States and Capitals

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States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO	State	Capital	CM	Governor
1	Andhra Pradesh	Amaravati	Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu	S. Abdul Nazer
2	Arunachal Pradesh	Itanagar	Pema Khandu	Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3	Assam	Dispur	Himanta Biswa Sarma	Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4	Bihar	Patna	Nitish Kumar	Arif Mohammed Khan
5	Chhattisgarh	Raipur	Vishnu Deo Sai	Ramen Deka
6	Goa	Panaji	Pramod Sawant	P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7	Gujarat	Gandhinagar	Bhupendra Patel	Acharya Dev Vrat
8	Haryana	Chandigarh	Nayab Singh Saini	Bandaru Dattatraya
9	Himachal Pradesh	Shimla	Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu	Shiv Pratap Shukla
10	Jharkhand	Ranchi	Hemant Soren	Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11	Karnataka	Bengaluru	Siddaramaiah	Thaawarchand Gehlot
12	Kerala	Thiruvananthapuram	Pinarayi Vijayan	Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13	Madhya Pradesh	Bhopal	Mohan Yadav	Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14	Maharashtra	Mumbai	Devendra Fadnavis	C.P. Radhakrishnan
15	Manipur	Imphal	N. Biren Singh	Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16	Meghalaya	Shillong	Conrad Kongkal Sangma	C H Vijayashankar
17	Mizoram	Aizawl	Lalduhoma	General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18	Nagaland	Kohima	Neiphiu Rio	La. Ganesan
19	Odisha	Bhubaneswar	Mohan Charan Majhi	Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20	Punjab	Chandigarh	Bhagwant Singh Mann	Gulab Chand Kataria
21	Rajasthan	Jaipur	Bhajan Lal Sharma	Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22	Sikkim	Gangtok	PS Golay	Om Prakash Mathur
23	Tamil Nadu	Chennai	M. K. Stalin	R. N. Ravi
24	Telangana	Hyderabad	Anumula Revanth Reddy	Jishnu Dev Varma
25	Tripura	Agartala	Dr. Manik Saha	Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26	Uttar Pradesh	Lucknow	Yogi Aditya Nath	Anandiben Patel
27	Uttarakhand	Dehradun	Pushkar Singh Dhami	Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28	West Bengal	Kolkata	Mamata Banerjee	Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO	Union Territories	Capital	CM	Lt. Governor
1	Andaman and Nicobar Island	Port Blair	NA	D K Joshi
2	Chandigarh	Chandigarh	NA	Banwarilal Purohit
3	Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu	Daman	NA	Praful Patel
4	Delhi	Delhi	Rekha Gupta	Vinai Kumar Saxena
5	Ladakh	NA	NA	B. D. Mishra
6	Lakshadweep	Kavaratti	NA	Praful Patel
7	Jammu and Kashmir	NA	Omar Abdullah	Manoj Sinha
8	Puducherry	Pondicherry	N. Rangaswamy	C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference	States	Union Territories
Head of Administration	Governor	Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type	Elected by the People	Managed by the central government
Powers	Shares power with the central government.	Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No.	States	Language
1	Andhra Pradesh	Telugu and Urdu
2	Arunachal Pradesh	Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3	Assam	Assamese
4	Bihar	Hindi
5	Chhattisgarh	Hindi
6	Goa	Marathi Konkani
7	Gujarat	Gujarati
8	Haryana	Hindi
9	Himachal Pradesh	Hindi and Pahari
10	Jharkhand	Hindi
11	Karnataka	Kannada
12	Kerala	Malayalam
13	Madhya Pradesh	Hindi
14	Maharashtra	Marathi
15	Manipur	Manipuri
16	Meghalaya	Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17	Mizoram	Mizo and English
18	Nagaland	Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19	Odisha	Oriya
20	Punjab	Punjabi
21	Rajasthan	Rajasthani and Hindi
22	Sikkim	Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23	Tamil Nadu	Tamil
24	Telangana	Telugu
25	Tripura	Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26	Uttar Pradesh	Hindi
27	Uttarakhand	Hindi
28	West Bengal	Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

Napoli Clinches Serie A Title in Dramatic Fashion

Napoli has been crowned champions of the 2024–25 Serie A season after a dominant 2-0 victory over Cagliari in the final round. Goals from Scott McTominay and Romelu Lukaku sealed the win at the Diego Armando Maradona Stadium, ensuring Napoli finished one point above rivals Inter Milan, who also won their final game but fell short. Coach Antonio Conte, suspended from the touchline, guided his team to glory and made history by becoming the first manager to win the Italian title with three different clubs.

Why in News?

Napoli’s win over Cagliari secured the Serie A title for the 2024–25 season. This victory is significant not only because it denied Inter Milan back-to-back titles but also because it cemented Antonio Conte’s legacy with a unique managerial record in Italian football.

Key Highlights

Final Score: Napoli 2 – 0 Cagliari

Goal Scorers

Scott McTominay (Bicycle kick before halftime)
Romelu Lukaku (Early second-half goal)
Inter Milan’s Result: 2 – 0 win against Como (goals by de Vrij and Correa)
Final Points Tally: Napoli edged Inter by 1 point.

Match Context

Napoli entered the final round with a one-point lead.
Victory ensured they didn’t need to rely on Inter dropping points.
The match turned into a citywide celebration as fireworks and flares marked the win.

Historical Significance

Antonio Conte becomes the first coach to win Serie A with three clubs (Juventus, Inter Milan, Napoli).
This marks Napoli’s second title in three years, showing sustained performance.
Inter, despite winning their match, had to settle for second place and now focus on the UEFA Champions League final against PSG.

Summary/Static	Details
Why in the news?	Napoli Clinches Serie A Title in Dramatic Fashion
Final Match	Napoli 2 – 0 Cagliari
Rivals	Inter Milan (2nd place despite winning)
Manager	Antonio Conte (Suspended, still led team)
Unique Feat	Conte – 1st to win Serie A with 3 clubs

“MoEFCC Declares Winners of ‘Ideas4LiFE’ Under Mission LiFE”

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has announced the top 21 winning ideas under its citizen-centric initiative ‘Ideas4LiFE’, launched under the broader umbrella of Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment). Designed to promote sustainable living, the initiative witnessed enthusiastic participation from youth, research scholars, and academic institutions across India. The winning entries were chosen from 1384 submissions across seven thematic areas that align with the goals of Mission LiFE.

Why in News?

The announcement of winners on 22 May 2025 by Union Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav marks a significant step in encouraging community-driven solutions for environmental challenges. The initiative, launched in association with UNICEF YuWaah, aims to translate the Prime Minister’s vision of “Mindful and Deliberate Utilization of Resources” into actionable, scalable ideas.

Background & Aim

Launched via the portal https://ideas4life.in
Organized by MoEFCC in partnership with UNICEF YuWaah
Intended to crowdsource innovative, impactful, and scalable ideas focused on sustainable lifestyles

Seven Themes of Mission LiFE

Save Energy
Save Water
Say No to Single-Use Plastic
Adopt Sustainable Food Systems
Reduce Waste
Reduce E-waste
Adopt Healthy Lifestyles

Selection Process

Phase I: Preliminary screening for completeness and originality
Phase II: Evaluation based on 5 parameters

Innovation Potential
Feasibility
Impact
Scalability
Sustainability

Phase III: Final selection by a national jury constituted by the Ministry

Highlights

21 ideas selected (Top 3 in each theme)
Over 1384 entries received
Encourages citizen engagement and youth participation in environmental problem-solving
Aligns with India’s global climate commitments and Mission LiFE goals

Summary/Static	Details
Why in the news?	“MoEFCC Declares Winners of ‘Ideas4LiFE’ Under Mission LiFE”
Launched By	Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)
Collaborating Agency	UNICEF YuWaah
Total Entries	1384
Winning Entries	21 (Top 3 in each of 7 themes)
Themes Covered	Energy, Water, Plastic, Food, Waste, E-waste, Healthy Living

Algeria Becomes New Member of BRICS’ New Development Bank

Algeria has officially become a member of the New Development Bank, a financial institution founded by BRICS nations, signaling its entry into a major global platform for development financing. The country deposited its membership documents on May 19, 2025, joining efforts to support sustainable infrastructure projects worldwide.

In a significant development for international finance and South-South cooperation, Algeria has formally joined the New Development Bank (NDB)—an institution established by the BRICS nations—on May 19, 2025. This move reinforces Algeria’s commitment to sustainable development and underlines NDB’s expanding global footprint beyond its founding members.

Why in News?

Algeria officially deposited its instrument of accession on May 19, completing its membership process to join the NDB. The announcement was made on May 22, 2025, by the Shanghai-headquartered bank. This marks an important milestone in NDB’s mission to broaden global participation in infrastructure and development financing.

Key Objectives of NDB

Mobilize resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects.
Offer alternative financial solutions to existing Western-dominated institutions like the IMF and World Bank.
Strengthen South-South cooperation and global partnerships.

About the NDB

Established in 2015 by BRICS nations: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa.
Headquarters: Shanghai, China.
Has approved over 120 projects worth $40 billion.
Focus areas: Clean energy, water sanitation, transportation, digital infrastructure, and environmental protection.
Leadership: Presidency and vice-presidency rotate among founding BRICS members.
Current President: Dilma Rousseff (Brazil).

Algeria’s Significance

Geographically located in North Africa with access to Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa.
Rich in natural resources and energy reserves.
Recognized for its strategic importance and growth potential.

Statements from Leaders

Dilma Rousseff (President, NDB): Algeria brings strategic value and will enhance NDB’s role globally.
Abdelkrim Bouzerd (Finance Minister, Algeria): Membership reflects Algeria’s belief in the NDB’s role in financing global development and promoting economic resilience.

Summary/Static	Details
Why in the news?	Algeria Becomes New Member of BRICS’ New Development Bank
Accession Date	May 19, 2025
Institution	New Development Bank (NDB)
Established	2015 by BRICS
Current President	Dilma Rousseff (Brazil)
Total Projects Approved	120+ (worth $40 billion)
Key Sectors	Infrastructure, clean energy, water, transport, digital development

Top 10 Currency Exchange Rates That Favor Indian Travelers in 2025

In 2025, the global currency market presents a unique advantage for Indian travelers. The Indian Rupee (INR) has shown resilience and strength against several foreign currencies, creating favorable exchange rates in specific countries. This means Indian tourists can enjoy more international travel opportunities at reduced costs, as their money stretches further in these destinations.

This article explores the ten most advantageous currency exchange rates for Indian travelers in 2025, focusing on countries where INR offers exceptional purchasing power, affordability, and memorable travel experiences.

Currency Exchange Rates Favoring INR (2025)

Rank	Country	INR Equivalent Value (Approx.)	Why It’s Great for Indians
1	Vietnam	308 Vietnamese Dong	Street food, sightseeing, affordability
2	Laos	257 Laotian Kip	Nature, peace, spiritual sites
3	Indonesia	195 Indonesian Rupiah	Beaches, resorts, cultural treasures
4	Cambodia	48 Cambodian Riel	Temples, museums, cheap tours
5	Paraguay	95 Paraguayan Guarani	Natural beauty, low tourist prices
6	Uzbekistan	153 Uzbekistani Som	Historical cities, local shopping
7	Mongolia	42 Mongolian Tugrik	Nomadic culture, budget adventures
8	Nepal	1.6 Nepalese Rupee	Himalayan treks, spiritual retreats
9	Sri Lanka	3.75 Sri Lankan Rupee	Coastal towns, cultural trips
10	Hungary	4.2 Hungarian Forint	European charm on a budget

1. Vietnam

A Cultural and Scenic Paradise with High Rupee Value

Vietnam remains one of the top destinations where Indian travelers get outstanding value for their money. With the INR commanding over 300 Vietnamese Dong, everything from accommodation to dining and sightseeing becomes significantly more affordable.

Vietnam offers:

Rich historical landmarks in Hanoi and Hue
Natural wonders like Ha Long Bay
Affordable street food and transportation

This combination of beauty, culture, and low travel cost makes Vietnam one of the most INR-friendly destinations globally.

2. Laos

Serenity and Simplicity at an Affordable Price

In 2025, the Laotian Kip continues to hold a weak exchange rate against the Indian Rupee, with 1 INR valued at over 250 Kip. This makes travel in Laos remarkably affordable, particularly for those seeking quiet escapes and cultural immersion.

Highlights include:

Spiritual retreats in Luang Prabang
River cruises on the Mekong
Low-cost guesthouses and meals

Laos is a perfect option for backpackers and slow travelers from India.

3. Indonesia

Island Adventures Made Cheaper by INR Strength

Indonesia, especially Bali and Java, is not only famous for its tropical beauty but also for its budget-friendly economy. The INR exchanges favorably against the Indonesian Rupiah, giving Indian tourists a financial edge when traveling.

Indian travelers benefit from:

Low-cost hotels and resort packages
Delicious and cheap local cuisine
Economical transportation across islands

This makes Indonesia a top-tier destination for Indian tourists seeking sun, culture, and affordability.

4. Cambodia

Rich Heritage with a Light Budget

Cambodia is another country where the Indian Rupee enjoys strong buying power. From exploring ancient ruins like Angkor Wat to relaxing on serene beaches, the country offers unique travel opportunities without burning a hole in your wallet.

Why Cambodia is INR-friendly:

Inexpensive entry tickets to tourist sites
Budget hotels in Siem Reap and Phnom Penh
Great value for food, transport, and tours

Cambodia offers a mix of ancient culture and modern hospitality — all at a very low cost to Indian visitors.

5. Paraguay

South America’s Underrated Gem for Indian Travelers

Paraguay stands out in South America for offering a favorable exchange rate to Indian tourists. With the INR performing well against the Paraguayan Guarani, travelers can enjoy everything from eco-tourism to historical exploration on a modest budget.

INR value shines in:

Entry to national parks and cultural sites
Public transportation and local food
Budget stays in capital Asunción and beyond

It’s a hidden paradise for Indian travelers looking for value and something different.

6. Uzbekistan

Ancient Cities, Modern Affordability

In 2025, the Uzbekistani Som continues to trade weakly against the Indian Rupee, allowing for affordable travel through this historically rich Central Asian country. Known for its Silk Road cities, Uzbekistan combines architectural marvels with low living costs.

Ideal for:

Cultural tourism in Samarkand and Bukhara
Traditional bazaars and homestays
Exploring mosques, madrassas, and caravanserais on a budget

Uzbekistan offers depth, heritage, and economy — a rare combination for INR-based travelers.

7. Mongolia

Nomadic Beauty Meets Budget Travel

Mongolia’s remote wilderness, nomadic traditions, and stark beauty make it an unusual yet rewarding travel destination. With a favorable exchange rate in 2025, Indian tourists can roam vast steppes and experience ger camps without overspending.

Cost benefits include:

Inexpensive accommodation in yurts
Affordable horse-riding and desert excursions
Low-cost food and transport options

Mongolia is perfect for adventurous Indians looking for unique, off-the-grid experiences at great value.

8. Nepal

Himalayan Treks at INR-Friendly Prices

India’s neighbor Nepal has always been a favorite due to visa-free entry and currency compatibility. With the exchange rate still favoring the INR in 2025, Indian travelers can enjoy trekking, nature, and spirituality at a fraction of the cost.

Nepal offers:

Budget-friendly mountain lodges
Economical food and gear rentals for trekking
Rich spiritual experiences in Lumbini and Kathmandu

It remains one of the best short-haul international getaways for Indian travelers.

9. Sri Lanka

Beaches, Tea Hills, and INR Efficiency

Despite economic challenges, Sri Lanka’s cost of travel remains low for Indian tourists, and the Indian Rupee is particularly strong against the Sri Lankan Rupee in 2025.

Affordability in Sri Lanka means:

Budget stays in beach towns like Galle and Mirissa
Low-cost intercity train travel
Delicious seafood and local cuisine at very low prices

Its proximity and shared cultural ties make Sri Lanka a go-to destination for Indian holidaymakers.

10. Hungary

A European Experience That Respects Your Budget

While Western Europe can be expensive, Hungary offers a strong exchange rate for Indian travelers and provides an authentic European experience. With 1 INR trading at several units of the Hungarian Forint, travel in Hungary is significantly cheaper than its neighbors.

Why Hungary is cost-effective:

Affordable accommodations in Budapest
Cheap yet reliable public transport
Access to thermal baths and historical sites at low prices

Hungary delivers European charm with a surprisingly budget-friendly price tag for INR holders.

What is the National Flower of China? Know its Name

China is a country with a long and rich history. It has many symbols that show its culture and beauty. One of these special symbols is a flower that is loved by many people in China. This flower is known for its bright colors, sweet small and deep meaning. It plays an important role in Chinese festivals, art and daily life. Let’s learn more about this lovely flower.

National Flower of China

The national flower of China is the plum blossom. It blooms in late winter, even in snow, showing strength and hope. The flower stands for courage, endurance and beauty in difficult times. Plum blossoms have five petals, usually white or pink. They are deeply loved in Chinese culture, art and poetry and are one of the ”Three Friends of Winter” along with pine and bamboo.

What is the Plum Blossom?

The plum blossom is a flower that grows on plum trees. It has five small petals and gives off a soft and sweet smell. It blooms in late winter or early spring, when most other flowers are still sleeping. This makes it very special in China.

Why China Choose it as its National Flower?

China chose the plum blossom as its national flower in 1964. It was picked because of its strong meaning. Even in cold weather, the flower still grows. This shows the strong spirit of the Chinese people – to keep going, even when times are hard. The plum blossom is also often seen in old Chinese poems, paintings and stories.

What do the Five Petals Mean?

Each of the five petals of the plum blossom stands for a special wish:

Long life
Wealth (money and success)
Health
Good values (kindness, honesty)
Peaceful death

These are called the ”Five Blessings” in Chinese culture.

When do Plum Blossoms Bloom?

Plum blossoms usually bloom from January to March, depending on the weather.

In Southern China, they bloom earlier.
In Northern China, they bloom a bit later.

They are often the first flower to bloom in the new year.

Other Flowers the Matter in China

Besides the plum blossom, there are other flowers that are also important in Chinese culture:

Peony – shows wealth and beauty
Camelia – means respect and perfection
Osmanthus – brings love and happiness
Magnolia – stands for purity and nobility

These flowers are used in Chinese festivals, art and even in medicines.

Fun Facts About Plum Blossoms

First to Bloom: It blooms before any other flower in the year – a sign of new beginnings.
Five Petals = Five Good Wishes: Each petal means something good like heath and peace.
You Can Eat its Fruit: The tree gives real plums, which are used in teas, snacks and traditional Chinese medicines.
Peony is also Special: Though the plum blossom is the national flower, the peony is another flower China loves.
Seen during Chinese New Year: People decorate their homes with plum blossoms during Lunar New Year for good luck.

Top 10 Countries Where INR Has the Highest Value in 2025

As of May 2025, the Indian Rupee (INR) has demonstrated significant strength against several global currencies, enhancing the purchasing power of Indian travelers in various countries. This increased value allows for more affordable international travel and experiences. Below is a detailed overview of the top 10 countries where the INR holds the highest value, along with insights into what makes these destinations appealing.

In 2025, the Indian Rupee (INR) has demonstrated strength against a number of foreign currencies, making international travel and spending abroad more affordable for Indian citizens. Traveling to countries where the INR has a higher value allows for richer experiences without breaking the bank. This article presents a detailed look at ten such destinations where the Indian currency enjoys excellent exchange rates, increasing purchasing power and making them ideal for budget-conscious travelers.

INR Value in Top 10 Countries (2025)

Rank	Country	Approx. Exchange Rate (1 INR = )	Travel Highlights
1	Vietnam	308 Vietnamese Dong	Cultural cities, scenic landscapes
2	Laos	257 Laotian Kip	Temples, rivers, quiet towns
3	Indonesia	195 Indonesian Rupiah	Beaches, volcanoes, island hopping
4	Paraguay	95 Paraguayan Guarani	Nature, waterfalls, unique experiences
5	Cambodia	48 Cambodian Riel	Ancient ruins, cheap stays
6	Hungary	4.2 Hungarian Forint	European architecture, thermal baths
7	Mongolia	42 Mongolian Tugrik	Nomadic life, vast steppes
8	Uzbekistan	153 Uzbekistani Som	Historic cities, Silk Road culture
9	Nepal	1.6 Nepalese Rupee	Trekking, temples, friendly atmosphere
10	Sri Lanka	3.75 Sri Lankan Rupee	Beaches, tea gardens, wildlife

1. Vietnam

Affordable Culture and Adventure in Southeast Asia

Vietnam remains one of the most cost-effective destinations for Indian travelers in 2025. With one Indian Rupee equating to over 300 Vietnamese Dong, the country offers excellent value for money. From the historical alleys of Hanoi to the limestone islands of Ha Long Bay and the beaches of Da Nang, Vietnam presents a compelling mix of culture, nature, and affordability. Street food, accommodations, and local transport are all available at prices that are significantly lower than in India, making extended stays and deeper exploration financially feasible.

2. Laos

Tranquility and Tradition at a Low Cost

Laos is a serene landlocked nation known for its peaceful lifestyle, Buddhist temples, and lush natural landscapes. In 2025, the INR’s high value against the Laotian Kip means that Indian tourists can enjoy activities like river cruises, temple visits, and local cuisine at a minimal cost. Cities like Luang Prabang and Vientiane provide an immersive cultural experience without stretching your travel budget.

3. Indonesia

Islands, Culture, and Budget-Friendly Travel

Indonesia, especially destinations like Bali, has long been popular among Indian travelers. In 2025, the favorable exchange rate makes it even more attractive. The vast archipelago offers something for everyone — beaches, volcanoes, temples, and world-class diving. With one INR valued at nearly 200 Indonesian Rupiah, Indian tourists can experience upscale resorts, fine dining, and shopping while spending significantly less than in most other travel hotspots.

4. Paraguay

South American Charm on a Budget

Paraguay stands out as one of the most affordable South American countries for Indian travelers. With the INR trading high against the Paraguayan Guarani, travel expenses including accommodation, food, and local transport become highly manageable. The country offers natural attractions like waterfalls and forests, along with cultural sites and a warm local hospitality that makes it an offbeat but rewarding destination.

5. Cambodia

History and Hospitality at a Bargain

Cambodia is known for its ancient temple complexes like Angkor Wat, serene beaches, and rich cultural tapestry. The strength of the INR against the Cambodian Riel in 2025 allows Indian travelers to explore the country comfortably within a modest budget. Hotel stays, local meals, and guided tours are exceptionally affordable, making it easy to experience the country’s historical richness without overspending.

6. Hungary

A Budget-Friendly European Experience

Hungary is one of the few European countries where the Indian Rupee maintains a relatively strong exchange rate. This Eastern European gem offers stunning architecture, thermal spas, and vibrant street life — all at a cost lower than Western Europe. Budapest, the capital, is known for its scenic river views and affordable public transport, making it a great value-for-money European destination.

7. Mongolia

Nomadic Adventures at Minimal Expense

Mongolia offers an adventurous escape into unspoiled wilderness, with opportunities to explore its vast steppes, deserts, and traditional nomadic lifestyle. The INR’s strong value against the Mongolian Tugrik means that accommodation in traditional yurts, horse riding across grasslands, and local meals are all very budget-friendly. This is a perfect spot for travelers seeking solitude and raw natural beauty.

8. Uzbekistan

History and Culture on the Silk Road

Uzbekistan is a country rich in Silk Road heritage, with ancient cities like Samarkand and Bukhara showcasing Islamic architecture and Persian influence. The Indian Rupee commands strong value against the Uzbekistani Som in 2025, which translates into low travel costs. Visitors can indulge in local cuisine, handicrafts, and guided historical tours while sticking to a reasonable budget.

9. Nepal

Himalayan Adventures Right Next Door

Nepal, India’s immediate neighbor, continues to offer incredible value for Indian tourists. With the Nepali Rupee closely aligned with the Indian Rupee, travelers get a lot for their money. From trekking in the Himalayas to spiritual retreats and jungle safaris, Nepal offers diverse travel experiences. Entry is visa-free for Indian citizens, further reducing travel costs.

10. Sri Lanka

Island Getaway with Great Value

Sri Lanka’s beaches, tea plantations, and ancient ruins make it a top destination for Indian tourists. The INR remains strong against the Sri Lankan Rupee in 2025, making everything from hotel stays to food and transport more affordable. Given its close proximity to India and cultural familiarity, Sri Lanka offers a rich travel experience without the long-haul expense.

Top 10 Most Traded Currencies in 2025 (Global Demand & INR Impact)

The foreign exchange market (forex) remains the largest and most liquid financial market in the world in 2025, with over $7.5 trillion in daily transactions. This colossal market is driven primarily by a few major currencies that dominate global trade, finance, and investment. For India, these globally traded currencies are not just theoretical metrics—they have a direct influence on import-export pricing, capital flows, and the value of the Indian Rupee (INR).

This article explores the ten most traded currencies in 2025, delving into the reasons for their dominance and examining how each one affects India’s economy.

Most Traded Currencies & INR Impact (2025)

Rank	Currency	Country/Region	Trade Share	INR Impact
1	USD	United States	88%	Oil prices, inflation, FDI
2	EUR	Eurozone	30%	Pharma, auto imports, exports
3	JPY	Japan	17%	Tech imports, investments
4	GBP	United Kingdom	13%	Education, remittances, services
5	CNY	China	7%	Electronics, trade deficit
6	CHF	Switzerland	6%	Reserves, financial security
7	CAD	Canada	5%	Commodities, immigration, remittances
8	AUD	Australia	4%	Education, raw materials
9	SGD	Singapore	4%	Investments, fintech, trade hub
10	HKD	Hong Kong	3%	Trade conduit, capital markets

1. United States Dollar (USD)

The World’s Anchor Currency

The USD continues to be the most dominant and widely traded currency in the global market. As of 2025, it is involved in over 88% of all forex transactions. This is largely due to the size of the U.S. economy, the dominance of American financial markets, and the use of the dollar as the world’s primary reserve currency.

INR Impact

The USD/INR exchange rate is the most actively traded currency pair in India. Fluctuations in this rate have direct implications on:

Oil prices (since crude is priced in USD)
Inflation levels (through import costs)
Foreign investment inflows

Even minor shifts in the dollar’s strength can impact India’s trade deficit and monetary policy decisions.

2. Euro (EUR)

The Unified European Power

The Euro is the second-most traded currency globally, comprising about 30% of forex transactions. Backed by the Eurozone economy, the Euro benefits from the economic clout of countries like Germany, France, and Italy.

INR Impact

The EUR/INR pair significantly affects India’s:

Exports to the European Union, including pharmaceuticals and textiles
Imports of machinery, technology, and automobiles

The strength or weakness of the Euro can alter India’s competitiveness in European markets.

3. Japanese Yen (JPY)

The Safe-Haven Currency of Asia

The Japanese Yen remains one of the most preferred currencies in times of global uncertainty, often regarded as a safe-haven asset. Japan’s consistent trade surpluses, stable government, and strong manufacturing base support its value in international trade.

INR Impact

India’s trade relations with Japan, particularly in areas like:

Technology imports
Automotive components
Infrastructure financing

…make the JPY/INR rate a significant one. The Yen’s role in developmental aid and investment in Indian infrastructure also contributes to capital inflow sensitivity.

4. British Pound Sterling (GBP)

A Legacy of Financial Power

The GBP is known for its historical importance and its continued role as a major global reserve and trading currency. The UK’s financial markets, especially London’s forex hub, support its strong position.

INR Impact

A strong GBP/INR exchange rate influences:

Higher education costs for Indian students in the UK
Remittance flows from the Indian diaspora
Trade in luxury goods, pharmaceuticals, and financial services

5. Chinese Yuan Renminbi (CNY)

The Rising Eastern Power

The Chinese Yuan, particularly its offshore version (CNH), has been climbing in global relevance. China’s push for internationalizing the Yuan, along with the Belt and Road Initiative, has brought the CNY into wider use for trade settlements and reserves.

INR Impact

China is one of India’s largest trading partners. Thus, the CNY/INR rate influences:

Electronics and machinery imports
Bilateral trade deficits
Geopolitical dynamics in trade negotiations

6. Swiss Franc (CHF)

The Stable Store of Value

The Swiss Franc is considered one of the most stable and trusted currencies in the world. Switzerland’s strong banking sector and neutral political stance make CHF highly attractive during times of volatility.

INR Impact

India’s interaction with the CHF includes:

Foreign reserves allocation
Wealth management
Financial consulting and advisory services

While trade volume is smaller, CHF’s role in investment safety makes it important in foreign reserve diversification.

7. Canadian Dollar (CAD)

The Commodity Currency

The Canadian Dollar often reflects commodity prices, particularly oil and natural gas. Canada’s stable economy and proximity to the U.S. market enhance its forex prominence.

INR Impact

India imports fertilizers, lumber, and pulses from Canada. A strong CAD can:

Increase import costs
Affect bilateral trade agreements
Influence remittances from the Indian community in Canada

8. Australian Dollar (AUD)

Asia-Pacific’s Commodity Giant

The AUD is another commodity-linked currency, heavily influenced by China’s economic performance and global demand for raw materials like iron ore and coal.

INR Impact

The AUD/INR exchange rate plays a role in:

Educational expenses for Indian students in Australia
Tourism and visa-related costs
Trade in metals and agricultural products

9. Singapore Dollar (SGD)

Asia’s Financial Gateway

The Singapore Dollar holds its strength due to Singapore’s status as a financial and trading hub in Southeast Asia. Known for economic stability and low corruption, the SGD is trusted in both regional and international transactions.

INR Impact

Singapore is a significant investor in India, especially in:

Startups and fintech
Real estate and logistics
Banking and offshore funds

SGD/INR rates affect investment inflows and business travel costs.

10. Hong Kong Dollar (HKD)

The Semi-Autonomous Trade Giant

Though technically linked to the USD via a currency peg, the Hong Kong Dollar remains an important currency in Asia due to Hong Kong’s international finance ecosystem.

INR Impact

Hong Kong serves as a gateway for Chinese capital and hosts several Indian business operations. The HKD/INR rate influences:

Capital market movements
Export-import invoicing
Retail and luxury brand costs

Top 10 Weakest Currencies in the World in 2025 (Compared to INR)

In 2025, currency strength continues to reflect a nation’s economic stability, political climate, and monetary policies. A weak currency, especially when measured against a relatively stable one like the Indian Rupee (INR), indicates underlying issues such as hyperinflation, political instability, or economic mismanagement. This article explores the ten weakest currencies in the world compared to the INR, offering insight into the broader economic conditions behind their devaluation.

Top 10 Weakest Currencies Compared to INR (2025)

Rank	Currency Name	Country	Approx. Exchange Rate (INR:Local)	Key Reason for Weakness
1	Lebanese Pound (LBP)	Lebanon	1 INR ≈ 1,100 LBP	Economic collapse, hyperinflation
2	Iranian Rial (IRR)	Iran	1 INR ≈ 497 IRR	Sanctions, political instability
3	Vietnamese Dong (VND)	Vietnam	1 INR ≈ 300 VND	Export-oriented policy, controlled devaluation
4	Sierra Leonean Leone (SLL)	Sierra Leone	1 INR ≈ 263 SLL	Post-conflict economy, weak institutions
5	Laotian Kip (LAK)	Laos	1 INR ≈ 250 LAK	Inflation, limited economic development
6	Indonesian Rupiah (IDR)	Indonesia	1 INR ≈ 188 IDR	Global market exposure, past crises
7	Uzbekistani Som (UZS)	Uzbekistan	1 INR ≈ 149 UZS	Transition economy, limited investor confidence
8	Guinean Franc (GNF)	Guinea	1 INR ≈ 135 GNF	Corruption, infrastructure challenges
9	Paraguayan Guarani (PYG)	Paraguay	1 INR ≈ 88 PYG	Structural weakness, informal economy
10	Congolese Franc (CDF)	DR Congo	1 INR ≈ 82 CDF	Conflict, governance issues

1. The Lebanese Pound (LBP)

A Crisis Rooted in Political and Economic Collapse

The Lebanese Pound has become virtually symbolic of economic collapse. As of 2025, the exchange rate hovers around 1 INR ≈ 1,100 LBP. The currency has depreciated by more than 90% in the past five years, driven by a toxic mix of corruption, fiscal mismanagement, and loss of trust in banking institutions.

Since the financial crisis in 2019, followed by the catastrophic Beirut explosion in 2020, Lebanon has experienced hyperinflation, leaving salaries and savings nearly worthless in real terms. The central bank has struggled to maintain foreign reserves, and the black market dominates currency exchange.

2. The Iranian Rial (IRR)

Sanctions and Isolation Deepen Devaluation

The Iranian Rial remains one of the most devalued currencies globally, with an exchange rate near 1 INR ≈ 497 IRR. Decades of economic sanctions, particularly from the United States, have crippled Iran’s ability to engage in global trade, thereby squeezing its access to foreign currency.

The breakdown of the 2015 nuclear deal led to increased international isolation, reducing foreign investment and export earnings. Combined with high domestic inflation and a struggling oil sector, the Rial’s devaluation reflects deep-rooted structural challenges.

3. The Vietnamese Dong (VND)

Deliberate Devaluation for Export Competitiveness

Although Vietnam is one of Southeast Asia’s fastest-growing economies, its currency, the Dong, remains weak, trading at approximately 1 INR ≈ 300 VND. The Vietnamese government has long pursued a policy of controlled devaluation to support its export-led economy.

This policy, while boosting manufacturing competitiveness globally, keeps the Dong undervalued. However, the Vietnamese economy is relatively stable, and the weak currency is more a result of policy choice than economic failure.

4. The Sierra Leonean Leone (SLL)

Post-Conflict Struggles and Economic Fragility

The Leone has been severely affected by years of civil war, Ebola outbreaks, and poor economic infrastructure. In 2025, the Leone exchanges at about 1 INR ≈ 263 SLL.

Sierra Leone is heavily dependent on mineral exports, particularly diamonds and iron ore, making it vulnerable to global price fluctuations. The lack of economic diversification, high inflation, and a narrow tax base have all contributed to the currency’s persistent weakness.

5. The Laotian Kip (LAK)

Structural Limitations and Inflationary Pressures

The Laotian Kip has long held its position among the weakest currencies in Asia, with the 2025 exchange rate standing around 1 INR ≈ 250 LAK. Laos remains largely agrarian, with limited industrial capacity and a strong dependency on neighbors like China and Thailand.

High levels of foreign debt, combined with a current account deficit and inflationary trends, have made it difficult for the Bank of the Lao P.D.R. to stabilize the Kip.

6. The Indonesian Rupiah (IDR)

A Volatile Yet Resilient Economy

The Indonesian Rupiah trades at about 1 INR ≈ 188 IDR. While not as fundamentally weak as others on this list, the Rupiah suffers from long-standing volatility due to its exposure to global commodity prices and external debt.

Indonesia’s economy is relatively strong, but the currency remains sensitive to U.S. interest rates, oil prices, and global investor sentiment. The central bank actively intervenes to prevent excessive fluctuations, but the Rupiah’s weakness reflects ongoing capital outflows and trade imbalances.

7. The Uzbekistani Som (UZS)

Reforms Underway but Currency Still Weak

The Uzbekistani Som is valued at approximately 1 INR ≈ 149 UZS in 2025. Uzbekistan has been transitioning from a state-controlled economy to a more market-oriented model, but this reform process has caused currency instability.

While inflation has slowed somewhat, the Som remains weak due to limited export capacity, restricted foreign investment, and a need for further economic liberalization.

8. The Guinean Franc (GNF)

Resource-Rich but Development-Poor

The Guinean Franc is trading around 1 INR ≈ 135 GNF. Despite Guinea’s rich mineral resources, particularly bauxite, the country remains underdeveloped, with high levels of corruption, political unrest, and poor infrastructure.

The currency’s weakness stems from inflation, a lack of investor confidence, and poor fiscal management. Recent political coups have further discouraged external investment.

9. The Paraguayan Guarani (PYG)

A Currency with Persistent Structural Weakness

In 2025, the Guarani trades around 1 INR ≈ 88 PYG. While not suffering from hyperinflation, Paraguay’s currency has weakened due to slow GDP growth, limited diversification, and informal economic activity that undermines tax collection and financial stability.

Moreover, the Guarani’s dependence on agricultural exports, especially soybeans and beef, exposes it to climate risks and price shocks.

10. The Congolese Franc (CDF)

The Cost of Conflict and Instability

The Congolese Franc rounds out this list with an approximate exchange rate of 1 INR ≈ 82 CDF. The Democratic Republic of Congo faces significant challenges, including armed conflict, corruption, and inadequate infrastructure.

Despite vast natural resources, especially in cobalt and copper, the country’s economic growth is hampered by poor governance and a lack of institutional support, leaving the currency highly devalued.

PM Modi To Chairs 10th NITI Aayog Governing Council Meeting: Focus on Viksit Bharat@2047

On May 24, 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi chaired the 10th Governing Council Meeting of NITI Aayog at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi, bringing together Chief Ministers, Union Ministers, and top officials to deliberate on the roadmap for a Developed India (Viksit Bharat) by 2047. The meeting was themed “Viksit Rajya for Viksit Bharat@2047”, highlighting the importance of states as engines of national development.

Why in News?

The 10th Governing Council Meeting of NITI Aayog is being held with a strategic focus on aligning state-level initiatives with the national vision of Viksit Bharat@2047. With the theme “Viksit Rajya for Viksit Bharat,” the meeting emphasizes decentralized, inclusive, and sustainable development by harnessing states’ unique strengths.

Background

NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) was formed on 1 January 2015, replacing the Planning Commission.
The Governing Council is its apex body, chaired by the Prime Minister, comprising Chief Ministers, Lt Governors, Union Ministers, and senior NITI Aayog officials.

Aim of the Meeting

To forge a Team India approach toward realizing the vision of Viksit Bharat by 2047, when India will celebrate 100 years of independence.
To empower states to create their vision documents aligned with national priorities and local strengths.

Key Objectives

Enable States as Growth Catalysts: Encourage each state to craft a long-term inclusive roadmap.
Data-Driven Governance: Push for the creation of Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E) units and ICT infrastructure in states.
Employment & Skilling: Promote entrepreneurship, skilling, and job creation to leverage India’s demographic dividend.
Green Growth: Explore opportunities in the renewable and circular economy.
Urban-Rural MSME Growth: Address informal employment in both urban and rural sectors.
Promote Tier-2 and Tier-3 Cities: Strengthen manufacturing and service sectors beyond metro areas.

Focus Areas Discussed

From the 4th National Conference of Chief Secretaries, the following six themes were prioritized:
Ecosystem for manufacturing in Tier 2 & 3 cities.
Ecosystem for services in Tier 2 & 3 cities.
Rural non-farm MSME and informal sector employment.
Urban MSMEs and job creation.
Renewable energy opportunities.
Circular economy and sustainable practices.

Significance

Reinforces cooperative federalism and the Centre-State partnership.
Provides a platform for consensus-building on national development priorities.
Ensures bottom-up planning by states with contextual policies.

Summary/Static	Details
Why in the news?	PM Modi To Chairs 10th NITI Aayog Governing Council Meeting: Focus on Viksit Bharat@2047
Venue	Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi
Chaired by	Prime Minister Narendra Modi
Theme	Viksit Rajya for Viksit Bharat@2047
Focus	Empowering states for inclusive, sustainable, and data-driven development
Key Discussions	Skilling, employment, entrepreneurship, green economy, MSME growth

Fisheries Sector Transformation: Technology and Policy Take Centre Stage in 2025 Conference

Drone Fish Transport & Aquaculture Insurance Highlight Fisheries Secretaries Conference 2025

In a significant move to revolutionize India’s fisheries sector, the Department of Fisheries under the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying (MoFAH&D) convened the “Fisheries Secretaries Conference 2025” along with a National Workshop on Harnessing Technology and Innovation in Aquaculture on May 23, 2025, in New Delhi. The conference aimed to assess progress under flagship schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY), Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF), and the PM Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PM-MKSSY) while promoting the integration of technology such as drones and satellite-based monitoring into the fisheries value chain.

Why in News?

The conference held on May 23, 2025, marked a key review event for central fisheries schemes, with a focus on: Drone-based fish transport in difficult terrains, Aquaculture insurance under PM-MKSSY, Promoting digital registration through the National Fisheries Digital Platform (NFDP) and Leveraging satellite technology for fisher safety and resource mapping

Chairmanship & Participation

Chaired by Dr. Abhilaksh Likhi, Secretary (Fisheries), MoFAH&D.
Attended by State Fisheries Secretaries, RBI, NABARD, ONDC, ICAR, SFAC, and NCDC officials.

Innovative Technological Interventions

Development of 70 kg payload drones for transporting live fish in difficult terrains.
Use of satellite technology for resource mapping, fisher safety, and biometric ID.
Promotion of ReALCraft for vessel monitoring.

Infrastructure & Sustainability

Call for development of smart, integrated fishing harbours.
Alignment with Blue Port Initiative of FAO.
Focus on green and blue sustainability principles.

Schemes Reviewed

PMMSY: Enhancing fish production and infrastructure.
FIDF: Calls to boost awareness and registration.
PM-MKSSY: Insurance sub-scheme for aquaculture.

Aquaculture Insurance under PM-MKSSY

Basic Insurance: Covers natural calamities.
Comprehensive Insurance: Adds disease coverage.
Premium cap: ₹1 lakh per farmer for 1800 m³ units.
10% incentive for SC/ST/women beneficiaries.
Emphasis on digital enrolment via NFDP.

Challenges and Gaps

Access to institutional credit under KCC due to collateral constraints.
Post-harvest infrastructure requires strengthening.
Need for physical and digital market linkages.

Other Focus Areas

Ornamental fisheries, seaweed farming, and artificial reefs.
Importance of Amrit Sarovars in inland aquaculture.
Capacity building, extension services, and FFPO support encouraged.

Summary/Static	Details
Why in the news?	Fisheries Sector Transformation: Technology and Policy Take Centre Stage in 2025 Conference
Event	Fisheries Secretaries Conference 2025 & National Workshop
Key Organizer	Department of Fisheries, MoFAH&D
Major Schemes Reviewed	PMMSY, PM-MKSSY, FIDF
Technological Innovations	Drones, Satellite Tech, ReALCraft
Insurance Scheme	PM-MKSSY – Basic & Comprehensive Coverage
Key Issues Discussed	Credit access, digital enrolment, post-harvest infra, sustainability
Digital Platform	NFDP (National Fisheries Digital Platform)