Sunday) – World Laughter Day

Founded by Dr. Madan Kataria in Mumbai in 1998, this day promotes world peace and wellness through laughter, under the Laughter Yoga Movement.

6 May – International No Diet Day and World Asthma Day

  • No Diet Day promotes body acceptance and raises awareness about eating disorders and weight discrimination.
  • World Asthma Day, observed on the first Tuesday of May, spreads awareness about asthma, its management, and treatment.

7 May – World Athletics Day

Initiated by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), this day promotes participation in athletics, especially among youth.

8 May – World Red Cross Day and World Thalassaemia Day

  • World Red Cross Day marks the birth anniversary of Henry Dunant, the founder of the Red Cross.
  • World Thalassaemia Day raises awareness about the genetic blood disorder and encourages support for patients and families.

9 May – Rabindranath Tagore Jayanti and Maharana Pratap Jayanti

  • Celebrates the birth of Rabindranath Tagore, Nobel Laureate, poet, and national icon.
  • Maharana Pratap Jayanti honors the legendary warrior and Rajput king of Mewar, known for his valour and resistance against Mughal rule.

10 May – World Lupus Day

Dedicated to spreading awareness about Lupus, a chronic autoimmune disease affecting millions worldwide.

11 May – National Technology Day and Mother’s Day (Second Sunday)

  • National Technology Day commemorates India’s nuclear tests at Pokhran in 1998, marking a major stride in technological advancement.
  • Mother’s Day celebrates the love and contribution of mothers and is observed globally on the second Sunday of May.

12 May – International Nurses Day and Buddha Purnima

  • International Nurses Day marks the birth anniversary of Florence Nightingale and recognizes the contributions of nurses.
  • Buddha Purnima, also known as Vesak, celebrates the birth, enlightenment, and death of Gautama Buddha.

15 May – International Day of Families

A day to reflect on the importance of family structures and promote policies that support families around the world.

16 May – National Dengue Day, International Day of Light, and National Endangered Species Day (Third Friday)

  • Raises awareness about dengue fever and its prevention.
  • Celebrates the invention of the laser and the role of light in science and culture.
  • Highlights the importance of conserving endangered species.

17 May – World Telecommunication Day, World Hypertension Day, and Armed Forces Day (Third Saturday)

  • Telecommunication Day marks the founding of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
  • Hypertension Day encourages regular blood pressure screening and healthy living.
  • Armed Forces Day in the United States honors active-duty military personnel.

18 May – World AIDS Vaccine Day and International Museum Day

  • AIDS Vaccine Day recognizes ongoing efforts in HIV vaccine research.
  • Museum Day, organized by ICOM, aims to promote the importance of museums in preserving heritage.

20 May – International HR Day

Celebrates the evolving role of Human Resource professionals and the value they bring to modern workplaces.

21 May – National Anti-Terrorism Day and International Tea Day

  • Anti-Terrorism Day commemorates the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi and promotes peace and unity.
  • Tea Day recognizes the economic and cultural significance of tea production and workers.

22 May – International Day for Biological Diversity

Established to promote awareness of the importance of biodiversity and its protection amid increasing threats.

23 May – World Turtle Day

Aims to protect turtles and tortoises and their habitats through education and advocacy.

24 May – National Brother’s Day

Celebrates the unique and enduring bond between brothers and siblings.

25 May – Africa Day

Marks the founding of the Organisation of African Unity (now African Union) and celebrates African unity and liberation.

26 May – National Memorial Day (Last Monday of May)

Observed in the United States, it honors fallen military personnel who died in service to the nation.

30 May – International Day of Potato, Goa Statehood Day, and Hindi Journalism Day

  • Recognizes the role of potatoes in combating hunger and supporting rural livelihoods.
  • Goa Statehood Day marks Goa becoming India’s 25th state on 30 May 1987.
  • Hindi Journalism Day commemorates the publication of India’s first Hindi newspaper, Udant Martand, in 1826.

31 May – World No Tobacco Day

Organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) to highlight the harmful effects of tobacco consumption and encourage cessation efforts globally.

What is the Weight of Green Anaconda, World’s Biggest Snake?

Snakes are amazing creatures found in many parts of the world. They come in different sizes, colors and types. Some snakes are very small, while others grow to be extremely large and heavy. People are often curious to know which snake is the biggest and how much it weighs. In this article, we will explore the world’s largest snake and find out interesting facts about its size and weight.

World’s Biggest Snake

The green anaconda is the biggest snake in the world when you think about both its length and weight. It can grow very long – up to 30 feet (about 9 meters). It can also weigh a lot, as much as 550 pounds (227 kilograms). To imagine how big it is, think about five ten-year old kids lying down after another. That would be about the same length as this huge snake!

Key Details About Green Anaconda

  • Common Name: Green Anaconda
  • Scientific Name: Eunectes murinus
  • Type: Reptile
  • Diet: Carnivore
  • Group Name: Bed or knot
  • Life span: About 10 years in the wild
  • Size: Between 20 to 30 feet long
  • Weight: Up to 550 pounds

How does the Green Anaconda Hunt?

Green anacondas are part of a snake family called constrictors. These snakes don’t have venom, so they don’t bite to poison their prey. Instead, they catch their food by wrapping their strong bodies around it and squeezing tight. It squeezing stops the prey from breathing, and then the anaconda can eat it.

What does the Green Anaconda Eat?

Anacondas eat many animals like fish, caimans (which are relatives of crocodiles) and sometimes even jaguars or small deer. Their jaws can open very wide because they have stretchy ligaments. This lets them swallow big animals whole.

How big and Heavy is the Green Anaconda?

This giant snake is very heavy. It would take about 11 kids to weigh as much as one green anaconda! Its size and strength make it one of the most amazing snakes in the world.

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Barak-8 vs Aster 30: Naval Air Defense Showdown

Modern naval warfare has increasingly shifted focus toward anti-air and missile defense systems, essential for protecting high-value assets like aircraft carriers, destroyers, and frigates. Two of the most prominent and advanced systems in this domain are Israel’s Barak-8 and Europe’s Aster 30. While both offer cutting-edge capabilities, their design philosophies, operational doctrines, and technical specifications vary significantly.

Overview: Origins and Development

Barak-8 – The Israeli-Indian Shield

The Barak-8, also known as LR-SAM (Long Range Surface-to-Air Missile) or MR-SAM (Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missile), is a product of joint development by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) and India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It was designed to counter a wide array of aerial threats, including fighter jets, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), cruise missiles, and even supersonic anti-ship missiles.

First operational in the mid-2010s, the system is a successor to the original Barak-1, significantly expanding the engagement envelope and integrating active radar homing.

Aster 30 – Europe’s Answer to the Missile Threat

The Aster 30, developed by MBDA (a consortium of European aerospace companies), is part of the Principal Anti Air Missile System (PAAMS) used by the navies of France, Italy, and the United Kingdom. It evolved from the Aster family of missiles, particularly designed to operate under the SAMP/T and PAAMS frameworks for area air defense.

Introduced in the early 2000s, Aster 30 is the long-range variant of the Aster missile family, offering superior speed and extended reach, capable of intercepting ballistic missiles, stealth aircraft, and advanced maneuvering threats.

Technical Specifications and Capabilities

Range and Engagement Envelope

Barak-8:

  • Maximum Range: ~70 to 100 km (Extended Range versions may reach up to 150 km)
  • Minimum Range: ~0.5 km
  • Altitude Interception: ~16–20 km

Aster 30:

  • Maximum Range: ~120–150 km
  • Minimum Range: ~3 km
  • Altitude Interception: ~20–25 km

Verdict: While the Barak-8 ER closes the gap, Aster 30 still edges ahead in range and ceiling, especially for area-wide defense.

Speed and Maneuverability

  • Barak-8 travels at approximately Mach 2, utilizing thrust vector control (TVC) for agile maneuvering.
  • Aster 30 achieves speeds up to Mach 4.5, and includes a PIF-PAF system (Pilotage en Force – Pilotage en Aerodynamique et en Force), a unique combined aerodynamic and thrust vector control mechanism for exceptional agility.

Verdict: Aster 30 is significantly faster and more maneuverable, ideal for intercepting high-speed or ballistic threats.

Guidance Systems

  • Barak-8: Uses active radar homing, supported by Elta EL/M-2248 MF-STAR AESA radar for mid-course updates and target illumination.
  • Aster 30: Also employs active radar homing, integrated with EMPAR or Herakles radars in PAAMS configurations, allowing for seamless target tracking and engagement.

Both systems utilize mid-course guidance with data-link updates, ensuring high accuracy even against maneuvering or low-signature targets.

Platform Integration and Deployment

Barak-8 Naval Deployment

Barak-8 has been widely deployed across Israeli Sa’ar 5/6 corvettes, Indian Kolkata-class destroyers, and Vishakhapatnam-class destroyers. It is also a key feature of India’s aircraft carrier INS Vikrant.

Key integration features:

  • Vertical Launch Systems (VLS)
  • 360-degree engagement envelope
  • Multiple simultaneous target tracking

Aster 30 Naval Deployment

The Aster 30 is a centerpiece of the PAAMS system, deployed on:

  • Horizon-class destroyers (France and Italy)
  • Type 45 destroyers (United Kingdom – Daring-class)
  • FREMM frigates (France, Italy, Egypt)

It supports multi-layered defense and is also being adapted for ballistic missile defense under NATO frameworks.

Combat Record and Operational Experience

Barak-8

  • Actively used by the Israeli Navy and Indian Navy.
  • Proven performance in regional conflicts like Operation Guardian of the Walls (2021), intercepting rocket salvos and UAVs.
  • Employed in complex saturation attack scenarios.

Aster 30

  • Operational in multiple NATO and EU deployments.
  • Used in real-world deployments in the Red Sea, Eastern Mediterranean, and Middle East patrols.
  • Forms the backbone of NATO’s European missile shield.

Though neither system has yet seen full-scale naval combat against ballistic threats, both have excelled in high-threat simulations and real-world intercepts of hostile airborne assets.

Future Upgrades and Evolution

Barak-8 ER

  • Enhanced range to 150 km.
  • Improved seekers and dual-pulse motors.
  • Potential integration with BMD systems in the future.

Aster 30 Block 1 NT (New Technology)

  • Designed for ballistic missile defense (BMD).
  • Extended range and advanced sensors.
  • Capability to engage IRBM-class threats (Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles).

These future variants position both systems for next-generation air and missile defense roles, expanding beyond traditional anti-air functions.

Comparative Summary

Feature Barak-8 Aster 30
Origin Israel-India Europe (France, Italy, UK)
Max Range ~100–150 km ~120–150 km
Speed ~Mach 2 ~Mach 4.5
Guidance Active radar homing Active radar homing + PIF-PAF
BMD Capability Limited (Barak-8 ER future potential) Present (Block 1 NT)
Deployment Israel, India France, UK, Italy, NATO
Combat Use Proven in regional conflicts Proven in NATO deployments
Versatility High (multi-platform) High (naval + land-based SAMP/T)

Top-10 Developed Cities in India by 2025, Know About Them

India is growing quickly, and many cities are becoming more modern and developed. These cities now have better roads, schools, hospitals, transport and job opportunities. In 2025, some cities are leading in technology, business and living standards. This article will tell you about the top-10 most developed cities in India that offer a better and more comfortable life for people.

What are Developed Cities?

Developed cities are places that have good roads, buildings, clean water, electricity, schools, hospitals and jobs. These cities have modern technology, strong businesses, and a high standard of living. People in developed cities enjoy better services like transport, safety and internet. These cities also care about the environment and have good planning for growth. Life in developed cities is usually more comfortable and well-organized.

Top-10 Developed Cities in India by 2025

By 2025, India will have many fast-growing and modern cities. These top-10 developed cities are known for their strong economy, good living conditions, modern buildings and smart services that make life better for people.

Here are the names of top-10 developed cities of India:

  • Mumbai
  • Delhi
  • Bangalore
  • Hyderabad
  • Chennai
  • Ahmedabad
  • Pune
  • Indore
  • Visakhapatnam
  • Chandigarh

Mumbai

Mumbai is the capital of Maharashtra and is called the ”City of Dreams.” It is India’s financial center and home to Bollywood. Big business people and many famous film stars live here. Mumbai has tall buildings, a busy port and great roads. It is one of the most important cities in India’s economy.

Delhi

New Delhi is India’s capital and also the most populated city. It is the center of politics and government. The President and Prime Minister live here. Delhi is modern, fast-moving and important for tourism, business and education.

Bangalore

Bangalore is the capital of Karnataka and is called the ”Silicon Valley of India.” It is the number one city for software and IT jobs. Many big companies are here. People also enjoy its parks, nightlife and good lifestyle.

Hyderabad

Hyderabad is the capital of Telangana. It is famous for Hyderabadi Biryani and beautiful culture. It is growing fast in education and technology. Students and businesses are coming here in large numbers. The Telugu film industry also adds to the city’s income.

Chennai

Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu, is a coastal city with rich history and culture. It is strong in music, arts, IT, manufacturing and healthcare. It is also called the ”Detroit of South Asia” because of its car factories.

Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad is Gujarat’s business hub. It is famous for its diamond, textile and gem industries. The Sabarmati River and Gandhi Ashram are here. Good business policies and transport help the city grow fast.

Pune

Pune, in Maharashtra, is known for its top colleges and IT companies. Many multinational companies are coming here. The city offers a good lifestyle, more jobs and fast development. It is one of the richest cities in India now.

Indore

Indore in Madhya Pradesh’s economic center. It has over 15,000 industries, especially in automobiles. The city is known for being clean, organized and business-friendly. Popular places like Sarafa Bazaar and Chappan Dukan also attract tourists.

Visakhapatnam

Visakhapatnam, also called Vizag, is in Andhra Pradesh. It is a big port city on the east coast. Beautiful beaches and temples bring many tourists. The IT and real estate sectors are also growing here. It plays a big role in trade and education.

Chandigarh

Chandigarh is the capital of both Punjab and Haryana. It is India’s best-planned city with wide roads and green spaces. It was designed by Le Corbusier. It is very clean, modern and has good schools and hospitals. People enjoy a high quality of life here.

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China and Cambodia Launch “Golden Dragon-2025” to Boost Military Ties

China and Cambodia have commenced the “Golden Dragon-2025” joint military exercise at a training center in Cambodia, reflecting a significant expansion in scale, scope, and sophistication of their bilateral defense cooperation. This year’s drill showcases advanced unmanned combat systems and covers land, sea, and air operations, aiming to strengthen tactical coordination, humanitarian response, and counter-terrorism capabilities.

Why in News?

The “Golden Dragon-2025” joint exercise was officially launched in mid-May 2025. It marks the seventh edition of this annual military cooperation initiative between China and Cambodia, and for the first time, it integrates operations from the China-Cambodia Ream Port Joint Support and Training Center. The drill has drawn attention for its multi-domain coverage, inclusion of cutting-edge drone technologies, and deepening mutual military trust.

Key Highlights

  • Name of Exercise: Golden Dragon-2025
  • Participants: China’s PLA and Cambodian Armed Forces
  • Location: Cambodia (land and maritime areas including Port Ream)
  • Duration: Mid-to-late May 2025
  • Themes: Counter-terrorism, Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR), Peace & Cooperation
  • Phases: Adaptive training → Command drills → Live-force exercises

Objectives and Features

Strengthen Joint Capabilities

  • Enhance coordination in land-sea-air combat scenarios
  • Train in tactical drills and unmanned systems operations

Showcase of Advanced Technology

  • Deployment of drone swarms, FPV drones, assault vehicles, radar systems, and infantry fighting vehicles

Integration of Forces

  • Mixed-unit training and adaptive drills
  • Collaboration through a joint command headquarters

Cultural Exchange & Outreach

  • Cultural programs, ship open-day events, and medical and educational outreach to promote people-to-people ties

Strategic Significance

  • Demonstrates deep military trust and defense diplomacy
  • Strengthens China’s strategic presence in Southeast Asia
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? China and Cambodia Launch “Golden Dragon-2025” to Boost Military Ties
Exercise Name Golden Dragon-2025
Participating Nations China and Cambodia
Nature Joint military drill with humanitarian and counter-terrorism focus
Duration Mid-to-late May 2025
First Use of China-Cambodia Ream Port Joint Support & Training Center
Key Technologies Drone swarms, FPV drones, amphibious assault vehicles, radars
Objective Strengthen joint capabilities, tactical coordination, and people-to-people ties

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Tripura Launches Viksit Krishi Sankalp Abhiyan to Empower Farmers

In a significant step toward enhancing agricultural productivity and farmer welfare, the Tripura government has announced the launch of the “Viksit Krishi Sankalp Abhiyan” from May 29 to June 12, 2025. The campaign, part of a central initiative spearheaded by the Union Ministry of Agriculture, aims to raise awareness about state and centrally sponsored schemes across villages and gram panchayats to increase farm output and reduce costs.

Why in News?

Tripura has officially announced its participation in the Viksit Krishi Sankalp Abhiyan, a nationwide agriculture-centric campaign initiated by Union Agriculture Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan, making it a recent and relevant development in the agricultural policy domain.

Objectives and Aim

  • To increase agricultural production and productivity.
  • To reduce input costs for farmers.
  • To enhance farmers’ income through better access to government schemes.
  • To educate farmers about scientific techniques and innovations in agriculture.

Key Features of the Abhiyan in Tripura

  • Duration: May 29 – June 12, 2025.
  • Target Area: All villages and gram panchayats in Tripura.
  • Scope: Dissemination of information on all state and centrally sponsored schemes.

Implementing Agencies

  • State Agriculture Department
  • Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
  • Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs)

Structure

  • One state coordinator
  • Multiple district coordinators
  • Involvement of agriculture scientists and local officials

Background

  • The campaign was announced by Union Agriculture Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan.
  • It covers 723 districts across India.
  • It is part of the larger goal of achieving “Viksit Bharat @2047”, a vision of a developed India by its 100th year of independence.

Significance

  • Will boost agricultural awareness at the grassroots level.
  • Bridges the gap between farmers and beneficial schemes.
  • Enhances knowledge dissemination through expert inputs from ICAR and KVK.
  • Contributes to food security and sustainable rural development.

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Sudan Appoints Kamil Idris as First PM Since 2023 Civil War

On May 19, 2025, Sudan’s army chief Gen. Abdel-Fattah Burhan appointed Kamil al-Taib Idris as the country’s first prime minister since the onset of civil war in April 2023. This move is seen as a significant step toward political stabilization and the long-awaited formation of a transitional government, particularly after the Sudanese military regained control of Khartoum from the Rapid Support Forces (RSF).

Why in News?

The appointment marks Sudan’s first PM since 2022, when Abdalla Hamdok resigned. It follows the military’s recent gains against RSF, especially the retaking of Khartoum in March 2025. The decision is part of efforts to restore civilian-led governance amid international pressure and humanitarian crisis.

Background of the Conflict

  • April 2023: War broke out between Sudan’s military and the paramilitary RSF, both once allies in the country’s transitional leadership.
  • Root cause: A power struggle over control of security forces and political leadership.
  • Widespread conflict has spread beyond Khartoum to various regions.

Humanitarian Impact

  • Over 20,000 deaths reported (unofficial toll likely higher).
  • 13 million displaced, with 4 million refugees fleeing to neighboring nations.
  • 25 million people, half of Sudan’s population, face severe hunger and food insecurity.

Who is Kamil al-Taib Idris?

  • A respected legal expert and diplomat.
  • Former legal adviser at Sudan’s UN mission.
  • Member of the UN International Law Commission.
  • Viewed as neutral and non-partisan, improving acceptance across factions, including RSF supporters.

Objectives of the Appointment

  • To form a transitional government that may lead to elections and civilian rule.
  • Restore political legitimacy domestically and internationally.
  • Serve as a counter to RSF’s Nairobi charter, which calls for a secular, democratic, decentralized Sudan and aims to create a parallel government.

Expert Opinion

  • “His chances of being accepted by various communities seem higher, even among RSF supporters, because he has no political affiliations,” said Osman Mirghani, political analyst.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Sudan Appoints Kamil Idris as First PM Since 2023 Civil War
Event Appointment of Sudan’s new Prime Minister
Appointed By Gen. Abdel-Fattah Burhan
Name of PM Kamil al-Taib Idris
Purpose Forming a transitional civilian government
Conflict Background Civil war since April 2023
Displacement Crisis 13 million displaced, 4 million refugees
Key Rival Group Rapid Support Forces (RSF)
RSF’s Political Countermove Nairobi Charter (Feb 2025)

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_15.1

Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki Erupts: Red Alert Issued Over Volcanic Ash Cloud

Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki, a volcano located on Indonesia’s Flores Island, erupted twice on May 19, 2025, sending ash clouds soaring up to 0.7 miles (1.1 km) above its peak. The Indonesian authorities raised the volcano’s alert status to the highest level amid warnings of a potentially more severe eruption. The eruption poses significant health, environmental, and aviation risks, prompting the issuance of a red alert by the Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) in Darwin, Australia.

Why in News?

Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki erupted on May 19, 2025, after a series of volcanic activities that began the previous day. Indonesia’s geological agency raised the volcano’s alert status to Level 4 (maximum) due to increased seismic activity. The VAAC in Darwin issued a red alert, signaling significant ash emission and potential disruption to aviation.

Key Details

  • Volcano Name: Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki (Laki-Laki means “man” in Indonesian).
  • Location: Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.
  • Twin Volcano: Paired with Mount Lewotobi Perempuan (“woman”), which is taller but currently calmer.
  • Height: 5,197 feet (Laki-Laki) and 5,587 feet (Perempuan).
  • Date of Major Eruption: May 19, 2025, with ash reaching 1.1 km (0.7 miles) above peak.
  • Previous Eruptions: Notable eruptions in November 2024 killed nine people and led to flight disruptions.

Warnings & Safety Measures

Residents advised to,

  • Wear face masks to avoid inhalation of ash.
  • Avoid entering a 3-mile radius around the crater.
  • Risk of lahars (volcanic mudflows) if heavy rain occurs.

Aviation and International Impact

  • VAAC Red Alert: Signals major ash emissions and potential hazards for aircraft.
  • In past eruptions, ash clouds disrupted international flights to Bali and forced mass evacuations.

Geological Context

  • Indonesia lies on the Pacific Ring of Fire, a hotspot for volcanic and seismic activity.
  • The country is home to more than 130 active volcanoes, the most of any nation globally.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki Erupts: Red Alert Issued Over Volcanic Ash Cloud
Volcano Name Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki
Location Flores Island, Indonesia
Ash Cloud Height 0.7 miles (1.1 km) above the peak
Alert Level Level 4 (Highest)
Aviation Warning Red Alert by VAAC Darwin
Health Warning Use masks, avoid 3-mile danger zone
Potential Hazards Larger eruption, ash inhalation, lahar floods

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_17.1

BMP-2 Sarath vs M2 Bradley: Infantry Fighting Vehicles Compared

Infantry Fighting Vehicles (IFVs) play a vital role in modern warfare by combining troop mobility with firepower and armor protection. Among the most well-known IFVs are the BMP-2 Sarath, used primarily by India, and the M2 Bradley, deployed by the United States. This comparison explores their design, capabilities, armament, protection, mobility, and battlefield performance.

Introduction to Infantry Fighting Vehicles

IFVs are designed to transport infantry into battle while offering direct-fire support. Unlike armored personnel carriers (APCs), IFVs are equipped with heavier weapons and are expected to engage enemy forces directly.

BMP-2 Sarath: India’s Workhorse IFV

Origin and Background

The BMP-2, originally developed in the Soviet Union, is now produced under license in India as the BMP-2 Sarath by the Ordnance Factory Medak. It has served as the backbone of the Indian Army’s mechanized infantry since the 1980s.

Key Features

  • Crew: 3 (Commander, Gunner, Driver) + 7 troops
  • Weight: ~14.3 tons
  • Engine: Diesel, 300 hp
  • Top Speed: 65 km/h (road)
  • Range: 600 km

Armament

  • 30mm 2A42 autocannon
  • 7.62mm coaxial PKT machine gun
  • ATGM launcher (Konkurs or Milan missiles)

Protection

  • Aluminum and steel armor
  • Resistant to small arms fire and artillery splinters
  • Amphibious capability with minimal preparation

M2 Bradley: The American Powerhouse

Origin and Development

The M2 Bradley was developed in the United States in the 1980s by BAE Systems to complement and support the M1 Abrams tank. Designed for survivability and digital warfare, it has been extensively modernized since its introduction.

Key Features

  • Crew: 3 (Commander, Gunner, Driver) + 6 troops
  • Weight: ~30.4 tons (varies by variant)
  • Engine: 600 hp diesel engine
  • Top Speed: 66 km/h (road)
  • Range: 400 km

Armament

  • 25mm M242 Bushmaster chain gun
  • 7.62mm M240C coaxial machine gun
  • TOW anti-tank missile launcher (range up to 3,750 m)

Protection

  • Composite armor with add-on packages
  • Includes explosive reactive armor (ERA) on newer versions
  • NBC (Nuclear, Biological, Chemical) protection
  • Fire suppression systems and spall liners

Head-to-Head Comparison

Feature BMP-2 Sarath M2 Bradley
Origin India (licensed Soviet design) United States
Weight ~14.3 tons ~30.4 tons
Main Gun 30mm 2A42 autocannon 25mm M242 Bushmaster
Missiles Konkurs/Milan ATGM TOW anti-tank missiles
Crew + Troops 3 + 7 3 + 6
Armor Light steel/aluminum Composite with optional ERA
Mobility High (better amphibious) Moderate (more armor = less agility)
Combat Role Infantry transport and support Infantry support with anti-armor role
Battlefield Use Counter-insurgency, high mobility ops High-intensity warfare, networked ops

Battlefield Performance and Use

BMP-2 Sarath

Widely used in Indian counter-insurgency and border operations, the Sarath’s lighter weight allows greater tactical mobility. However, its lighter armor makes it more vulnerable in high-intensity conflict zones.

M2 Bradley

The M2 Bradley has seen extensive combat in Iraq and the Gulf War, proving its effectiveness in combined arms warfare. Its superior armor and electronics give it an edge in survivability, but at the cost of speed and transport logistics.

Which One is Better?

The comparison comes down to mission requirements:

  • BMP-2 Sarath is ideal for light, mobile warfare, border patrol, and amphibious operations.
  • M2 Bradley excels in heavy conflict zones where protection and firepower are priorities.

Each IFV is effective in its own doctrine—India’s focus on mobility and terrain agility vs. the U.S. emphasis on protection and networked combat.

Which District of Uttar Pradesh has the Highest Rural Population?

Uttar Pradesh is the most populated state in India, with a large number of people living in villages. Most of its districts have more rural areas than urban towns. Villages play a big role in the economy and culture of the state. In this article, we will learn about the district in Uttar Pradesh that has the highest rural population.

An Overview of Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh is a state in northern India. It has the highest population in India, with over 241 million people. UP is larger in population than most countries in the world. It shares borders with many Indian states and Nepal. Uttar Pradesh is the fourth-largest Indian state by area. Lucknow is the capital and Prayagraj is the judicial capital. It has 18 divisions and 75 districts.

Number of Districts of Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh is India’s largest state and has the highest number of districts in the country, with a total of 75. Each district is looked after by a District Magistrate, who is an officer from the Indian Administrative Service.

District with the Highest Rural Population in Uttar Pradesh

Prayagraj district has the largest number of people living in rural areas in India. According to the 2011 census, a total of 4,481,518 people live in the villages of Prayagraj. This is the  highest number for any district in the country. It means most of the people in Prayagraj live in villages rather than cities.

Other Districts with High Rural Populations

After Prayagraj, two other districts in Uttar Pradesh also have very high rural populations:

  • Azamgarh
  • Jaunpur

These districts also have many villages where a large number of people live and work.

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