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States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

States and Capitals

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO State Capital CM Governor
1 Andhra Pradesh Amaravati Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu S. Abdul Nazer
2 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Pema Khandu Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3 Assam Dispur Himanta Biswa Sarma Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4 Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar Arif Mohammed Khan
5 Chhattisgarh Raipur Vishnu Deo Sai Ramen Deka
6 Goa Panaji Pramod Sawant P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7 Gujarat Gandhinagar Bhupendra Patel Acharya Dev Vrat
8 Haryana Chandigarh Nayab Singh Saini Bandaru Dattatraya
9 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu Shiv Pratap Shukla
10 Jharkhand Ranchi Hemant Soren Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11 Karnataka Bengaluru Siddaramaiah Thaawarchand Gehlot
12 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Pinarayi Vijayan Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Mohan Yadav Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14 Maharashtra Mumbai Devendra Fadnavis C.P. Radhakrishnan
15 Manipur Imphal N. Biren Singh
Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16 Meghalaya Shillong Conrad Kongkal Sangma
C H Vijayashankar
17 Mizoram Aizawl Lalduhoma General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18 Nagaland Kohima Neiphiu Rio
La. Ganesan
19 Odisha Bhubaneswar Mohan Charan Majhi
Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20 Punjab Chandigarh Bhagwant Singh Mann Gulab Chand Kataria
21 Rajasthan Jaipur Bhajan Lal Sharma Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22 Sikkim Gangtok PS Golay Om Prakash Mathur
23 Tamil Nadu Chennai M. K. Stalin R. N. Ravi
24 Telangana Hyderabad Anumula Revanth Reddy Jishnu Dev Varma
25 Tripura Agartala Dr. Manik Saha Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Yogi Aditya Nath Anandiben Patel
27 Uttarakhand Dehradun Pushkar Singh Dhami Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28 West Bengal Kolkata Mamata Banerjee Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO Union Territories Capital CM Lt. Governor
1 Andaman and Nicobar Island Port Blair NA D K Joshi
2 Chandigarh Chandigarh NA Banwarilal Purohit
3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Daman NA Praful Patel
4 Delhi Delhi Rekha Gupta Vinai Kumar Saxena
5 Ladakh NA NA B. D. Mishra
6 Lakshadweep Kavaratti NA Praful Patel
7 Jammu and Kashmir NA Omar Abdullah Manoj Sinha
8 Puducherry Pondicherry N. Rangaswamy C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference States Union Territories
Head of Administration Governor Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type Elected by the People Managed by the central government
Powers Shares power with the central government. Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No. States Language
1 Andhra Pradesh Telugu and Urdu
2 Arunachal Pradesh Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3 Assam Assamese
4 Bihar Hindi
5 Chhattisgarh Hindi
6 Goa Marathi Konkani
7 Gujarat Gujarati
8 Haryana Hindi
9 Himachal Pradesh Hindi and Pahari
10 Jharkhand Hindi
11 Karnataka Kannada
12 Kerala Malayalam
13 Madhya Pradesh Hindi
14 Maharashtra Marathi
15 Manipur Manipuri
16 Meghalaya Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17 Mizoram Mizo and English
18 Nagaland Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19 Odisha Oriya
20 Punjab Punjabi
21 Rajasthan Rajasthani and Hindi
22 Sikkim Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23 Tamil Nadu Tamil
24 Telangana Telugu
25 Tripura Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26 Uttar Pradesh Hindi
27 Uttarakhand Hindi
28 West Bengal Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

  • Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
  • Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
  • Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
  • Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
  • Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
  • Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
  • Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
  • Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

RS-28 Sarmat vs Minuteman III: The Ultimate ICBM Face-off

The global balance of power rests, in part, on the shoulders of strategic deterrents like intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). Among the most well-known ICBMs in the world are the Russian RS-28 Sarmat and the American LGM-30G Minuteman III. These two missiles represent the pinnacle of their respective countries’ nuclear triads and embody decades of military innovation, geopolitics, and deterrence theory.

This article provides a comprehensive comparison between the RS-28 Sarmat, also known as Satan II, and the Minuteman III, analyzing their technical specs, strike capabilities, deployment, and strategic significance.

Overview: Titans of Nuclear Strategy

RS-28 Sarmat (Russia)

The RS-28 Sarmat is a fifth-generation heavy ICBM developed by Russia to replace the aging R-36M2 Voyevoda (NATO reporting name: SS-18 Satan). It is part of Russia’s effort to modernize its nuclear arsenal and counter U.S. missile defense systems.

Minuteman III (USA)

The LGM-30G Minuteman III, introduced in the 1970s, is the only land-based ICBM currently in service with the United States. Though older than Sarmat, the Minuteman III has undergone multiple life extension programs and continues to play a crucial role in the U.S. nuclear posture.

Technical Specifications: Power vs Precision

Feature RS-28 Sarmat Minuteman III
Country Russia United States
Entered Service Expected full deployment by 2025–2026 1970 (with upgrades)
Launch Platform Silo-based Silo-based
Length ~35.5 meters ~18.2 meters
Weight Over 200 tons 36.3 tons
Payload Capacity Up to 10 heavy or 15 light MIRVs + decoys 1 warhead (upgraded from 3 MIRVs)
Range 18,000 km+ ~13,000 km
Speed ~7 Mach (terminal speed) ~24,000 km/h (~20 Mach)
Guidance System Inertial + GLONASS Inertial + GPS
Accuracy (CEP) ~150–200 meters ~90 meters
Warhead Type Thermonuclear Thermonuclear

Payload and Strike Capabilities

RS-28 Sarmat: Multi-MIRV Supremacy

The Sarmat is designed for massive destructive power, capable of carrying multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs) — up to 15 lighter ones or 10 heavy warheads. It can also carry hypersonic glide vehicles (HGVs) like Avangard, making it highly unpredictable and nearly impossible to intercept.

Furthermore, it includes decoys, penetration aids, and the ability to launch on non-polar trajectories, bypassing traditional missile defense systems by attacking from unconventional directions (e.g., via the South Pole).

Minuteman III: Precision and Reliability

Though it carries only a single warhead today (due to arms control treaties like New START), the Minuteman III remains extremely accurate, with a circular error probable (CEP) of under 100 meters. Its lighter payload enhances speed and makes it ideal for high-priority, first-strike or counterforce missions.

The U.S. has also maintained its effectiveness through constant modernization of propulsion, targeting, and guidance systems.

Modernization and Upgrades

RS-28 Sarmat

Russia claims the Sarmat will remain in service for decades, designed with the latest counter-defense technologies, including:

  • Hypersonic gliders

  • Hardened silos

  • Shorter boost phase (reduces intercept vulnerability)

It represents Russia’s strategic response to U.S. advancements in missile defense and space-based tracking.

Minuteman III

Despite being over 50 years old, the Minuteman III is still operational due to:

  • Guidance replacement programs
  • Flight control modernization
  • Propulsion system upgrades

However, the U.S. is preparing to replace Minuteman III with the Sentinel (GBSD) missile system starting in the 2030s, which will bring more stealth and flexibility.

Strategic Roles in Nuclear Doctrine

RS-28 Sarmat

  • Core of Russia’s land-based nuclear deterrent
  • Capable of devastating large geographic areas
  • Used in countervalue targeting (cities, infrastructure)
  • Designed to penetrate and overwhelm missile defenses

Minuteman III

  • Part of the U.S. nuclear triad (alongside bombers and submarines)
  • Primarily serves deterrence and second-strike roles
  • Ideal for high-value, precision strikes
  • Demonstrates U.S. commitment to rapid-response capability

Operation Olivia: A Marine Conservation Success by the Indian Coast Guard

In a major boost to marine conservation, the Indian Coast Guard (ICG), through its annual mission Operation Olivia, has successfully protected nearly 6.98 lakh Olive Ridley turtles that nested at the Rushikulya river mouth in Odisha in February 2025. The operation underscores India’s commitment to preserving marine biodiversity by ensuring safe nesting habitats for this vulnerable species during its annual breeding season.

Why in News?

The Indian Coast Guard announced on May 19, 2025, that its initiative Operation Olivia had recorded the protection of 6.98 lakh Olive Ridley turtles during the nesting season at the Rushikulya river mouth in Odisha. This marks a record achievement in marine conservation under the initiative.

Aim and Objective

  • Primary Goal: To ensure safe nesting of Olive Ridley turtles by minimizing threats such as illegal fishing and habitat destruction.
  • Promote community participation, NGO collaboration, and the use of sustainable fishing tools like Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs).

Background and Implementation

  • Launched in the early 1980s, Operation Olivia is conducted annually from November to May.
  • Focuses on nesting beaches in Gahirmatha, Rushikulya river mouth, and other coastal Odisha regions—key breeding grounds for the Olive Ridley turtle.

Key Achievements in 2025 Season

  • Protected 6.98 lakh Olive Ridley turtles at Rushikulya river mouth in February 2025.
  • Over 5,387 surface patrol sorties and 1,768 aerial surveillance missions conducted since inception.
  • Detained 366 boats involved in illegal fishing activities.
  • Established MoUs with NGOs for conservation and education programs.

Community and Tech Initiatives

  • Promoted Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) among local fishermen.
  • Supported sustainable practices and raised awareness through community engagement.
  • Collaborated with states like Karnataka to begin geo-tagging turtles to monitor movement.

Significance

  • Enhances India’s commitment under Convention on Migratory Species and Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).
  • Reinforces sustainable development goals (SDG 14 – Life Below Water).
  • Demonstrates successful multi-agency collaboration for biodiversity conservation.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Operation Olivia: A Marine Conservation Success by the Indian Coast Guard
Operation Name Operation Olivia
Conducting Agency Indian Coast Guard (ICG)
Timeline November to May (annually)
Achievement in 2025 Protected 6.98 lakh Olive Ridley turtles
Key Locations Gahirmatha beach, Rushikulya river mouth, Odisha
Patrols Conducted Since Launch 5,387 surface sorties; 1,768 aerial sorties
Illegal Boats Detained 366
Key Collaborations NGOs, Local communities, MoUs, TED promotion

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_6.1

GeM Celebrates 8th Anniversary with Inclusive Procurement Milestones

The Government e-Marketplace (GeM), India’s flagship public procurement platform, celebrated its 8th Incorporation Day on May 19, 2025, by highlighting its inclusive impact on the digital economy. The platform has empowered over 10 lakh micro and small enterprises (MSEs), integrated 1.84 lakh women entrepreneurs, and enabled key national procurements. Marking a new digital milestone, GeM also launched India’s first generative AI chatbot for public services.

Why in News?

GeM marked its 8th Incorporation Day on May 19, 2025, showcasing its achievements in inclusive procurement, launch of a GenAI chatbot, and continued efforts in supporting MSMEs, women entrepreneurs, and artisans. The celebration underscores the platform’s evolution as a transparent, technology-driven procurement ecosystem for India.

  • Background & Purpose of GeM
  • Launched in 2016, GeM is India’s national public procurement portal, facilitating end-to-end procurement by government entities.
  • It was established to promote transparency, efficiency, and inclusiveness in public procurement.

Key Milestones and Achievements

  • Over 10 lakh MSEs onboarded.
  • 1.3 lakh artisans and weavers empowered.
  • 1.84 lakh women entrepreneurs integrated.
  • 31,000 startups active on the platform.
  • 97% of transactions are now free of transaction charges.
  • Fee reductions from ₹72.5 lakh to ₹3 lakh for high-value orders.
  • Caution money cut by 60% for sellers with turnover under ₹1 crore.

Major Transactions on GeM

  • ₹5,000 crore for Akash Missile System equipment.
  • ₹5,085 crore in vaccine procurement.
  • Support for drone-as-a-service, chartered flight leasing, and CT scanners for hospitals.

GeMAI – India’s First GenAI Chatbot

  • GeM introduced GeMAI, a generative AI-powered chatbot, the first in India’s public sector.
  • It supports voice and text in 10 Indian languages for enhanced user support.

National Adoption & Integration

  • Adopted by all 36 States/UTs.
  • Mandatory usage in 8 states including Gujarat, Maharashtra, Assam, etc.
  • IFMS integration completed in Delhi, West Bengal, Kerala, etc.

Global Recognition & Cost Efficiency

  • Recognized by World Bank and featured in the Economic Survey.
  • Government procurement on GeM yields 10% average savings.

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_8.1

70 Firms Apply Under ₹23,000 Crore Electronics Component Manufacturing Scheme

In a significant move to strengthen India’s electronics manufacturing ecosystem, the central government has received 70 applications under its ₹23,000-crore Electronics Component Manufacturing Scheme (ECMS) within just 15 days of launch. Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw noted that a majority of the applicants are small and medium enterprises (SMEs), reflecting strong grassroots industrial interest in reducing the country’s reliance on electronic imports.

Why in News?

The ECMS, launched on May 1, 2025, aims to reduce India’s heavy dependence on electronic component imports by promoting domestic manufacturing. The scheme’s quick traction, with 70 applications received, indicates significant interest, particularly from SMEs (80%). Large players like Tata Electronics, Dixon Technologies, and Foxconn have reportedly also shown interest.

Objective of the ECMS

  • To address the growing demand-supply deficit in the electronic component segment.
  • To boost self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat) in critical electronics manufacturing.
  • To reduce import dependency and build a strong domestic supply chain.

Key Features of the Scheme

  • Total Outlay: ₹22,805 crore.
  • Launch Date: May 1, 2025.
  • Application Window: Received 70 proposals in the first 15 days.
  • SME Participation: 80% of applicants are Small and Medium Enterprises.

Background

  • India’s electronic production is projected to reach $500 billion by 2030.
  • As per Elcina, the import-driven demand-supply deficit may hit $248 billion by 2030 without policy intervention.
  • This scheme is part of India’s larger Make in India and Digital India initiatives to build a robust electronics manufacturing hub.

Classification of Products

  • Category A: Display modules, camera module sub-assemblies.
  • Category B: Non-surface mount devices, bare PCBs, lithium-ion cells, IT hardware parts.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? 70 Firms Apply Under ₹23,000 Crore Electronics Component Manufacturing Scheme
Scheme Name Electronics Component Manufacturing Scheme (ECMS)
Launched May 1, 2025
Total Applications Received 70
Share of SMEs 80%
Total Outlay ₹22,805 crore
Objective Reduce import dependence & promote domestic electronic manufacturing
Key Participants Tata Electronics, Dixon Technologies, Foxconn (reported interest)
Administered By Ministry of Electronics & IT

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_10.1

Which District of Uttar Pradesh is Known as the Cotton City?

Uttar Pradesh is one of the largest state in India, known for its rich agriculture and diverse crops. Many districts in the state are famous for producing different types of crops like wheat, rice, sugarcane and cotton. Among them, one special district is widely known for its cotton farming and related industries. Because of its large cotton production, it has earned a special nickname related to cotton.

An Overview of Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh is a big state in northern India. It has the highest population in the country with over 241 million people. It shares borders with many Indian states and even Nepal. The capital of Uttar Pradesh is Lucknow and Prayagraj is its judicial capital. The state has 75 districts and is the fourth-largest in India by area, covering 243,286 square kilometers.

Number of Districts of Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh has a total of 75 districts. These districts are grouped into 18 divisions to help with better administration. It is also the most populated state in India.

Cotton City in Uttar Pradesh

Kanpur is known as the Cotton City of Uttar Pradesh. It got this name because many cotton textile mills were set up here during the British rule. Kanpur was a major center for cotton cloth production and trade. Its rich textile history also earned it the title ”Manchester of India” in the past.

Why is Kanpur Known as the Cotton City?

Kanpur is called the Cotton City of Uttar Pradesh because it had many cotton textile mills, especially during British rule. The first mill, Elgin Mills, started in 1862, followed by Muir Mill in 1882. These mills made Kanpur a big center for cotton cloth production. It became famous for its cotton trade and was also called the ”Manchester of India.” This name showed how important Kanpur was in India’s textile industry before independence.

An Overview of Kanpur

Kanpur is a big industrial city in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located on the south bank of the Ganga River. The city is known for its leather and textile industries. In the past, it was called the ”Manchester of Asia” because of its strong textile production. Today, Kanpur is also a major commercial hub and an important center for trade and industries.

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_12.1

India Eliminates Trachoma as Public Health Problem, Recognised by WHO

In a significant global health achievement, India was awarded the Certificate of Elimination of Trachoma as a Public Health Problem by the World Health Organisation (WHO) at the 78th World Health Assembly (WHA) in Geneva. This milestone reflects India’s focused healthcare strategies, robust disease control programs, and long-standing commitment to eliminating neglected tropical diseases (NTDs).

Why in News?

India has officially received recognition from the World Health Organisation for successfully eliminating trachoma, a leading cause of preventable blindness. The announcement was made on May 19, 2025, during the inauguration of the 78th World Health Assembly. This recognition validates India’s sustained efforts in public health and its broader commitment to global health cooperation.

What is Trachoma?

  • Trachoma is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis.
  • It is a leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide, especially in areas with poor sanitation.
  • It spreads through contact with eye or nasal discharge of infected individuals, or through flies.

Key Highlights of the Announcement

  • WHO Director-General Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus presented the certificate.
  • India’s Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) led the disease elimination efforts.
  • The Indian delegation at WHA is headed by Punya Salila Srivastava, Secretary, MoHFW.

About the 78th World Health Assembly

  • Held from May 19 to 27, 2025 in Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Theme: “One World for Health”.

Key sessions include,

  • Pandemic Agreement negotiations
  • Programme Budget 2026–2027 discussions
  • Public Health Awards presentation (May 23)
  • Ministerial Roundtable on Sustainable Financing (May 21)
  • Teodoro Javier Herbosa of the Philippines elected as WHA President.

India’s Measures to Eliminate Trachoma

  • Mass drug administration campaigns.
  • Promotion of facial cleanliness and environmental improvement (SAFE strategy).
  • Strong inter-ministerial coordination.
  • Community awareness and hygiene campaigns in vulnerable regions.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? India Eliminates Trachoma as Public Health Problem, Recognised by WHO
Recognising Body World Health Organisation (WHO)
Achievement India eliminates Trachoma as a public health problem
Event 78th World Health Assembly, Geneva
Indian Delegation Lead Punya Salila Srivastava, Secretary, MoHFW
Significance Recognition of India’s strong public health initiatives and global role

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_14.1

Om Birla Launches Assistive Device Initiative for Persons with Disabilities

Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla inaugurated the Pradhan Mantri Divyasha Kendra (PMDK) in Kota, Rajasthan, on May 20, 2025, marking a major milestone in India’s efforts to empower the differently abled. The event witnessed the distribution of assistive devices to persons with disabilities, sparking heartfelt reactions from the beneficiaries whose lives have been significantly transformed.

Why in News?

The inauguration of the PM Divyasha Kendra in Kota by Om Birla has drawn national attention due to its direct impact on inclusive development and social empowerment. As part of the government’s vision to make India more accessible and equitable, this centre contributes toward the goal of setting up 100 such centres by June 2025, and focuses on independence, mobility, and employment for persons with disabilities (PwDs).

Objectives and Aims of PMDK

  • To enhance the mobility, dignity, and independence of persons with disabilities.
  • To distribute high-quality assistive devices such as electric scooters, prosthetics, orthotics, and Braille appliances.
  • To promote skill development through vocational training.
  • To reduce dependency on others by enabling self-reliant living.

Key Highlights from the Event

  • Om Birla distributed assistive devices to multiple beneficiaries.
  • Emotional testimonies were shared by recipients expressing renewed hope and independence.
  • Devices included electric scooters, prosthetic limbs, mobility aids, etc.

Role of ALIMCO

  • The Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India (ALIMCO) is a public sector enterprise under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
  • ALIMCO is the nodal agency responsible for manufacturing and distributing assistive devices across India.

PMDK in Kota – Special Focus

  • Specializes in support for visually impaired individuals.
  • Offers rehabilitation, skill training, and technology-based assistance.
  • Emphasizes employment generation and entrepreneurship for PwDs.

Static Facts

  • Current operational PMDKs: 45
  • Target by June 2025: 100 centres
  • Ministry involved: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment

Significance

  • Encourages inclusive development.
  • Strengthens India’s position on UN SDG Goal 10 (Reduced Inequalities).
  • Supports the Accessible India Campaign (Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan).
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Om Birla Launches Assistive Device Initiative for Persons with Disabilities
Event Inauguration of Pradhan Mantri Divyasha Kendra (PMDK)
Location Kota, Rajasthan
Inaugurated By Om Birla, Lok Sabha Speaker
Nodal Agency ALIMCO (Under Ministry of Social Justice)
Services Provided Assistive devices, skill training, rehabilitation
Number of PMDKs (as of now) 45 operational centres

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_16.1

What is COVID JN.1 Variant: Symptoms, Origin, and Characteristics

As the world adapts to life after the initial COVID-19 pandemic, new variants continue to emerge, challenging public health strategies and population immunity. Among the most recent and widely discussed is the JN.1 variant, a descendant of the Omicron family. This variant has been linked to a resurgence of cases across Asia, especially in countries like Singapore, Hong Kong, China, and Thailand. But what exactly is the COVID JN.1 variant, and how does it differ from its predecessors?

Origin of the JN.1 Variant

Omicron Lineage and Evolution

The JN.1 variant is a sub-lineage of the Omicron BA.2.86 variant, also known informally as ‘Pirola’. It was first identified in August 2023 and later classified as a Variant of Interest (VOI) by the World Health Organization (WHO) in December 2023.

What makes JN.1 notable is its high number of mutations — especially in the spike protein, the part of the virus that binds to human cells. With around 30 spike protein mutations, JN.1 was engineered by natural evolution to escape existing immunity, including that provided by vaccines or prior infections.

Geographic Spread and Impact

Initially detected in Europe and the United States, JN.1 has now been reported in Asia, where it is driving a new wave of infections. Countries like Singapore and China are seeing rapid increases in case numbers, largely attributed to JN.1 and its descendants, including LF.7 and NB.1.8, which collectively account for over two-thirds of recent cases in some areas.

Key Characteristics of the JN.1 Variant

Immune Evasion Capabilities

One of the defining traits of the JN.1 variant is its ability to evade immune responses. According to researchers at Johns Hopkins University, JN.1 has acquired additional mutations that allow it to spread more efficiently while retaining its immune escape capabilities.

Experts at Yale Medicine noted a key mutation in the spike protein that may offer extra resistance to neutralizing antibodies, even though the full impact of this mutation is still being studied. This means that people who were previously vaccinated or infected may still be susceptible to JN.1.

Increased Transmissibility

Compared to its parent BA.2.86, JN.1 is believed to be more transmissible. This has allowed it to spread rapidly in densely populated regions, especially those where population immunity has waned due to the passage of time since the last major wave or vaccination drive.

Unusual Seasonal Activity

Health experts have also pointed out that JN.1 is spreading during the summer months — a time when respiratory viruses typically recede. This unusual trend indicates that environmental factors may no longer significantly inhibit COVID-19 transmission, especially with evolving variants like JN.1.

Symptoms of the JN.1 Variant

The symptoms associated with the JN.1 variant are largely similar to those seen with previous Omicron sub-variants, though some patients report greater fatigue or longer recovery periods.

Common Symptoms Include:

  • Sore throat
  • Runny or stuffy nose
  • Fever or chills
  • Dry cough
  • Fatigue or body aches
  • Headache
  • Loss of taste or smell
  • Mild shortness of breath

While most cases remain mild and manageable at home, people with underlying conditions, the elderly, or those with weakened immunity may face more complications and should seek medical attention if symptoms worsen.

Why JN.1 Matters: Public Health Implications

Waning Immunity is a Key Risk Factor

One of the primary concerns surrounding the JN.1 variant is its potential to exploit waning immunity. Many people across the world received their COVID-19 vaccines in 2021 or 2022, and over time, antibody levels have declined. According to Dr. Vikas Maurya, a pulmonologist at Fortis Shalimar Bagh, countries like India may see a similar spike if immunity levels are not boosted.

Endemic Yet Active

Dr. Sandeep Budhiraja, Group Medical Director at Max Healthcare, emphasized that COVID-19 has never fully disappeared. “It has remained endemic, capable of causing localized or regional outbreaks,” he stated. JN.1 is a reminder that vigilance is still required, even though the global emergency phase of the pandemic is over.

Top 10 Military Helicopters in the World: Specs and Combat Roles

Military helicopters play a crucial role in modern warfare, offering mobility, firepower, and reconnaissance capabilities. From attack helicopters that dominate the battlefield to transport helicopters that deliver troops and supplies, each model is engineered with specialized roles. Below is an in-depth look at the top 10 military helicopters in the world today, analyzing their technical specifications and combat applications.

Top 10 Military Helicopters in the World

S.no Helicopter Country of Origin Max Speed (km/h) Range (km) Crew Primary Roles
1 AH-64E Apache Guardian USA 293 476 2 Attack, CAS, Anti-armor
2 Mil Mi-28NM Havoc Russia 300 435 2 Attack, Anti-armor, Urban Combat
3 Kamov Ka-52 Alligator Russia 300 460 2 Attack, Reconnaissance, Anti-tank
4 UH-60M Black Hawk USA 295 592 4 Utility, Transport, Medevac
5 Eurocopter Tiger Germany/France 315 800 2 Attack, Recon, Escort
6 AH-1Z Viper USA 370 610 2 Attack, CAS, Escort
7 AW101 Merlin Italy/UK 309 1390 3–4 ASW, Transport, Search and Rescue (SAR)
8 CH-47F Chinook USA 302 741 3 Heavy-lift, Transport, Medevac
9 NHIndustries NH90 Europe (Consortium) 300 800 2–3 Transport, ASW, SAR
10 HAL Prachand (LCH) India 268 550 2 Attack, High-altitude Warfare

1. Boeing AH-64E Apache Guardian – The Battlefield Dominator

Overview

The AH-64E Apache Guardian is an advanced multi-role attack helicopter developed by Boeing. It is the latest and most lethal version of the Apache series, featuring upgraded sensors and avionics.

Key Specifications

  • Maximum Speed: 293 km/h (182 mph)
  • Range: 476 km (295 miles)
  • Crew: 2 (pilot and co-pilot/gunner)
  • Armament: 30mm M230 chain gun, Hellfire missiles, Hydra 70 rockets

Combat Role

Designed for close air support (CAS) and anti-armor operations, the Apache Guardian can operate in day/night and all-weather conditions. Its Longbow radar enables target acquisition through foliage and in adverse weather, making it lethal in both offensive and defensive roles.

2. Mil Mi-28NM Havoc – Russia’s Flying Tank

Overview

The Mi-28NM, a modernized variant of the Mi-28N, is Russia’s premier all-weather, day-night attack helicopter, built for high survivability and firepower.

Key Specifications

  • Maximum Speed: 300 km/h (186 mph)
  • Range: 435 km (270 miles)
  • Crew: 2 (pilot and weapons officer)
  • Armament: 30mm Shipunov 2A42 cannon, Ataka anti-tank missiles, rockets

Combat Role

This helicopter is tailored for anti-armor, air-to-air combat, and urban warfare. Enhanced with helmet-mounted displays and modern avionics, it is capable of engaging multiple targets simultaneously and surviving heavy ground fire.

3. Kamov Ka-52 Alligator – The Russian Twin-Seat Gunship

Overview

The Ka-52 Alligator is a twin-seat attack helicopter with a unique coaxial rotor system that provides superior agility and survivability.

Key Specifications

  • Maximum Speed: 300 km/h (186 mph)
  • Range: 460 km (286 miles)
  • Crew: 2
  • Armament: 30mm cannon, Vikhr or Ataka missiles, rocket pods

Combat Role

Its role in reconnaissance, anti-tank, and command capabilities makes the Ka-52 stand out. The coaxial rotor design eliminates the need for a tail rotor, improving maneuverability and safety.

4. Sikorsky UH-60M Black Hawk – The Global Workhorse

Overview

The UH-60M Black Hawk, developed by Sikorsky, is the latest iteration of one of the most versatile and widely used utility helicopters in the world.

Key Specifications

  • Maximum Speed: 295 km/h (183 mph)
  • Range: 592 km (368 miles)
  • Crew: 4 (2 pilots, 2 crew chiefs)
  • Capacity: 11 troops or equivalent cargo

Combat Role

Used for troop transport, medevac, cargo delivery, and even special ops, the UH-60M features digital avionics, crash-worthy seating, and advanced navigation systems, enhancing survivability and mission effectiveness.

5. Eurocopter Tiger (Airbus Helicopters) – Europe’s Multi-role Marvel

Overview

The Eurocopter Tiger, developed jointly by Germany and France, is a twin-engine attack helicopter known for its agility and modularity.

Key Specifications

  • Maximum Speed: 315 km/h (196 mph)
  • Range: 800 km (497 miles)
  • Crew: 2
  • Armament: 30mm cannon, Mistral missiles, HOT or Spike anti-tank missiles

Combat Role

Designed for anti-tank, escort, and armed reconnaissance, the Tiger is equipped with stealth features, composite materials, and infrared suppressors, making it effective in modern network-centric warfare.

6. Bell AH-1Z Viper – Marine Corps’ Precision Weapon

Overview

The AH-1Z Viper, an evolution of the AH-1 Cobra, is an advanced twin-engine attack helicopter tailored for the U.S. Marine Corps.

Key Specifications

  • Maximum Speed: 370 km/h (230 mph)
  • Range: 610 km (379 miles)
  • Crew: 2
  • Armament: 20mm M197 cannon, Hellfire missiles, Sidewinder missiles, rockets

Combat Role

With its integrated avionics, targeting systems, and maritime suitability, the Viper serves in close air support, armed escort, and anti-surface warfare missions.

7. Leonardo AW101 Merlin – The Naval Multi-role Giant

Overview

The AW101 Merlin, developed by Leonardo (formerly AgustaWestland), is a medium-lift multi-role helicopter designed for both land and naval operations.

Key Specifications

  • Maximum Speed: 309 km/h (192 mph)
  • Range: 1,390 km (864 miles)
  • Crew: 3–4 + troops or mission specialists
  • Capacity: Up to 38 troops or equivalent cargo

Combat Role

Used for ASW (Anti-Submarine Warfare), SAR (Search and Rescue), and troop transport, the AW101 is equipped with dipping sonar, sonobuoys, torpedoes, and defensive aids to counter maritime threats.

8. CH-47F Chinook – Heavy Lift Legend

Overview

The CH-47F Chinook, manufactured by Boeing, is a twin-rotor heavy-lift helicopter known for its versatility and high payload capacity.

Key Specifications

  • Maximum Speed: 302 km/h (188 mph)
  • Range: 741 km (460 miles)
  • Crew: 3
  • Payload: Over 10,000 kg (22,000 lbs)

Combat Role

Primarily used for troop movement, artillery placement, and battlefield resupply, the Chinook can also be outfitted for medevac and disaster relief, making it indispensable to many armed forces.

9. NHIndustries NH90 – NATO’s Versatile Warrior

Overview

The NH90, a European collaborative program, is a medium-lift military helicopter tailored for both naval and land-based operations.

Key Specifications

  • Maximum Speed: 300 km/h (186 mph)
  • Range: 800 km (497 miles)
  • Crew: 2–3
  • Capacity: 20 troops or equivalent cargo

Combat Role

Its modular design supports troop transport, medevac, SAR, and ASW missions. With fly-by-wire systems, reduced radar signature, and composite airframe, the NH90 is a modern choice for NATO-aligned forces.

10. HAL Prachand (Light Combat Helicopter) – India’s Indigenous Strike Force

Overview

The HAL Prachand, developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, is India’s first indigenously designed and developed attack helicopter, tailored for high-altitude warfare.

Key Specifications

  • Maximum Speed: 268 km/h (167 mph)
  • Range: 550 km (342 miles)
  • Crew: 2
  • Armament: 20mm cannon, anti-tank guided missiles, rockets

Combat Role

Specifically built for operations in high-altitude regions like Ladakh, Prachand supports anti-infantry, anti-tank, and air-to-air missions. Its stealth profile, advanced targeting, and Indian-origin systems make it a symbol of defense autonomy.

Iron Dome vs NASAMS: Which Air Defense System is More Effective?

Modern warfare increasingly relies on air-based threats, from drones and cruise missiles to rockets and aircraft. As a result, robust air defense systems are critical to national security. Among the most prominent today are Israel’s Iron Dome and the U.S.-Norwegian NASAMS (National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System).

Although both systems serve the purpose of intercepting aerial threats, their design, range, and operational use differ significantly. This article provides an in-depth comparison to determine which is more effective, depending on the context.

Overview of Iron Dome

Iron Dome is a short-range, mobile air defense system developed by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems in Israel. Designed primarily to counter rockets, artillery, and mortars (RAM threats), it has become one of the most battle-tested systems in the world.

Key Features:

  • Range: Up to 70 kilometers
  • Interception Altitude: Low to medium
  • Interceptor Missile: Tamir
  • Radar: EL/M-2084 Multi-Mission Radar
  • Deployment: Operational in Israel and exported to countries including the United States
  • Operational Record: Over 90 percent success rate in real-world engagements

Iron Dome excels in urban and densely populated areas by determining which incoming threats will cause damage and only intercepting those, making it cost-effective and precise.

Limitations:

Iron Dome is less effective against high-speed aircraft, cruise missiles, or ballistic missile threats due to its shorter range and specialization in intercepting smaller, low-altitude projectiles.

Overview of NASAMS

NASAMS, developed by Raytheon (United States) and Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace (Norway), is a medium-range surface-to-air missile system. Unlike Iron Dome, it is designed to counter aircraft, drones, cruise missiles, and precision munitions.

Key Features:

  • Range: 25 to 40 kilometers (depending on the missile used)
  • Interception Altitude: Medium to high
  • Interceptor Missiles: AIM-120 AMRAAM, AIM-9X (in advanced versions)
  • Radar: AN/MPQ-64 Sentinel or other integrated sensors
  • Deployment: Widely used by NATO countries including the United States, Norway, Ukraine, and more
  • Integration: Compatible with other systems like Patriot, THAAD, and Aegis for layered defense

NASAMS is ideal for defending wide geographic areas, military installations, or urban centers under threat from a variety of aerial targets.

Limitations:

NASAMS is not designed for high-volume rocket or mortar barrages. It also requires a larger deployment infrastructure than Iron Dome.

Key Differences: Iron Dome vs NASAMS

The following table summarizes the major differences between Iron Dome and NASAMS.

Feature Iron Dome NASAMS
Country of Origin Israel United States and Norway
Primary Mission Intercept rockets, mortars, artillery Defend against aircraft, drones, cruise missiles
Effective Range Up to 70 kilometers 25 to 40 kilometers
Interceptor Missile Tamir AIM-120 AMRAAM, AIM-9X
Radar System EL/M-2084 AN/MPQ-64 Sentinel or equivalent
Target Altitude Low to medium Medium to high
Operational Focus Tactical point defense Strategic area defense
Deployment Footprint Highly mobile, compact Larger, more infrastructure-intensive
Notable Use Israel, U.S. Army (limited use) NATO, U.S., Ukraine, and allied countries
Best Against Short-range projectiles, drone swarms Advanced aerial threats, cruise missiles

Effectiveness in Different Scenarios

Iron Dome is best suited for:

  • Urban or civilian areas under threat from rockets and mortars
  • Conflicts involving non-state actors using short-range projectiles
  • Fast-reaction scenarios with frequent incoming barrages

NASAMS is best suited for:

  • Homeland defense against manned and unmanned aircraft
  • Protection of military bases and strategic infrastructure
  • Integration with broader, layered air defense networks

Global Deployments

  • Iron Dome is in active use by Israel and has been acquired by the United States Army. It has also been evaluated or requested by several other countries, including Ukraine.
  • NASAMS is widely used across NATO, including by Norway, the United States, Finland, Spain, the Netherlands, Australia, and Ukraine. It is also deployed around Washington, D.C. as part of national defense.
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