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SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF

The SBI Clerk Mains Exam 2025 is expected to be conducted in April 2025, and the General Awareness (GA) section plays a crucial role in determining candidates’ overall performance. This section covers current affairs, banking awareness, and static GK, making it an essential part of the exam preparation.

To help candidates maximize their scores, we have compiled a comprehensive GA Capsule PDF covering all major topics required for the SBI Clerk Mains 2025.

Why is the GA Capsule Important for SBI Clerk Mains 2025?

The General Awareness section is one of the most scoring parts of the SBI Clerk Mains Exam. Unlike quantitative aptitude or reasoning, this section does not require calculations, allowing aspirants to answer questions quickly and accurately. A well-prepared candidate can boost their overall score significantly with proper GA preparation.

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025 – Download PDF

To assist candidates in their SBI Clerk Mains 2025 preparation, we are providing a free downloadable PDF covering all the important General Awareness topics.

Download SBI Clerk General Awareness PDF (Part-1 and 2): Click Here

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Topics Covered in the SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025

  • UNION BUDGET 2025-26
  • Economic Survey 2024-25
  • Padma Awards
  • Republic Day Parade 2025
  • RBI Monetary Policy- February 2025
  • Golden Globe Awards
  • 8th Pay Commission

How to Use the GA Capsule Effectively?

  • Revise Regularly: Read the PDF daily to stay updated with important events.
  • Make Notes: Write down key points for quick revision before the exam.
  • Attempt Quizzes: Solve daily quizzes on current affairs to strengthen your knowledge.
  • Focus on Banking & Economy: Since SBI Clerk is a banking exam, prioritize banking and financial awareness.
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States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

States and Capitals

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO State Capital CM Governor
1 Andhra Pradesh Amaravati Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu S. Abdul Nazer
2 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Pema Khandu Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3 Assam Dispur Himanta Biswa Sarma Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4 Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar Arif Mohammed Khan
5 Chhattisgarh Raipur Vishnu Deo Sai Ramen Deka
6 Goa Panaji Pramod Sawant P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7 Gujarat Gandhinagar Bhupendra Patel Acharya Dev Vrat
8 Haryana Chandigarh Nayab Singh Saini Bandaru Dattatraya
9 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu Shiv Pratap Shukla
10 Jharkhand Ranchi Hemant Soren Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11 Karnataka Bengaluru Siddaramaiah Thaawarchand Gehlot
12 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Pinarayi Vijayan Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Mohan Yadav Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14 Maharashtra Mumbai Devendra Fadnavis C.P. Radhakrishnan
15 Manipur Imphal N. Biren Singh
Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16 Meghalaya Shillong Conrad Kongkal Sangma
C H Vijayashankar
17 Mizoram Aizawl Lalduhoma General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18 Nagaland Kohima Neiphiu Rio
La. Ganesan
19 Odisha Bhubaneswar Mohan Charan Majhi
Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20 Punjab Chandigarh Bhagwant Singh Mann Gulab Chand Kataria
21 Rajasthan Jaipur Bhajan Lal Sharma Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22 Sikkim Gangtok PS Golay Om Prakash Mathur
23 Tamil Nadu Chennai M. K. Stalin R. N. Ravi
24 Telangana Hyderabad Anumula Revanth Reddy Jishnu Dev Varma
25 Tripura Agartala Dr. Manik Saha Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Yogi Aditya Nath Anandiben Patel
27 Uttarakhand Dehradun Pushkar Singh Dhami Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28 West Bengal Kolkata Mamata Banerjee Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO Union Territories Capital CM Lt. Governor
1 Andaman and Nicobar Island Port Blair NA D K Joshi
2 Chandigarh Chandigarh NA Banwarilal Purohit
3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Daman NA Praful Patel
4 Delhi Delhi Rekha Gupta Vinai Kumar Saxena
5 Ladakh NA NA B. D. Mishra
6 Lakshadweep Kavaratti NA Praful Patel
7 Jammu and Kashmir NA Omar Abdullah Manoj Sinha
8 Puducherry Pondicherry N. Rangaswamy C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference States Union Territories
Head of Administration Governor Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type Elected by the People Managed by the central government
Powers Shares power with the central government. Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No. States Language
1 Andhra Pradesh Telugu and Urdu
2 Arunachal Pradesh Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3 Assam Assamese
4 Bihar Hindi
5 Chhattisgarh Hindi
6 Goa Marathi Konkani
7 Gujarat Gujarati
8 Haryana Hindi
9 Himachal Pradesh Hindi and Pahari
10 Jharkhand Hindi
11 Karnataka Kannada
12 Kerala Malayalam
13 Madhya Pradesh Hindi
14 Maharashtra Marathi
15 Manipur Manipuri
16 Meghalaya Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17 Mizoram Mizo and English
18 Nagaland Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19 Odisha Oriya
20 Punjab Punjabi
21 Rajasthan Rajasthani and Hindi
22 Sikkim Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23 Tamil Nadu Tamil
24 Telangana Telugu
25 Tripura Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26 Uttar Pradesh Hindi
27 Uttarakhand Hindi
28 West Bengal Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

  • Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
  • Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
  • Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
  • Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
  • Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
  • Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
  • Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
  • Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

Muslim Population in India: History, Demographic Trends, and Regional Insights

Why in News?

The upcoming 2025 Indian Census is expected to provide updated figures on India’s religious demographics, particularly focusing on the Muslim population, which remains a critical aspect of the country’s pluralistic social fabric. A significant global study by the Pew Research Center, titled “The Future of World Religions,” has projected that Islam will become the most followed religion in the world by 2050. Against this backdrop, understanding the historical context and current trends of the Muslim population in India becomes essential.

Global Muslim Population Overview

Islam, the religion followed by over 2 billion people worldwide, is currently the second-largest religion globally, after Christianity. However, demographic trends suggest that Muslims may surpass Christians by 2050, making Islam the most practiced religion globally.

Most of the world’s Muslims reside in North and Central Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. While many nations like Egypt, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkey, and Iran have more than 90% Muslim populations, the largest absolute Muslim population resides in Indonesia, home to more than 242 million Muslims, accounting for 11.7% of the global Muslim population.

Top 3 Countries by Muslim Population (2021)

  1. Indonesia – 242.7 million
  2. Pakistan – 240.76 million
  3. India – 200 million

India ranks third globally despite being a secular democracy with a Hindu-majority population.

Historical Roots of Islam in India

Islam has deep and complex roots in the Indian subcontinent. It was first introduced in 712 CE with the Arab invasion of Sindh, led by Muhammad bin Qasim. However, Muslim communities had already started emerging in South India, particularly in Kerala, due to early trade relations with West Asian merchants.

Key Historical Milestones:

  • Malik Dinar, an Arab missionary, is credited with establishing several of India’s earliest mosques in Kerala and coastal Karnataka.
  • The Cheraman Juma Mosque in Methala, Kerala, built in the 7th century, is regarded as India’s first mosque.
  • In North India, Islam gained a more dominant presence during the Delhi Sultanate and later, the Mughal Empire, particularly from the 16th century onward.

Demographic Profile of Muslims in India

Current Estimates:

As of 2021, India had approximately 200 million Muslims, making it the country with the largest Muslim-minority population in the world. This represents about 10.9% of the global Muslim population.

According to government estimates from 2023, India’s Muslim population lies between 19.75 to 20 crore, making up roughly 14.22% to 14.28% of India’s total population of 138.8 to 140 crore.

Trends in Muslim Population Growth

India’s Muslim population has steadily increased since independence. While in 1941, the population was around 42 million, it fell to 35 million by 1951 due to Partition-related migration. Since then, there has been continuous growth:

Year Muslim Population Percentage of Total Population
1951 35 million 9.80%
1961 47 million 10.70%
1971 62 million 11.20%
1981 83 million 11.70%
1991 101 million 12.60%
2001 138 million 13.40%
2011 172 million 14.20%

Between 1991 and 2001, the Muslim population grew by 29.5%, while the Hindu population grew by 19.9% during the same period.

Fertility Rates and Growth:

Recent studies have shown that the Muslim fertility rate, though declining, remains the highest among all religious communities in India. Between 2019 and 2021, the Muslim fertility rate was 2.36%, contributing significantly to population growth.

Regional Distribution of Muslims in India

Muslims are not evenly distributed across India. Their concentration is highest in Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Bihar, which together host nearly 47% of the country’s total Muslim population.

States with Highest Muslim Populations:

State/UT Muslim Population Percentage of State Population
Uttar Pradesh 38.4 million 19.26%
West Bengal 24.6 million 27.01%
Bihar 17.5 million 16.87%
Kerala 8.8 million 26.56%
Assam 10.6 million 34.22%
Jammu & Kashmir 8.5 million 68.31%
Lakshadweep 62,268 96.58%

States with Lowest Muslim Populations:

State/UT Muslim Population Percentage
Mizoram 14,832 1.35%
Sikkim 9,867 1.62%
Punjab 535,489 1.93%
Arunachal Pradesh 27,045 1.95%
Chhattisgarh 514,998 2.02%
Himachal Pradesh 149,881 2.18%

In these states, Muslims form a negligible minority.

Social Composition and Diversity

Though united by faith, Indian Muslims are socially diverse. There are caste-like divisions, with the Ashrafs (of supposed Arab or Persian descent) considered socially superior to Ajlafs (local converts from Hinduism) and Arzals (those from lower castes).

This diversity impacts access to education, employment, and social mobility within the community. Despite a large population, Indian Muslims are underrepresented in government jobs, politics, and higher education.

Future Projections and Significance

India’s next census in 2025 will be a crucial benchmark for measuring the religious demographic shift, especially as the fertility rates and literacy levels evolve. According to projections, India will continue to have the third-largest Muslim population in the world, but its percentage growth is expected to stabilize due to declining fertility trends.

The role of Muslims in India’s social, economic, and cultural landscape remains vital, and understanding this demographic is essential for inclusive policy-making, minority welfare, and national integration.

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_6.1

Indo-Pakistan Wars and Conflicts (1947–2025): A Historical Overview

Why in News?

The Pahalgam Terror Attack on April 22, 2025, which claimed the lives of 26 tourists, has dramatically escalated tensions between India and Pakistan. India has responded by suspending the Indus Waters Treaty, closing the Attari-Wagah border, and downgrading diplomatic ties with Pakistan. In retaliation, Pakistan has secured its borders and airspace and threatened to withdraw from bilateral agreements. The region now faces a risky strategic standoff, reminiscent of previous military confrontations.

Introduction

Since gaining independence from the British Empire in 1947, India and Pakistan have endured a long and tumultuous relationship marked by four full-scale wars, several military standoffs, and ongoing cross-border conflicts. The core of these tensions has consistently been the Kashmir dispute, although other issues like terrorism, border infiltration, and political instability have also fueled hostilities.

Major Indo-Pakistan Wars

1. First Indo-Pak War (1947–1948): The Kashmir Conflict Begins

Background:

The first war between India and Pakistan, known as the First Kashmir War, began in October 1947 following the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir’s decision to accede to India. The then-Maharaja Hari Singh requested India’s assistance after Pakistani-backed tribal militias invaded the region.

Conflict:

India deployed troops, and fierce fighting ensued. Pakistan gained control of parts of the region, now called Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir. A ceasefire was declared on January 1, 1949, and the Line of Control (LoC) was established under UN Resolution 47. This conflict laid the foundation for decades of dispute over Kashmir.

2. Second Indo-Pak War (1965): Operation Gibraltar and Tank Battles

Background:

The Second Indo-Pak War broke out in August 1965, when Pakistan launched Operation Gibraltar, aiming to incite rebellion in Indian-administered Kashmir.

Conflict:

India launched a counter-offensive, leading to one of the largest tank battles since World War II. The war lasted 17 days, resulting in heavy casualties. The Tashkent Agreement, brokered by the Soviet Union, restored the status quo. Though militarily inconclusive, India had the upper hand due to Pakistan’s failed infiltration.

3. Indo-Pak War of 1971: The Birth of Bangladesh

Background:

Triggered by the Bangladesh Liberation Movement, tensions between East and West Pakistan escalated due to political suppression and military atrocities by the Pakistani army.

Conflict:

Following Operation Searchlight and a humanitarian crisis that sent millions of refugees into India, India intervened. On December 3, 1971, Pakistan launched a pre-emptive strike, prompting India’s full-scale entry into the war. Indian forces swiftly advanced and captured Dhaka within two weeks. Over 90,000 Pakistani soldiers surrendered, and Bangladesh emerged as an independent nation. The Shimla Agreement followed in 1972.

4. Kargil War (1999): A Nuclear Shadow

Background:

In May 1999, Pakistani troops and militants infiltrated Indian positions in the Kargil sector of Ladakh, violating the LoC.

Conflict:

India launched Operation Vijay, reclaiming key positions. The war concluded in July 1999 under intense international pressure, particularly from the United States, which forced Pakistan to withdraw. The Kargil War was the first direct conflict after both nations became nuclear powers, making it a dangerous precedent.

Significant Military Standoffs and Conflicts

Siachen Conflict (1984–2003)

A prolonged military engagement over the Siachen Glacier, the world’s highest battlefield, began when India launched Operation Meghdoot to preempt Pakistani control. It lasted nearly two decades.

2001–2002 India-Pakistan Military Standoff

After the Indian Parliament attack in December 2001, India mobilized its troops along the border in Operation Parakram. Tensions escalated, but diplomacy averted full-scale war.

2008 Mumbai Attacks

A Pakistani-based terror group, Lashkar-e-Taiba, carried out a major terrorist attack in Mumbai, killing over 170 people. India held Pakistan accountable, triggering international outrage and further souring relations.

2016 Uri Attack and Surgical Strikes

Following a terrorist attack on an Indian Army camp in Uri, India launched surgical strikes across the LoC, targeting terrorist camps in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.

2019 Pulwama Attack and Balakot Airstrikes

A suicide bomber killed 40 Indian CRPF personnel in Pulwama. In retaliation, India conducted airstrikes on Balakot, a terrorist training camp. Pakistan responded with its own air raids. An Indian pilot was captured and later released, avoiding escalation but highlighting the nuclear flashpoint risk.

Recent Escalation: Pahalgam Terror Attack, 2025

On April 22, 2025, a terrorist attack in Pahalgam claimed 26 lives, most of them tourists. India blamed Pakistan-based terror outfits and launched a series of diplomatic and military countermeasures, including:

  • Suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty
  • Closure of the Attari-Wagah border
  • Downgrading of diplomatic relations

Pakistan responded by securing its airspace and border zones and threatening to exit bilateral treaties. This has resulted in a highly volatile standoff between the nuclear-armed neighbors.

Summary: List of Major Wars and Conflicts (1947–2025)

War/Conflict Year Details
First Kashmir War 1947–1948 Over Kashmir; ended with UN-mandated LoC
Second Indo-Pak War 1965 Kashmir dispute; ended with Tashkent Agreement
Bangladesh Liberation War 1971 Led to creation of Bangladesh; decisive Indian victory
Kargil War 1999 Pakistan infiltrated Kargil; India reclaimed territory
Siachen Conflict 1984–2003 Control over Siachen Glacier
India-Pakistan Standoff 2001–2002 After Parliament attack; de-escalated diplomatically
Mumbai Attacks 2008 Coordinated terrorist attacks by Pakistani group
Surgical Strikes 2016 India responded to Uri attack across the LoC
Balakot Airstrikes 2019 Response to Pulwama terror attack; high alert across both sides
Pahalgam Terror Attack 2025 Latest escalation; serious diplomatic and military fallout
SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_8.1

Nepal to Restrict Mt. Everest Permits: New Law to Limit Access

Nepal is set to introduce a new draft law that aims to limit access to Mount Everest to experienced climbers. The new regulations, currently in draft form, would require climbers to have previously scaled a peak above 7,000 meters before attempting Everest. This move is in response to concerns about the increasing number of deaths, overcrowding, and environmental degradation at the world’s highest peak.

Why in the news?

Nepal’s government is planning to implement stricter regulations for Mount Everest expeditions. Under the new rules, only climbers who have already scaled peaks over 7,000 meters will be allowed to attempt the summit. This decision follows growing concerns over climber safety, environmental issues, and overcrowding.

Purpose

  • The primary goal of the new law is to improve safety and reduce the number of fatalities on Mount Everest. By restricting access to climbers with prior experience at high altitudes, Nepal seeks to ensure that only qualified mountaineers attempt the dangerous ascent.

Aim

  • To reduce the number of inexperienced climbers attempting Everest.
  • To improve the overall safety of Everest expeditions.
  • To mitigate environmental damage caused by overcrowding and waste accumulation.

Significance

  • The decision is crucial for Nepal as it balances tourism with sustainability. Everest has become a major tourist attraction, but this has led to serious issues such as overcrowding, rising fatalities, and environmental damage. By restricting access, Nepal hopes to maintain the mountain’s status as a world-renowned climbing destination while ensuring it remains safe and pristine.

How does it affect citizens/students/youth/policy?

  • This initiative aims to promote responsible mountaineering, ensuring that only those with the necessary skills and experience undertake such challenging feats. The move may also reshape how aspiring climbers approach training and preparation for high-altitude climbs.

Background

  • Mount Everest has attracted climbers from around the world ever since Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary summited in 1953. Since then, thousands of climbers have scaled its peak, but at the cost of several fatalities and significant environmental degradation.
  • Recent years have seen traffic jams on the mountain, increasing fatalities, and concerns over Everest being dubbed the “world’s highest garbage dump.”
  • In response, Nepal has introduced the Integrated Tourism Bill, aiming to regulate the number of climbers and improve Everest’s environmental sustainability.

Important Details

  • Date of Announcement: The new draft law was registered on April 18, 2025, in the upper house of Nepal’s Parliament.

Key Provisions

  • Climbers must have previously summited a peak above 7,000 meters.
  • Mandatory health checks and fitness certificates will be required.
  • A non-refundable garbage fee will replace the current refundable deposit.
  • Body retrieval operations will be better managed through insurance proposals.

Other Points

International/national cooperation?

  • Nepal’s action aligns with global efforts to ensure responsible tourism and mountaineering practices. Many other countries with high-altitude mountains have similar policies to regulate access.

Budget, funding, implementation bodies?

  • The draft bill aims to enhance Nepal’s mountaineering infrastructure and ensure that funds from climbing permits and fees are used to maintain the safety and cleanliness of Everest.

Connections to Sustainable Development Goals?

  • This move aligns with SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) by addressing waste management and promoting sustainable tourism.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Because Nepal’s government is drafting a new law to limit access to Everest to climbers with prior experience at higher altitudes.
Purpose Improve safety and reduce fatalities by restricting access to qualified climbers.
Aim Ensure only experienced climbers attempt Everest, enhance safety, and reduce overcrowding and environmental degradation.
Significance The law addresses serious concerns over overcrowding, deaths, and environmental damage on Mount Everest.
Key Stakeholders Government of Nepal, Ministry of Tourism, local mountaineering authorities.
Launch/Key Date April 18, 2025 (draft bill registered).

 

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_10.1

What Is Lapu-Lapu Day?

Why in News?

Lapu-Lapu Day, observed on April 27, commemorates the courage of Datu Lapulapu, a pre-colonial Filipino chieftain who led the historic Battle of Mactan in 1521, where Spanish explorer Ferdinand Magellan was defeated and killed. The day has gained international recognition, with British Columbia, Canada, officially recognizing Lapu-Lapu Day in 2023, celebrating the legacy of Filipino resistance and honoring the Filipino-Canadian community.

Introduction

Datu Lapulapu was the first Filipino hero to resist foreign colonization. On April 27, 1521, he led his warriors in defeating Spanish forces in the Battle of Mactan, refusing to bow to foreign rule. In 2017, then-President Rodrigo Duterte declared April 27 as Lapu-Lapu Day in the Philippines, recognizing it as a special working holiday nationwide and a non-working holiday in Lapu-Lapu City.

Celebrations are held across the country and in Filipino communities abroad, especially in Canada, where Filipinos make up one of the largest immigrant populations. The observance promotes Filipino pride, heritage, and unity.

Key Facts / Quick Summary

Topic Details
Name Lapu-Lapu Day
Related to Culture / History / Diaspora
Location Philippines and British Columbia, Canada
Implemented by Government of the Philippines; British Columbia Legislature
Date April 27 (annually)
Special Feature Holiday in Lapu-Lapu City; Community festivals in Canada and the Philippines

Lapu-Lapu Day honors the bravery, independence, and identity of the Filipino people. It celebrates resistance to colonization and the enduring legacy of Datu Lapulapu as a symbol of national pride. In Canada, the day also acknowledges the cultural contributions of the Filipino-Canadian community, especially in cities like Vancouver, where Filipinos make up nearly 6 percent of the population.

Lapu-Lapu Day in the Philippines

  • Declared in 2017 as a special working holiday nationwide
  • A non-working holiday in Lapu-Lapu City, located on Mactan Island, where the battle took place
  • Celebrations include:
  1. Reenactments of the Battle of Mactan
  2. Street parades and cultural performances
  3. Heritage markets and historical exhibitions

Lapu-Lapu Day in Canada

  • Recognized in British Columbia in 2023
  • Honors the growing Filipino-Canadian population
  • Vancouver hosts the Lapu-Lapu Day Block Party, featuring:
  1. Traditional Filipino food and music
  2. Cultural dances and heritage parades
  3. Basketball tournaments, film screenings, and community markets
  • Viewed as a way to preserve Filipino identity abroad and educate future generations

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_12.1

GenomeIndia Project: India Unlocks National Genetic Resource for Research and Innovation”

The GenomeIndia Project, spearheaded by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), has achieved a landmark by completing Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) of over 10,000 individuals across India. With the national data archived at the Indian Biological Data Center (IBDC), the government has now enabled access to researchers under established protocols, reinforcing its commitment to scientific advancement and sustainable development.

Why in the news?

On April 30, 2025, the Government of India officially announced that the GenomeIndia data is now accessible to Indian researchers. It follows the Prime Minister’s dedication of the GenomeIndia dataset on January 9, 2025, during the Genomics Data Conclave.

Purpose

  • To build a national genetic database representing India’s population diversity.
  • To democratize access to genomic data for Indian researchers.

Aim

  • Facilitate translational research in genomics and health.
  • Advance precision medicine and healthcare policy formulation.
  • Enable discoveries in biology, disease, and heritage through data-driven science.

Significance

  • One of the largest whole genome databases in Asia.
  • Crucial for addressing India-specific diseases, drug response patterns, and ancestry studies.
  • Boosts India’s scientific capabilities, healthcare R&D, and global genomic standing.
  • Supports Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) like SDG 3 (Good Health & Well-being) and SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure).

Background

  • IBDC (Indian Biological Data Centre) was set up in March 2020 with advanced computational infrastructure.
  • Biotech-PRIDE Guidelines (2021) and FeED Protocols were formulated for ethical, transparent data sharing.
  • WGS completed for 9772 samples; phenotypic data cleaned for 9330 samples.

 Important Details

  • Funded by: Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India

Dataset includes,

  • FASTQ files (700 TB)
  • gVCF files (35 TB)
  • Phenotypic data for 9330 individuals
  • 27 critical phenotype variables (e.g., Hemoglobin, Cholesterol, Fasting Glucose)
  • Anthropometric data (e.g., Age, Gender, Height, Weight, Body Fat)
  • Prime Minister Narendra Modi dedicated the data on Jan 9, 2025.
  • President Droupadi Murmu emphasized its national significance during her Republic Day eve address.

Other Points

  • Researchers can apply beyond the formal “Call for Proposals”.
  • FASTQ files are not downloadable due to size and security concerns—access is provided via cloud interface.
  • This model aligns with international data-sharing practices.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? GenomeIndia data opened to researchers
Purpose Build a national genomic data repository
Aim Enable research, innovation, and personalized medicine
Significance National-level scientific infrastructure; supports health R&D
Launch/Key Date PM Modi dedicated data on Jan 9, 2025
Key Stakeholders DBT, IBDC, PMO, researchers, health & biotech ecosystem

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_14.1

Centre Clears Greenfield NH-6 Corridor Linking Meghalaya and Assam

The Shillong–Silchar Greenfield Corridor project is a strategic infrastructure initiative that aims to enhance connectivity in the Northeast, especially between Meghalaya and Assam. This 4-lane access-controlled corridor spans 166.80 km, mostly through hilly terrain, and is expected to boost logistics, tourism, employment, and inter-state economic integration. It also aligns with PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan and Atmanirbhar Bharat.

Why in the News?

The Union Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has approved the development of a 166.80 km Greenfield High-Speed Corridor from Mawlyngkhung (near Shillong, Meghalaya) to Panchgram (near Silchar, Assam) on National Highway-06 (NH-06) under the Hybrid Annuity Mode (HAM) at a capital cost of ₹22,864 crore.

Project Specifications

  • Name: Development of Shillong–Silchar Greenfield Corridor (NH-06)
  • Total Length: 166.80 km (144.80 km in Meghalaya, 22.00 km in Assam)
  • Contribution: Centre
  • Total Capital Cost: ₹22,864 crore
  • Civil Construction Cost: ₹12,087 crore
  • Land Acquisition Cost: ₹3,503 crore
  • Mode of Implementation: Hybrid Annuity Mode (HAM)

Geographical Coverage

  • States Covered: Meghalaya and Assam
  • Districts Traversed
  • Meghalaya: Ri Bhoi, East Khasi Hills, West Jaintia Hills, East Jaintia Hills
  • Assam: Cachar District

Transport Nodes & Major Connections

  • Connected Highways: NH-27, NH-106, NH-206, NH-37
  • Airports Nearby: Guwahati Airport, Shillong Airport, Silchar Airport
  • Cities/Towns Covered: Shillong, Silchar, Guwahati, Diengpasoh, Ummulong, Khlieriat, Umkiang, Kalain, etc.

Strategic & Economic Impact

  • Reduces travel time and distance between Shillong–Silchar–Guwahati
  • Enhances connectivity to Tripura, Mizoram, Manipur, and Barak Valley
  • Boosts local cement and coal industries in Meghalaya
  • Improves logistics efficiency, promoting trade, tourism, and employment
  • Decongests existing NH-06, improving traffic flow

Employment & Traffic Impact

Estimated Employment Generation

  • Direct: 74 lakh man-days
  • Indirect: 93 lakh man-days
  • Estimated Traffic (FY-2025): 19,000–20,000 PCUs
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Centre Clears Greenfield NH-6 Corridor Linking Meghalaya and Assam
Project Name Shillong–Silchar Greenfield Corridor (NH-06)
Total Length 166.80 km
States Involved Meghalaya & Assam
Capital Cost ₹22,864 crore
Implementation Mode Hybrid Annuity Mode (HAM)
Major Highways Connected NH-27, NH-106, NH-206, NH-37
Airports Connected Guwahati, Shillong, Silchar
Major Cities Linked Shillong, Silchar, Guwahati
Contribution Central Government

 

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_16.1

What is the Papal Conclave?

Why in the News?

As the Catholic Church prepares for the 2025 Papal Conclave, global attention is focused on the selection of the next Pope. This follows the anticipated resignation or passing of the current Pope, marking the beginning of a sede vacante—a period when the papal seat becomes vacant. The conclave is expected to bring together eligible cardinals from around the world to elect a spiritual leader who will shape the future direction of the Church.

Introduction

The Papal Conclave is the formal process by which the Catholic Church elects a new Pope. It is one of the oldest and most sacred traditions in Christianity. The word conclave means “with a key,” referring to the locked doors behind which cardinals meet in secrecy. The conclave is held in the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City, and only cardinals under the age of 80 are eligible to vote. The process continues until one candidate secures a two-thirds majority.

Key Facts / Summary Table

Topic Details
Name Papal Conclave 2025
Related to Religion / Global Affairs
Location Vatican City
Implemented by Roman Catholic Church
Date Expected in 2025
Special Feature Cardinals under 80 vote in secrecy; election requires a two-thirds majority

The Pope is not just the spiritual leader of over 1.3 billion Catholics, but also a global influencer on social, ethical, and political matters. The new Pope will face challenges such as secularism, Church reforms, abuse scandals, and geopolitical tensions. Therefore, the conclave is significant not just for Catholics, but for the entire world.

Features / Characteristics

What is the Papal Conclave?

  • The Papal Conclave occurs when the papacy becomes vacant due to death or resignation.
  • The process is governed by the document Universi Dominici Gregis (UDG).
  • Eligible cardinals meet in secrecy inside the Sistine Chapel, disconnected from the outside world.
  • Voting is done up to four times per day, and continues until a two-thirds majority is achieved.
  • Once elected, the new Pope is announced to the world by the appearance of white smoke from the Vatican chimney.

What Determines the Papal Conclave?

  1. Conclave Rules:
    The rules laid out in Universi Dominici Gregis ensure cardinals stay isolated. Voting is secret and secure, encouraging compromise and eliminating external interference.

  2. Ideological Divisions Among Cardinals:

  • Reformists: Favor modern reforms, inclusivity, climate advocacy, and social justice. They support Pope Francis’s approach to pastoral openness.
  • Conservatives: Prefer tradition, doctrinal clarity, and moral discipline. They are concerned that too much reform weakens the Church’s core teachings.

   3. Influence and Negotiation:

  • Certain influential cardinals, known as “great electors,” shape the outcome by building alliances and directing consensus.
  • Pre-conclave meetings allow even non-voting cardinals (over 80) to express views and guide the electors.

   4. Global Church Needs: With challenges like declining Church attendance in Europe, growing Catholicism in Africa and Asia, and internal debates on LGBTQ+ rights and women’s roles, the next Pope must balance spiritual leadership with global diplomacy.

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_18.1

Liverpool Crowned 2024–25 Premier League Champions

The 2024–25 Premier League season saw a dominant performance by Liverpool Football Club under the new management of Arne Slot, who replaced legendary manager Jürgen Klopp. Liverpool clinched the title with 82 points from 34 games, leading by 15 points over second-placed Arsenal. The Reds sealed the triumph with a thumping 5-1 win against Tottenham Hotspur, featuring goals from key players like Mohamed Salah, Luis Diaz, and Cody Gakpo, alongside an own goal from Destiny Udogie.

Why in the News?

Liverpool have been crowned Premier League Champions for the 2024–25 season after a stunning 5-1 win over Tottenham Hotspur at Anfield Stadium. With this victory, they have lifted their 20th top-division title, equaling Manchester United’s record in English football.

Match Result

  • Liverpool defeated Tottenham Hotspur 5-1 at Anfield to confirm their championship.

League Title Count

  • This is Liverpool’s 20th English top-division title, tying with Manchester United for most in history.

New Manager Impact

  • Arne Slot, in his first season replacing Jürgen Klopp, matched Klopp’s feat of winning a Premier League title.

2024–25 Season Stats (as of title win) of Liverpool

  • Matches Played: 34
  • Wins: 25
  • Draws: 7
  • Losses: 2
  • Points: 82
  • Lead Over 2nd Place (Arsenal): 15 point

Significance

  • Second Premier League title in the Premier League era (since 1992), both coming in a 5-year span.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Liverpool Crowned 2024–25 Premier League Champions
Champion Club Liverpool FC
Title Number 20 (Ties with Manchester United)
Head Coach Arne Slot (First Season)
Top Scorer Mohamed Salah (28 goals)

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_20.1

Cabinet Hikes Sugarcane Price for 2025–26 Season

In a significant move to safeguard the interests of sugarcane farmers, the Union Cabinet has approved the FRP of ₹355/qtl for the 2025-26 season, which begins from October 1, 2025. This rate is based on a basic recovery rate of 10.25%, with additional premiums and protections built in for both high and low recovery percentages. This decision will directly benefit the agricultural economy and promote stability in the agro-based sugar sector.

Why in the News?

The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has approved the Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) of sugarcane for the sugar season 2025–26 at ₹355 per quintal, benefiting around 5 crore sugarcane farmers and 5 lakh sugar mill workers.

Key Decisions

  • FRP Fixed: ₹355 per quintal for a basic recovery rate of 10.25% for the sugar season 2025–26 (October to September).
  • Incentive Clause: ₹3.46/qtl premium for every 0.1% increase in sugar recovery above 10.25%.
  • Deduction Clause: ₹3.46/qtl reduction for every 0.1% decrease in recovery below 10.25%.
  • Protection for Low Recovery Farmers: No deductions for sugar mills with less than 9.5% recovery rate. Such farmers will receive a minimum of ₹329.05/qtl.
  • Cost of Production: Estimated at ₹173/qtl (A2 + FL), making the new FRP 105.2% higher than production cost.
  • Year-on-Year Hike: The approved FRP is 4.41% higher than the FRP for the sugar season 2024–25.

Beneficiaries

  • Around 5 crore sugarcane farmers and their dependents.
  • Around 5 lakh workers directly employed in sugar mills.
  • Thousands involved in ancillary activities (transportation, labor, etc.)

Implementation Date

  • Effective from 1st October 2025.

Dues Cleared

  • 2023–24: Out of ₹1,11,782 crore, ₹1,11,703 crore (99.92%) paid.
  • 2024–25 (as of April 28, 2025): Out of ₹97,270 crore, ₹85,094 crore (87%) paid.

FRP Determination

  • Based on recommendations by Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) and consultations with State Governments and stakeholders.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Cabinet Hikes Sugarcane Price for 2025–26 Season
Sugar Season 2025–26 (Oct–Sep)
Approved FRP ₹355/qtl @ 10.25% recovery rate
Increase over Production Cost 105.2%
Year-on-Year Increase in FRP 4.41% over 2024–25
Beneficiaries 5 crore farmers + 5 lakh mill workers
Incentive (per 0.1% > 10.25%) ₹3.46/qtl
Deduction (per 0.1% < 10.25%) ₹3.46/qtl
Given By Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP)

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_22.1

Top 10 Wealthiest Families in Asia 2025 Revealed by Bloomberg

Bloomberg has released its much-awaited list of the Top 20 Wealthiest Families in Asia for 2025. Six Indian families feature among Asia’s richest, with the Ambani family topping the chart with a combined wealth of $90.5 billion (₹7.85 lakh crore). This list highlights Asia’s legacy business empires that have evolved through generations, particularly in India where family-run conglomerates dominate the corporate landscape.

Background / Introduction

Asia has long been a hub of powerful business dynasties, and this year’s rankings underscore the regional economic influence of multi-generational families. In India, legacies like Reliance, Birla, and Bajaj are examples of family-owned empires that have diversified and grown globally. Bloomberg’s 2025 list excludes first-generation billionaire entrepreneurs and focuses solely on families that have passed on wealth through at least one generation.

Key Facts / Quick Summary Table

Topic Details
Name Asia’s Richest Families 2025
Related to Economy / Business Families
Location Asia (Focus: India, Thailand, Indonesia, etc.)
Implemented by Bloomberg
Date January 31, 2025
Special Feature India has 6 families in Asia’s top 20 list

Purpose / Role / Significance

The list reflects how wealth has been sustained and expanded across generations. It helps evaluate not just personal fortunes, but the long-term resilience and growth of family-run enterprises. For India, this also serves as a testament to the country’s deep-rooted entrepreneurial culture, economic influence, and the strength of its legacy corporate houses in shaping both domestic and global business landscapes.

Features / Characteristics

Top 10 Richest Families in Asia – 2025

Rank Family Name Company Wealth Location Generations
1 Ambani Reliance Industries $90.5B India 3
2 Chearavanont Charoen Pokphand Group $42.6B Thailand 4
3 Hartono Djarum, Bank Central Asia $42.2B Indonesia 3
4 Mistry Shapoorji Pallonji Group $37.5B India 5
5 Kwok Sun Hung Kai Properties $35.6B Hong Kong 3
6 Tsai Cathay Financial, Fubon Financial $30.9B Taiwan 3
7 Jindal OP Jindal Group $28.1B India 3
8 Yoovidhya TCP Group $25.7B Thailand 2
9 Birla Aditya Birla Group $23.0B India 7
10 Lee Samsung $22.7B South Korea 3
SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_25.1
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