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SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF

The SBI Clerk Mains Exam 2025 is expected to be conducted in April 2025, and the General Awareness (GA) section plays a crucial role in determining candidates’ overall performance. This section covers current affairs, banking awareness, and static GK, making it an essential part of the exam preparation.

To help candidates maximize their scores, we have compiled a comprehensive GA Capsule PDF covering all major topics required for the SBI Clerk Mains 2025.

Why is the GA Capsule Important for SBI Clerk Mains 2025?

The General Awareness section is one of the most scoring parts of the SBI Clerk Mains Exam. Unlike quantitative aptitude or reasoning, this section does not require calculations, allowing aspirants to answer questions quickly and accurately. A well-prepared candidate can boost their overall score significantly with proper GA preparation.

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025 – Download PDF

To assist candidates in their SBI Clerk Mains 2025 preparation, we are providing a free downloadable PDF covering all the important General Awareness topics.

Download SBI Clerk General Awareness PDF (Part-1 and 2): Click Here

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Topics Covered in the SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025

  • UNION BUDGET 2025-26
  • Economic Survey 2024-25
  • Padma Awards
  • Republic Day Parade 2025
  • RBI Monetary Policy- February 2025
  • Golden Globe Awards
  • 8th Pay Commission

How to Use the GA Capsule Effectively?

  • Revise Regularly: Read the PDF daily to stay updated with important events.
  • Make Notes: Write down key points for quick revision before the exam.
  • Attempt Quizzes: Solve daily quizzes on current affairs to strengthen your knowledge.
  • Focus on Banking & Economy: Since SBI Clerk is a banking exam, prioritize banking and financial awareness.
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States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

States and Capitals

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO State Capital CM Governor
1 Andhra Pradesh Amaravati Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu S. Abdul Nazer
2 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Pema Khandu Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3 Assam Dispur Himanta Biswa Sarma Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4 Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar Arif Mohammed Khan
5 Chhattisgarh Raipur Vishnu Deo Sai Ramen Deka
6 Goa Panaji Pramod Sawant P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7 Gujarat Gandhinagar Bhupendra Patel Acharya Dev Vrat
8 Haryana Chandigarh Nayab Singh Saini Bandaru Dattatraya
9 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu Shiv Pratap Shukla
10 Jharkhand Ranchi Hemant Soren Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11 Karnataka Bengaluru Siddaramaiah Thaawarchand Gehlot
12 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Pinarayi Vijayan Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Mohan Yadav Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14 Maharashtra Mumbai Devendra Fadnavis C.P. Radhakrishnan
15 Manipur Imphal N. Biren Singh
Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16 Meghalaya Shillong Conrad Kongkal Sangma
C H Vijayashankar
17 Mizoram Aizawl Lalduhoma General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18 Nagaland Kohima Neiphiu Rio
La. Ganesan
19 Odisha Bhubaneswar Mohan Charan Majhi
Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20 Punjab Chandigarh Bhagwant Singh Mann Gulab Chand Kataria
21 Rajasthan Jaipur Bhajan Lal Sharma Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22 Sikkim Gangtok PS Golay Om Prakash Mathur
23 Tamil Nadu Chennai M. K. Stalin R. N. Ravi
24 Telangana Hyderabad Anumula Revanth Reddy Jishnu Dev Varma
25 Tripura Agartala Dr. Manik Saha Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Yogi Aditya Nath Anandiben Patel
27 Uttarakhand Dehradun Pushkar Singh Dhami Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28 West Bengal Kolkata Mamata Banerjee Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO Union Territories Capital CM Lt. Governor
1 Andaman and Nicobar Island Port Blair NA D K Joshi
2 Chandigarh Chandigarh NA Banwarilal Purohit
3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Daman NA Praful Patel
4 Delhi Delhi Rekha Gupta Vinai Kumar Saxena
5 Ladakh NA NA B. D. Mishra
6 Lakshadweep Kavaratti NA Praful Patel
7 Jammu and Kashmir NA Omar Abdullah Manoj Sinha
8 Puducherry Pondicherry N. Rangaswamy C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference States Union Territories
Head of Administration Governor Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type Elected by the People Managed by the central government
Powers Shares power with the central government. Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No. States Language
1 Andhra Pradesh Telugu and Urdu
2 Arunachal Pradesh Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3 Assam Assamese
4 Bihar Hindi
5 Chhattisgarh Hindi
6 Goa Marathi Konkani
7 Gujarat Gujarati
8 Haryana Hindi
9 Himachal Pradesh Hindi and Pahari
10 Jharkhand Hindi
11 Karnataka Kannada
12 Kerala Malayalam
13 Madhya Pradesh Hindi
14 Maharashtra Marathi
15 Manipur Manipuri
16 Meghalaya Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17 Mizoram Mizo and English
18 Nagaland Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19 Odisha Oriya
20 Punjab Punjabi
21 Rajasthan Rajasthani and Hindi
22 Sikkim Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23 Tamil Nadu Tamil
24 Telangana Telugu
25 Tripura Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26 Uttar Pradesh Hindi
27 Uttarakhand Hindi
28 West Bengal Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

  • Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
  • Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
  • Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
  • Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
  • Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
  • Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
  • Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
  • Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

Vishnu Prasad Versatile Malayalam Actor Passed Away

Renowned Malayalam actor Vishnu Prasad, known for his compelling performances in negative roles, passed away at the age of 52. He was undergoing treatment for liver disease in Ernakulam and faced severe financial hardship during the process. His demise has drawn attention not only to his contribution to cinema but also to the challenges faced by artists in the industry. The Association of Television Media Artists (ATMA) and fellow actors had tried to support his treatment financially. His death highlights issues around healthcare access and financial support systems for artists.

Why in the News?

Malayalam actor Vishnu Prasad passed away on May 2, 2025, in Ernakulam, Kerala, due to complications from liver disease. Known for his roles in Malayalam films and serials, his death has triggered an outpouring of grief across the entertainment industry.

Key Highlights

  • Cause of Death: Liver disease; passed away during treatment at a private hospital in Ernakulam.
  • Age: 52 years.
  • Financial Struggle: Family needed ₹30 lakhs for a liver transplant. His daughter was willing to donate her liver, but treatment costs were a major hurdle.
  • Support Extended: ATMA (Association of Television Media Artists) and fellow actors including Kishore Sathya and Seema G. Nair tried to held.

Notable Films

  • Runway, Lion, Kaiyethum Doorath, Ben Johnson, Pathaka, Mango Season, Lokanathan IAS.

Debut Film

  • Kaasi (Tamil, directed by Vinayan).

TV Career

  • Acted in several Malayalam television serials.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Vishnu Prasad Versatile Malayalam Actor Passed Away
Name Vishnu Prasad
Age 52
Industry Malayalam Film and Television
Cause of Death Liver disease
Notable Works Runway, Lion, Ben Johnson, Pathaka
Debut Film Kaasi (Tamil)

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_6.1

MMA Debuts and Cricket Retained for Asian Games 2026

The Asian Games 2026, scheduled to take place in Japan from September 19 to October 4, will feature some exciting developments in its sports programme. For the first time, Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) will be included, marking a significant milestone in the evolution of combat sports on the international stage. Additionally, cricket, a beloved sport in Asia, will make its fourth appearance at the Games. These decisions have been confirmed by the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), which officially approved the inclusion of both sports during its board meeting on April 28, 2025.

Why in the News?

The Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) has confirmed that Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) will make its debut at the Asian Games 2026, scheduled to be held in Japan’s Aichi and Nagoya prefectures.

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_8.1

Significance

  • Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) will debut at the 2026 Asian Games with six medal events. MMA is increasingly popular worldwide, particularly in Asia, and is seen as a growing segment in countries like India.
  • Cricket, which had been dropped from the 2018 edition, will be part of the 2026 Asian Games, continuing its return since its re-inclusion in 2023.

Key Facts

  • The Asian Games 2026 will be held in Aichi and Nagoya, Japan, from September 19 to October 4.
  • Cricket made its first appearance at the Asian Games in 2010 in Guangzhou and has since been a part of the Games, except for the 2018 edition.
  • Cricket’s T20 format will be played for both men and women, as was the case in Hangzhou 2023.
  • The MMA debut will feature six medal events, classified under Combat Sports, alongside other disciplines like kurash and jujitsu.

Background

  • Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) has rapidly gained popularity, especially in India, where fighters like Anshul Jubli and Pooja Tomar have made it to the UFC (Ultimate Fighting Championship), opening doors for more aspiring MMA fighters.
  • Cricket made its Olympic debut in the 1900 Paris Summer Games but has not been part of the Olympics since then. It will return to the LA 2028 Olympics, making this an exciting year for cricket’s return to global sporting events.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? MMA Debuts and Cricket Retained for Asian Games 2026
Event Dates September 19 to October 4, 2026
Location Aichi and Nagoya, Japan
Sports Included Mixed Martial Arts (MMA), Cricket
MMA Medal Events Six medal events in MMA
Cricket’s History Return for the fourth time since 2010
Cricket’s Format T20 format for both men and women

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_9.1

Which City of Madhya Pradesh is Known as “City of Joy”?

Madhya Pradesh, often referred to as the Heart of India, is a state steeped in cultural heritage, historic landmarks, and natural beauty. Among its many unique destinations, the city of Mandu stands out for its enchanting ambiance and warm spirit, earning it the title of “City of Joy.”

This article explores why Mandu, Madhya Pradesh is affectionately known as the City of Joy, delving into its historical roots, scenic attractions, and cultural charm.

An Overview of Madhya Pradesh: India’s Central State

Located in central India, Madhya Pradesh is one of the largest states in the country, spanning over 308,000 square kilometers. It shares borders with:

  • Uttar Pradesh (North)
  • Chhattisgarh (East)
  • Maharashtra (South)
  • Gujarat (West)
  • Rajasthan (Northwest)

With Bhopal as its capital, Madhya Pradesh boasts 55 districts, each reflecting the state’s diverse landscape and rich cultural traditions. From ancient temples to wildlife sanctuaries and UNESCO World Heritage sites, the state is a treasure trove for history enthusiasts and nature lovers alike.

Which City in Madhya Pradesh is Called the “City of Joy”?

The beautiful hilltop town of Mandu, located in the Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh, is known as the City of Joy. Just 35 km from Dhar city, Mandu sits at an altitude of 633 meters above sea level and is famous for its lush landscapes, royal architecture, and monsoon charm.

Historically known as Shadiabad (meaning “City of Joy”) by its Muslim rulers, Mandu became a royal retreat, celebrated for its romantic aura, festive spirit, and unmatched scenic beauty.

Why is Mandu Known as the “City of Joy”?

Here’s why Mandu is called the City of Joy and continues to mesmerize tourists from across India and the world:

1. Breathtaking Natural Beauty

Mandu is renowned for its green hills, glimmering lakes, brooks, and waterfalls. Especially during the monsoon season, the landscape transforms into a fairytale scene that fills visitors with joy and awe.

2. Architectural Grandeur of the 15th and 16th Century

The city is home to several historical monuments such as:

  • Jahaz Mahal
  • Hindola Mahal
  • Rani Roopmati Pavilion
  • Baz Bahadur’s Palace

These structures showcase a fusion of Afghan, Mughal, and Hindu architectural styles, making Mandu a heritage tourism hotspot in Madhya Pradesh.

3. Cultural Harmony and Rich Heritage

Mandu’s culture is a beautiful blend of Hindu and Islamic traditions, reflected in its festivals, music, and art. This unity in diversity makes the city spiritually and culturally vibrant.

4. Warm Hospitality

One of the reasons tourists return to Mandu is the hospitality of its people. The locals are known for their warmth and friendliness, further justifying its status as a joyful and welcoming city.

Top Tourist Attractions in Mandu, the City of Joy

  • Jahaz Mahal: Also known as the “Ship Palace,” built between two lakes.
  • Rani Roopmati Pavilion: A scenic structure offering panoramic views of the Narmada valley.
  • Baz Bahadur’s Palace: Famous for its love story and acoustic architecture.
  • Hindola Mahal: Known as the “Swinging Palace,” used as a durbar hall.
  • Rewa Kund: A sacred tank associated with Rani Roopmati.

India Opposes Global Ban on Chlorpyrifos

India’s recent opposition to the global phase-out of Chlorpyrifos, a hazardous insecticide, has sparked environmental and policy discussions at the global level. The issue arose during the 2025 meetings of the BRS Conventions where many countries advocated for banning the pesticide under the Stockholm Convention. Despite strong scientific evidence about its harmful effects on human health and the environment, India cited food security and lack of alternatives as major concerns, urging for broader exemptions.

Why in the News?

India has opposed the listing of the insecticide Chlorpyrifos under Annex A of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) during the ongoing Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm (BRS) Conventions meeting held in Geneva from April 28 to May 9, 2025.

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_12.1

Aim of the Stockholm Convention

  • To eliminate or restrict the production and use of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) that pose significant risks to health and the environment.

About Chlorpyrifos

  • An organophosphate pesticide registered in India since 1977 under the Insecticides Act.
  • Used on crops like rice, cotton, sugarcane, groundnut, mustard, brinjal, cabbage, onion, among others.
  • Linked to neurological damage, reduced birth size, and cancer risks.
  • WHO classifies it as moderately hazardous.

India’s Stand at the Convention

  • India opposed its inclusion in Annex A (elimination) of the Stockholm Convention.
  • Argued that a ban could impact food security due to lack of viable alternatives.
  • Approved use on at least 8 crops, with broader application in agriculture and public health.

Global Support for Ban

  • EU, UK, Switzerland, Norway, Uruguay, Iraq, Guyana, and others supported the phase-out.
  • Some nations like Kenya and Cameroon sought limited exemptions for specific applications.

Scientific Committee’s Review

  • POPs Review Committee (POPRC) in 2024 recommended listing Chlorpyrifos in Annex A due to its persistence, bioaccumulation, and long-range environmental transport.

Health and Environmental Hazards

  • Inhibits enzyme acetylcholinesterase, affecting the nervous system.
  • Exposure can occur via inhalation, skin contact, or residue on food.
  • Most detected pesticide in a 2024 food contamination study in India (33% detection frequency).

Background

  • Over 40 countries have banned chlorpyrifos.
  • In 2010, India similarly opposed banning endosulfan.
  • India and China are now the largest producers of Chlorpyrifos.

Key Static Facts

  • Stockholm Convention: Adopted in 2001, effective from 2004.

Chemicals listed under

  • Annex A: Elimination
  • Annex B: Restriction
  • Annex C: Unintentional production minimization
  • Other chemicals discussed in 2025: Medium-chain chlorinated paraffins, long-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (LC-PFCAs).
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? India Opposes Global Ban on Chlorpyrifos
Convention Stockholm Convention on POPs
Chemical in Focus Chlorpyrifos
India’s Position Opposed listing under Annex A
Health Hazards Neurological issues, potential carcinogen, food residue exposure
Supporting Nations EU, UK, Norway, Switzerland, Uruguay, Iraq, others
Exemptions Discussed 16 crop-based exemptions, locust control, wood preservation
WHO Classification Moderately hazardous

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_13.1

Most Expensive Paintings in the World (2025)

In the world of luxury investments, few assets captivate the imagination and wealth of collectors quite like fine art. Despite the volatility of global markets, some paintings have not only retained but increased their staggering valuations. As of 2025, the art world continues to witness record-breaking purchases that reaffirm the elite status of a select group of masterpieces. These works, often unattainable and rarely traded, are cherished not only for their historical significance but for their unmatched artistic brilliance.

Introduction

Determining the value of a painting involves more than assessing its age or aesthetics. The reputation of the artist, historical provenance, rarity, and the emotional and cultural impact of the artwork all play vital roles. In a market defined by exclusivity and prestige, a handful of paintings rise above all others — commanding prices in the hundreds of millions, often becoming permanent fixtures in museums or elite private collections.

Top 8 Most Expensive Paintings in the World (2025)

These eight iconic works of art represent the pinnacle of both cultural heritage and economic value, symbolizing not just beauty but also financial magnitude.

Rank Painting Artist Year Price (in USD) Notable Details
1 Mona Lisa Leonardo da Vinci c. 1503 $1 billion Housed in the Louvre, Paris; not for sale; most famous and valuable painting globally.
2 Salvator Mundi Leonardo da Vinci c. 1500 $450.3 million Sold in 2017; depicts Christ; most expensive artwork ever sold at auction.
3 Interchange Willem de Kooning 1955 $300 million Abstract expressionist masterpiece; sold privately in 2015.
4 The Card Players Paul Cézanne 1890s $250 million Sold to Qatar Royal Family; post-impressionist icon.
5 Nafea Faa Ipoipo (When Will You Marry?) Paul Gauguin 1892 $210 million Tahitian-themed artwork; sold to a Qatari buyer in 2015.
6 Number 17A Jackson Pollock 1948 $200 million Drip painting technique; sold in private sale.
7 The Standard Bearer Rembrandt van Rijn 1636 $198 million Purchased by Dutch govt.; now housed in the Rijksmuseum.
8 Shot Sage Blue Marilyn Andy Warhol 1964 $195 million Most expensive 20th-century artwork; sold at Christie’s in 2022.

Most Expensive Paintings in the World (2025) in Detail

1. Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci – Estimated Value: $1 Billion

The Mona Lisa, housed in the Louvre Museum, remains the undisputed champion of artistic worth. Created by Leonardo da Vinci in the early 1500s, its enigmatic smile, subtle detailing, and mysterious allure have captivated generations. Though not for sale, art experts estimate its insured value at around 1 billion US dollars, making it the most expensive painting in the world.

2. Salvator Mundi by Leonardo da Vinci – Sold for $450.3 Million

Dubbed the “Male Mona Lisa,” Salvator Mundi became the most expensive painting ever sold at auction when it was purchased by a Saudi prince in 2017. The painting depicts Christ as the Savior of the World, and its rediscovery after centuries sparked both fascination and debate over its authenticity. Despite controversies, its record sale of $450.3 million remains a landmark moment in the art world.

3. Interchange by Willem de Kooning – Sold for $300 Million

One of the most iconic pieces of abstract expressionism, Interchange was painted in 1955 by Dutch-American artist Willem de Kooning. Known for its vigorous brushstrokes and dynamic composition, the painting was purchased privately in 2015 for $300 million. It reflects a pivotal moment in the evolution of modern art and stands as the most valuable abstract work ever sold.

4. The Card Players by Paul Cézanne – Sold for $250 Million

This 1890s masterpiece by Paul Cézanne is often referred to as a cornerstone of Post-Impressionist art. Featuring two men deeply engaged in a card game, the painting was acquired by the Royal Family of Qatar in a private sale for an estimated $250 million, making it one of the highest-valued purchases by a state entity.

5. Nafea Faa Ipoipo (When Will You Marry?) by Paul Gauguin – Sold for $210 Million

Created during Paul Gauguin’s time in Tahiti, this vibrant piece portrays two Polynesian women. The painting, titled “Nafea Faa Ipoipo” in Tahitian, meaning “When Will You Marry?”, was sold for around $210 million in 2015, reportedly to a Qatari buyer. Its emotional depth and cultural sensitivity have cemented it as one of Gauguin’s most important works.

6. Number 17A by Jackson Pollock – Sold for $200 Million

A leader of the American Abstract Expressionist movement, Jackson Pollock revolutionized modern art with his drip painting technique. Number 17A, painted in 1948, fetched around $200 million in a private sale. The painting exemplifies Pollock’s chaotic yet calculated approach, making it a prized possession among collectors of contemporary art.

7. The Standard Bearer by Rembrandt van Rijn – Sold for $198 Million

Painted in 1636, this Rembrandt portrait showcases the artist’s mastery in capturing human expression and detail. The Standard Bearer was acquired by the Dutch government in 2022 for €175 million (approximately $198 million) to secure its return to the Netherlands. It is now part of the Rijksmuseum collection, underlining the national importance of the artwork.

8. Shot Sage Blue Marilyn by Andy Warhol – Sold for $195 Million

This 1964 silkscreen portrait of Marilyn Monroe by Andy Warhol was auctioned at Christie’s in 2022. It is a vibrant tribute to both pop culture and tragic fame. The painting, titled “Shot Sage Blue Marilyn”, became the most expensive 20th-century artwork ever sold at auction, reaching a final price of $195 million.

Election Commission Unveiled Three New Voter-Centric Reforms

The Election Commission of India (ECI), the constitutional body overseeing elections in the country, has launched three new initiatives aimed at strengthening the electoral process. These measures focus on using technology for better data accuracy, ensuring that voters are better informed, and boosting public trust in BLOs—the front-line agents of the ECI. These reforms are crucial to improve transparency, inclusiveness, and voter experience ahead of upcoming elections.

Why in the News?

On May 1, 2025, the Election Commission of India (ECI) announced three new initiatives to improve electoral roll accuracy, streamline voter information, and enhance the credibility of Booth Level Officers (BLOs). These measures align with the vision laid out by Chief Election Commissioner Gyanesh Kumar during the Conference of Chief Electoral Officers earlier this year.

Electronic Death Registration Data Integration

  • The ECI will now electronically obtain death data from the Registrar General of India.

Legal basis,

  • Rule 9 of the Registration of Electors Rules, 1960
  • Section 3(5)(b) of the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969 (amended 2023)
  • This allows timely deletion of deceased voters from electoral rolls, reducing errors.
  • BLOs will re-verify this information on the ground—no need to wait for Form 7 submissions.

More Voter-Friendly Voter Information Slips (VIS)

  • VIS design updated to highlight serial and part numbers in larger fonts.
  • This helps voters easily find their polling stations and locate their names in the voter list.
  • Also aids polling officials in quick identification, saving time on election day.

Photo Identity Cards for BLOs

  • BLOs will now be issued standard photo ID cards under Section 13B(2) of the Representation of the People Act, 1950.
  • This ensures BLOs are recognizable, improving citizen trust and engagement during voter verification and house-to-house drives.

Significance of the Reforms

  • Accuracy: Reduces chances of duplication and presence of deceased voters in electoral rolls.
  • Transparency: Citizens will be more confident in the system due to visible and identifiable BLOs.
  • Efficiency: Faster voter identification and better coordination on polling days.

Background and Static GK

  • Election Commission of India (ECI) is a constitutional body under Article 324 of the Indian Constitution.
  • The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) is appointed by the President of India.
  • Form 7 is used to apply for deletion of a voter’s name.
  • Booth Level Officers (BLOs) act as a link between the ECI and voters in each polling booth area.

Challenges and Way Forward

  • Digital coordination between RGI and ECI must remain secure and privacy compliant.
  • Awareness campaigns are needed to educate citizens about the updated VIS design and BLO ID recognition.
  • Ensuring BLOs are adequately trained to handle digital tools and voter queries effectively.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Election Commission Unveiled Three New Voter-Centric Reforms
Data Integration Death registration data from Registrar General integrated electronically
Legal Basis Rule 9 (1960 Rules) & Section 3(5)(b) of 1969 Act (Amended 2023)
Voter Info Slips Serial and part numbers now in larger fonts for easy identification
BLO ID Cards Standardized photo ID to improve visibility and trust
CEC (2025) Shri Gyanesh Kumar

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_16.1

India Notifies Sugar (Control) Order, 2025 to Modernize Sugar Sector Regulation

To align with modern industrial practices, digital technologies, and market realities, the Central Government has replaced the decades-old Sugar (Control) Order, 1966 with the Sugar (Control) Order, 2025. This initiative aims to bring transparency, efficiency, and accountability in sugar production, pricing, and monitoring, strengthening India’s position in the global sugar economy.

Why in the News?

The Government of India has revised and notified the Sugar (Control) Order, 2025, replacing the outdated Sugar (Control) Order, 1966, to modernize and streamline regulations in the sugar sector.

Objective

  • To modernize the regulatory framework governing the sugar sector.
  • To promote transparency, fair pricing, real-time data availability, and equitable treatment of farmers.

Key Highlights of Sugar (Control) Order, 2025

Digital Integration (API)

  • DFPD portal integrated with ERP/SAP systems of over 450 sugar mills.
  • GSTN data related to sugar sales now synced with the portal.
  • Enhances real-time monitoring, reduces data duplication, and curbs data leakage.

Price Regulation Clause

  • Now included within the Sugar (Control) Order itself.
  • Replaces the Sugar Price (Control) Order, 2018.

Inclusion of Raw Sugar

  • Raw sugar now officially counted in national sugar stock.
  • Eliminates misleading sales under names like “organic” or “khandsari”.

Khandsari Sugar Factories Covered

  • Units with capacity >500 TCD included (66 units out of 373).
  • Ensures payment of FRP (Fair and Remunerative Price) to farmers.

By-Product Regulation

  • Includes ethanol, molasses, bagasse, press mud, etc.
  • Aims to regulate diversion of sugarcane for by-products to ensure domestic availability.

Standardized Definitions

  • Unified definitions for sugar types as per FSSAI norms.
  • Includes refined sugar, bura, jaggery, icing sugar, cube sugar, etc.

Static GK

  • Department Concerned: Department of Food and Public Distribution (DFPD)
  • Linked Ministry: Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
  • India’s Rank: One of the top 3 sugar-producing nations globally
  • FRP: Minimum price fixed by the government that sugar mills must pay to farmers

Significance

  • Enhances governance and traceability in sugar production.
  • Supports digital transformation of the sugar supply chain.
  • Protects farmer rights, ensures better data for policy planning.
  • Boosts India’s efforts to maintain domestic stability and compete globally.

Challenges

  • Ensuring compliance by smaller mills
  • Managing ethanol diversion without hurting sugar availability
  • Smooth transition from old to new definitions and norms
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? India Notifies Sugar (Control) Order, 2025 to Modernize Sugar Sector Regulation
Governing Law Sugar (Control) Order, 2025
Replaces Sugar (Control) Order, 1966
Key Ministry Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution (DFPD)
New Digital Tool API integration with sugar mills’ ERP/SAP
Price Control Inclusion Merges Sugar Price (Control) Order, 2018
Raw Sugar Regulation Raw Sugar Regulation Included in national sugar stock
Khandsari Sugar Units >500 TCD now regulated, FRP mandatory
By-Products Covered Ethanol, molasses, bagasse, press mud, etc.

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_18.1

New Military Leadership Takes Charge: Key Appointments in Indian Defence Forces

On 1st May 2025, India’s defence leadership witnessed significant transitions across the Army and the Air Force. These appointments mark a generational shift in command and are crucial for enhancing operational readiness, training effectiveness, and inter-services coordination.

Why in the News?

On 01 May 2025, Air Marshal Tejinder Singh assumed charge as the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief (AOC-in-C), Training Command of the Indian Air Force. On the same day, Air Marshal Ashutosh Dixit took over as the Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (CISC), and Lt Gen Pratik Sharma assumed command as the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C), Northern Command of the Indian Army.

Air Marshal Tejinder Singh – AOC-in-C, Training Command, IAF

  • Took charge on 01 May 2025.
  • Alumnus of the National Defence Academy (NDA), Defence Services Staff College (DSSC), and National Defence College (NDC).
  • Commissioned on 13 June 1987 into the fighter stream.
  • Holds 4500+ flying hours and is a Category ‘A’ Qualified Flying Instructor.
  • Held key roles: Commanded Fighter Squadron, Radar Station, Premier Fighter Base, AOC J&K.
  • Staff positions: Ops at Command HQ, ACAS Ops (Strategy), Dy Chief of Air Staff.
  • Awards: Vayu Sena Medal (2007) and Ati Vishisht Seva Medal (2022).

Air Marshal Ashutosh Dixit – Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (CISC)

  • Took over as CISC on 01 May 2025 from Lt Gen JP Mathew.
  • Alumnus of NDA, DSSC (Bangladesh), and NDC (Delhi).
  • Commissioned into the fighter stream on 06 Dec 1986.
  • Qualified Flying Instructor and Experimental Test Pilot with 3300+ flying hours on 20+ aircraft.
  • Commanded Fighter Training Base; known for leadership in indigenous upgrades (Jaguar, MiG-27).
  • Previously served as AOC-in-C, Central Air Command.
  • Decorated with: Ati Vishisht Seva Medal (AVSM), Vishisht Seva Medal (VSM), Vayu Sena Medal (VM).

Lt Gen MV Suchindra Kumar – Relinquished Command, Northern Command

  • Retired from Northern Command on April, 30.
  • Commissioned into 1 ASSAM Regiment on 8 June 1985.
  • Commanded all formations (Battalion to Corps) in J&K.
  • Focused on border security, counter-terrorism ops, and community engagement (e.g., Operation Sadhbhavna).

Lt Gen Pratik Sharma – New GOC-in-C, Northern Command

  • Took over on 01 May 2025.
  • Alumnus of NDA, IMA Dehradun, DSSC Wellington, NDC Delhi.
  • Commissioned into the MADRAS Regiment in Dec 1987.
  • Commanded Infantry units along LoC, Strike Corps in Western Sector.
  • Former Director General of Military Operations and Dy Chief of Army Staff (Strategy).

Significance

  • Strengthens the Indian Armed Forces’ operational leadership across vital commands.
  • Reflects strategic emphasis on inter-services synergy and combat readiness.
  • Ensures continuity and evolution of training, technology integration, and counter-insurgency strategies.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Key Positions Shift in the Indian Armed Force
Air Marshal Tejinder Singh AOC-in-C, Training Command, IAF
Air Marshal Ashutosh Dixit Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (CISC)
Lt Gen MV Suchindra Kumar Retired from Northern Command
Lt Gen Pratik Sharma GOC-in-C, Northern Command

 

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_20.1

Important Days in May 2025, List of National and International Events

The month of May 2025 is filled with a series of significant national and international observances. These important days commemorate historic events, raise awareness about critical global issues, and celebrate cultural, scientific, and humanitarian achievements. For aspirants preparing for competitive examinations, knowing these days is essential as they often appear in the General Awareness and Current Affairs sections.

Important Days and Dates in May 2025

Date Day/Event
1 May International Labour Day / May Day, Maharashtra Day, Gujarat Day
2 May World Tuna Day
3 May World Press Freedom Day
4 May Coal Miners Day, International Firefighter’s Day, World Laughter Day (First Sunday of May)
6 May International No Diet Day, World Asthma Day (First Tuesday of May)
7 May World Athletics Day
8 May World Red Cross Day, World Thalassaemia Day
9 May Rabindranath Tagore Jayanti, Maharana Pratap Jayanti
10 May World Lupus Day
11 May National Technology Day, Mother’s Day (Second Sunday of May)
12 May International Nurses Day, Buddha Purnima (Buddha Jayanti)
15 May International Day of Families
16 May National Dengue Day, International Day of Light, National Endangered Species Day (Third Friday)
17 May World Telecommunication Day, World Hypertension Day, Armed Forces Day (Third Saturday)
18 May World AIDS Vaccine Day (HIV Vaccine Awareness Day), International Museum Day
20 May International HR Day
21 May National Anti-Terrorism Day, International Tea Day
22 May International Day for Biological Diversity
23 May World Turtle Day
24 May National Brother’s Day
25 May Africa Day
26 May National Memorial Day (Last Monday of May)
30 May International Day of Potato, Goa Statehood Day, Hindi Journalism Day
31 May World No Tobacco Day (Anti-Tobacco Day)

List of Important Days and Events in May 2025

1 May – International Labour Day / May Day

Also known as Antarrashtriya Shramik Diwas or Kamgar Din in India, this day honors the contributions of workers and the labor movement. It is celebrated worldwide to advocate for fair labor practices and workers’ rights.

1 May – Maharashtra Day and Gujarat Day

On 1 May 1960, the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat were formed following the bifurcation of the Bombay State. Both states observe a state holiday and organize parades and cultural programs.

2 May – World Tuna Day

Designated by the United Nations, this day raises awareness about the importance of tuna fish in global food security and the need for sustainable fishing practices.

3 May – World Press Freedom Day

This day emphasizes the importance of free and independent media. It also serves as a tribute to journalists who have lost their lives while performing their duties.

4 May – Coal Miners Day and International Firefighter’s Day

  • Coal Miners Day is observed to recognize the sacrifices and hard work of coal miners in one of the most dangerous professions.
  • International Firefighter’s Day was initiated following the tragic deaths of five firefighters in Australia. It honors the bravery and service of firefighters worldwide.

4 May (First Sunday) – World Laughter Day

Founded by Dr. Madan Kataria in Mumbai in 1998, this day promotes world peace and wellness through laughter, under the Laughter Yoga Movement.

6 May – International No Diet Day and World Asthma Day

  • No Diet Day promotes body acceptance and raises awareness about eating disorders and weight discrimination.
  • World Asthma Day, observed on the first Tuesday of May, spreads awareness about asthma, its management, and treatment.

7 May – World Athletics Day

Initiated by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), this day promotes participation in athletics, especially among youth.

8 May – World Red Cross Day and World Thalassaemia Day

  • World Red Cross Day marks the birth anniversary of Henry Dunant, the founder of the Red Cross.
  • World Thalassaemia Day raises awareness about the genetic blood disorder and encourages support for patients and families.

9 May – Rabindranath Tagore Jayanti and Maharana Pratap Jayanti

  • Celebrates the birth of Rabindranath Tagore, Nobel Laureate, poet, and national icon.
  • Maharana Pratap Jayanti honors the legendary warrior and Rajput king of Mewar, known for his valour and resistance against Mughal rule.

10 May – World Lupus Day

Dedicated to spreading awareness about Lupus, a chronic autoimmune disease affecting millions worldwide.

11 May – National Technology Day and Mother’s Day (Second Sunday)

  • National Technology Day commemorates India’s nuclear tests at Pokhran in 1998, marking a major stride in technological advancement.
  • Mother’s Day celebrates the love and contribution of mothers and is observed globally on the second Sunday of May.

12 May – International Nurses Day and Buddha Purnima

  • International Nurses Day marks the birth anniversary of Florence Nightingale and recognizes the contributions of nurses.
  • Buddha Purnima, also known as Vesak, celebrates the birth, enlightenment, and death of Gautama Buddha.

15 May – International Day of Families

A day to reflect on the importance of family structures and promote policies that support families around the world.

16 May – National Dengue Day, International Day of Light, and National Endangered Species Day (Third Friday)

  • Raises awareness about dengue fever and its prevention.
  • Celebrates the invention of the laser and the role of light in science and culture.
  • Highlights the importance of conserving endangered species.

17 May – World Telecommunication Day, World Hypertension Day, and Armed Forces Day (Third Saturday)

  • Telecommunication Day marks the founding of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
  • Hypertension Day encourages regular blood pressure screening and healthy living.
  • Armed Forces Day in the United States honors active-duty military personnel.

18 May – World AIDS Vaccine Day and International Museum Day

  • AIDS Vaccine Day recognizes ongoing efforts in HIV vaccine research.
  • Museum Day, organized by ICOM, aims to promote the importance of museums in preserving heritage.

20 May – International HR Day

Celebrates the evolving role of Human Resource professionals and the value they bring to modern workplaces.

21 May – National Anti-Terrorism Day and International Tea Day

  • Anti-Terrorism Day commemorates the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi and promotes peace and unity.
  • Tea Day recognizes the economic and cultural significance of tea production and workers.

22 May – International Day for Biological Diversity

Established to promote awareness of the importance of biodiversity and its protection amid increasing threats.

23 May – World Turtle Day

Aims to protect turtles and tortoises and their habitats through education and advocacy.

24 May – National Brother’s Day

Celebrates the unique and enduring bond between brothers and siblings.

25 May – Africa Day

Marks the founding of the Organisation of African Unity (now African Union) and celebrates African unity and liberation.

26 May – National Memorial Day (Last Monday of May)

Observed in the United States, it honors fallen military personnel who died in service to the nation.

30 May – International Day of Potato, Goa Statehood Day, and Hindi Journalism Day

  • Recognizes the role of potatoes in combating hunger and supporting rural livelihoods.
  • Goa Statehood Day marks Goa becoming India’s 25th state on 30 May 1987.
  • Hindi Journalism Day commemorates the publication of India’s first Hindi newspaper, Udant Martand, in 1826.

31 May – World No Tobacco Day

Organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) to highlight the harmful effects of tobacco consumption and encourage cessation efforts globally.

UK, Japan and Russia to Join Global Media Dialogue At WAVES 2025

India has taken a leading role in shaping the global media landscape by hosting the Global Media Dialogue (GMD) during the WAVES 2025 event in Mumbai. Organized by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (I&B), with support from the Ministry of External Affairs, this landmark event has attracted participation from over 60 countries, aiming to foster international collaboration in the media and entertainment sector.

Why in the News?

India is hosting the Global Media Dialogue (GMD) for the first time on the sidelines of WAVES 2025 in Mumbai on May 2, 2025. The event features participation from over 60 countries, including UK, Japan, and Russia, and is being organized by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, with support from the Ministry of External Affairs.

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF_23.1

Objective of the Global Media Dialogue (GMD)

  • To promote international cooperation in the media and entertainment industry.
  • To facilitate policy alignment, talent exchange, and capacity building.
  • To discuss the evolving role of media in shaping global societies and fostering innovation.

Significance of the GMD 2025

  • Marks India’s first-time hosting of the Global Media Dialogue.
  • Launch of the ‘WAVES Declaration’, emphasizing global commitment to media cooperation.
  • Positions India as a global media hub with a rapidly growing entertainment sector.

Participating Nations and Organizations

  • Countries: UK, Japan, Russia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, among others.
  • International bodies: World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
  • Ministerial-level participation and senior officials involved.

India’s Bilateral Engagements

  • Bilateral talks with over 10 countries including Russia, UK, Indonesia, Bhutan, Kenya, and Egypt.
  • Focus areas: Media partnerships, innovation, content regulation, and intellectual property.

Background & Context

  • WAVES 2025 is a major global media and entertainment forum hosted by India.
  • India’s media industry is one of the largest and fastest-growing in the world.
  • The media sector plays a vital role in diplomacy, social dialogue, and economic growth.

Static GK Pointers

Topic Fact/Detail

  • Organizing Ministry/Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
  • Support Ministry/Ministry of External Affairs
  • Venue/Mumbai, India
  • Associated Event WAVES 2025
Summary/STatic Details
Why in the news? UK, Japan and Russia to Join Global Media Dialogue At WAVES 2025
Event Name Global Media Dialogue (GMD)
Associated Forum WAVES 2025
Host Country India
Host City Mumbai
Key Outcome  ‘WAVES Declaration’ for international media cooperation
Total Participating Countries Over 60
Organizers Ministry of I&B and Ministry of External Affairs

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Monthly Current Affairs