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Who is Known as the Father of Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an exciting field that has transformed technology, helping machines learn, think, and solve problems like humans. The man widely regarded as the “Father of Artificial Intelligence” is John McCarthy. Let’s learn more about him and his contributions.

What is AI?

AI is a type of technology that allows computers to think and solve problems like humans. It can work independently or with other tools to make decisions, learn from data, and perform tasks like a human brain. From helping with online shopping to guiding self-driving cars, AI is now a part of our everyday lives.

Father of Artificial Intelligence

John McCarthy, born in 1927 is famously known as the Father of Artificial Intelligence (AI). He was a brilliant computer scientist whose groundbreaking work laid the foundation for the field of AI, which focuses on creating machines that can think and learn like humans.

Who coined the term Artificial Intelligence?

John McCarthy first used the term “artificial intelligence” in the mid-1950s. He defined it as the science and engineering of making intelligent machines. This idea became a revolutionary concept in the world of technology.

Other Major Contributions of John McCarthy

McCarthy made many other important contributions to computer science and AI.

  • Developed Lisp Programming Language: McCarthy created Lisp, a programming language that became essential for AI development.
  • Influenced ALGOL: He also contributed ideas to the design of ALGOL, an important early programming language.
  • Popularized Time-Sharing: McCarthy helped introduce time-sharing, a system that allows many people to use one computer at the same time.
  • Invented Garbage Collection: He invented the garbage collection process, which helps manage memory in computers efficiently.

Amiya Kumar Bagchi, Renowned Economic Historian, Dies

Professor Amiya Kumar Bagchi, a prominent economic historian and macroeconomist, passed away on November 28, 2024. Renowned for his revolutionary contributions to economic history and his commitment to Left politics, Bagchi’s scholarship bridged economic theory and historical data, influencing both economists and historians alike. His work continues to shed light on India’s colonial economic history, development, and underdevelopment, providing profound insights into the impact of imperialism.

Early Education and Career

  • Initially admitted to a college, Bagchi left for speaking out against injustice and joined Presidency College, Kolkata, where he completed his Master’s in Economics.
  • He pursued his doctoral studies at Cambridge University, funded by a West Bengal government scholarship.
  • After completing his Ph.D., he joined the Faculty of Economics and Politics at Cambridge, with a Fellowship at Jesus College.

Shift from Game Theory to Economic History

  • Initially a mathematical economist and game theorist, Bagchi turned to economic history for his doctoral dissertation, a decision that marked his future path.
  • His interdisciplinary approach combined macroeconomics with historical data to reveal new patterns, making him a pioneer in the field.

Notable Works

  • Private Investment in India (1900-1939): A groundbreaking book that compared to works of anti-colonial historians like Naoroji and Dutt, this work explored the dynamics of investment during colonial India.
  • Deindustrialization in Colonial India: Provided decisive evidence in a long-standing debate on the impact of colonialism on India’s industrial decline.
  • Dialectics of Development and Underdevelopment (1972): An influential piece outlining the historical relationship between development and underdevelopment in the global economy.
  • Perilous Passage: His final book focusing on the global ascendency of capitalism and the demographic collapse in the Global South caused by imperialism.

Academic and Institutional Roles

  • Bagchi returned to Kolkata to teach at Presidency College and later became the Director of the Centre for the Study of Social Sciences, Calcutta.
  • He was a strong advocate for Left politics and served as Vice-Chairman of the West Bengal State Planning Board.
  • Established and directed the Institute of Development Studies, Kolkata, where he continued to influence economic thought.

Institution-builder and Mentor

  • A beloved teacher and mentor, Bagchi guided numerous students, many of whom went on to become prominent scholars in their own right.
  • He played a pivotal role in the academic landscape, combining economics with historical analysis to challenge colonial narratives.

Cultural and Intellectual Contributions

  • Known for his connection to Kolkata’s cultural and intellectual life, Bagchi remained rooted in the city throughout his career, despite numerous prestigious offers.
  • He contributed regularly to Bengali literary magazines and enjoyed engaging with Kolkata’s artistic community, particularly through Rabindra Sangeet and Bengali literature.

Legacy

  • Bagchi’s work illuminated the effects of imperialism and contributed to the larger narrative of underdevelopment in India.
  • He was elected General President of the Indian History Congress and is remembered as a key figure in both economics and history.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Professor Amiya Kumar Bagchi, a prominent economic historian and macroeconomist, passed away on November 28, 2024. 
Field of Expertise Economic History, Macroeconomics, Development Economics
Notable Works 1. Private Investment in India 1900-1939

2. Deindustrialization in Colonial India

3. Dialectics of Development and Underdevelopment (1972)

4. Perilous Passage: Mankind and the Global Ascendency of Capital
Career Highlights – Taught at Presidency College, Kolkata

– Director, Centre for the Study of Social Sciences, Calcutta

– Vice-Chairman, West Bengal State Planning Board

– Founder, Institute of Development Studies, Kolkata
Academic Approach Bridged economics and history, using macroeconomic theory with historical data
Legacy His work reshaped economic and historical scholarship on colonial India, underdevelopment, and the impact of imperialism.

Sanraksha App launched for Enhancing Rail Passenger Safety

The launch of the ‘Sanraksha’ mobile application by Indian Railways aims to enhance the safety and security of passengers. It integrates advanced technology, including data analytics and potential AI applications, to train and build the capacity of railway staff while ensuring passenger safety. The app was launched after a successful pilot project in the Nagpur division, and it is being rolled out across various railway zones to create a more secure environment for travelers.

Key Features of Sanraksha App

  • Purpose: The app is designed to improve railway safety by focusing on capacity building for frontline safety staff.
  • Launch Details: Launched by Ravinder Goyal, Member Operations and Business Development, Railway Board.
  • Development: Designed by Dilip Singh, an IRTS officer from the 2013 batch, who is currently the Senior Divisional Commercial Manager at Nagpur, South East Central Railway.
  • Pilot Success: Implemented in the Nagpur division, where it demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing safety.
  • Rollout Plan: Initially rolled out in 16 divisions across various railway zones with plans for nationwide implementation.
  • Technology Integration: Combines Indian Railways’ domain knowledge with IT, data analytics, and future AI integration.
  • Learning and Feedback: The app features smart learning and real-time feedback mechanisms for monitoring safety performance.

Other Safety Measures

  • Rail Madad Portal: Provides immediate assistance to passengers through complaints made on the portal or through the 139 Helpline number integrated with ERSS (Emergency Response Support System).
  • CCTV Surveillance: Enhanced security through CCTV cameras installed in coaches and railway stations.
  • Social Media Interaction: Regular engagement with passengers on social media platforms to address security concerns and enhance overall safety.
  • Special Drives: Regular drives against the entry of male passengers into women’s compartments, with legal action taken against offenders.
Summary/Static Detail
Why in the news? Sanraksha Mobile app launched to improve railway safety through training and capacity building of staff.
Pilot Project First implemented in Nagpur division, showcasing its effectiveness.
Rollout Plan App to be implemented across 16 railway zones initially, with plans for wider rollout.
Technology Integration Combines domain knowledge, IT, data analytics, and future AI applications.
Learning & Feedback Offers smart learning features with real-time feedback and monitoring capabilities.
Rail Madad Portal Provides immediate assistance for complaints, integrated with ERSS via Helpline Number 139.
CCTV Surveillance Cameras installed in coaches and stations for enhanced security.
Social Media Engagement Regular updates and interaction with passengers to address safety concerns.
Special Drives Drives against entry of male passengers in women’s compartments, with legal action taken against offenders.

Kaziranga Hosts 12th International Tourism Mart, Spotlighting Northeast India’s Riches

The 12th Edition of the International Tourism Mart (ITM) kicked off on November 27, 2024, in Kaziranga, Assam, with the aim of showcasing the immense tourism potential of Northeast India. Organized annually by the Ministry of Tourism, the event serves as a key platform for both domestic and international audiences to explore the diverse cultural, natural, and biodiversity-rich offerings of the region.

Inauguration and Attendees

  • Union Minister for Tourism and Culture, Gajendra Singh Shekhawat, inaugurated the event.
  • Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sharma and Arunachal Pradesh Chief Minister Pema Khandu were also present.

Objectives of ITM

  • To promote Northeast India’s tourism to both domestic and international audiences.
  • To create a platform for collaboration among tourism professionals, buyers, sellers, media, and government agencies.

Kaziranga as the Venue

  • The event is hosted in Kaziranga, known for its UNESCO World Heritage-listed Kaziranga National Park and the one-horned rhinos.
  • Kaziranga’s natural beauty and the region’s rich flora, fauna, and culture provide an ideal backdrop for the Mart.

Noteworthy Developments

  • The Coffee Table Book “Guwahati and Around” was launched by Assam Tourism Development Corporation, highlighting Guwahati’s cultural diversity and scenic beauty.
  • The Moidams of Charaideo were recognized as the 43rd UNESCO World Heritage Site in July 2024.
  • The 50th anniversary of Kaziranga National Park being declared a national park was celebrated.

Event Activities

  • State Presentations: States from Northeast India presented their tourism offerings.
  • B2B Meetings and Panel Discussions: Topics included innovation, youth entrepreneurship, women empowerment, and sustainable tourism.
  • Cultural Performances and Food Demonstrations: These gave attendees a taste of the region’s traditions and culinary offerings.
  • Technical Visits: Attendees visited significant cultural and natural sites like Charaideo Moidams, Rangghar, Kaziranga National Park, Hathikuli Tea Estate, and Orchid and Biodiversity Park.

Focus on Sustainability

  • The event emphasized eco-friendly practices in line with the Ministry of Tourism’s “Travel for Life” initiative, promoting sustainable and responsible tourism.

International Engagement

  • The ITM welcomed over 30 countries, with 15 international influencers, 24 international tour operators, and 20 international students.
  • It attracted 46 domestic buyers, 7 domestic influencers, and 101 domestic sellers.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? The 12th Edition of the International Tourism Mart (ITM) kicked off on November 27, 2024
Location Kaziranga, Assam
Inauguration Union Minister Gajendra Singh Shekhawat, Assam CM Himanta Biswa Sharma, Arunachal Pradesh CM Pema Khandu
Duration November 27-29, 2024
Objective Showcase Northeast India’s tourism potential to a global audience
Launches Coffee Table Book “Guwahati and Around” by Assam Tourism Development Corporation
Main Attractions Kaziranga National Park, Moidams of Charaideo, Guwahati’s cultural diversity, and scenic beauty
Anniversary Celebrated 50th anniversary of Kaziranga National Park as a national park
Focus Areas Sustainable tourism, eco-friendly practices, and responsible tourism
International Participation 30 countries, 15 international influencers, 24 international tour operators, 20 students
Domestic Participation 46 domestic buyers, 7 influencers, 101 sellers
Event Highlights B2B meetings, state presentations, cultural performances, food demonstrations, technical visits

India Tests K-4 Missile from INS Arighaat

India has achieved a significant milestone by successfully testing the K-4 nuclear-capable ballistic missile with a range of 3,500 km from the nuclear-powered submarine INS Arighaat in the Bay of Bengal. This test strengthens India’s nuclear deterrence and places the nation among the select few capable of launching nuclear missiles from land, air, and sea.

Key Highlights

K-4 Missile Test Details

  • Missile Type: Nuclear-capable ballistic missile.
  • Range: Approximately 3,500 km.
  • Platform: Tested from INS Arighaat, a nuclear-powered submarine.
  • Location: Bay of Bengal, off the coast of Visakhapatnam.
  • Significance: First submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) test from a submarine.

Strategic Importance

  • Nuclear Triad: India joins a select group of nations capable of deploying nuclear missiles from land, air, and undersea.
  • Strengthened Deterrence: Enhances India’s strategic and nuclear deterrence capabilities.
  • Indigenous Systems: The INS Arighaat features systems conceptualized, designed, manufactured, and integrated by Indian scientists, industries, and naval personnel.

Recent Missile Development

  • India has test-fired a range of missiles in recent years to enhance overall military capabilities.
  • Over 10 days ago, India successfully tested a long-range hypersonic missile off the coast of Odisha.

Hypersonic Missiles

  • Capabilities: Fly at Mach 5 (five times the speed of sound) or higher.
  • Advantages: Highly maneuverable and agile, capable of mid-course trajectory changes.
  • Competitors: Russia and China lead in hypersonic missile technology, while the US is actively developing such systems.

Global Context

  • India’s increased focus on military capabilities is in response to China’s growing military assertiveness.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? India successfully tests K-4 nuclear-capable ballistic missile from INS Arighaat
Range 3,500 km
Platform Submarine-launched from INS Arighaat
Location of Test Bay of Bengal, off Visakhapatnam
Significance First SLBM test from a submarine, strengthens nuclear triad
INS Arighaat Commissioning Date August 29, 2024
Indigenous Contributions Systems and equipment conceptualized, designed, and integrated by Indian scientists and navy
Hypersonic Missile Test Long-range test 10 days earlier, achieving speeds above Mach 5
Global Competitors in Hypersonics Russia, China, and the US
Strategic Focus Enhancing combat capabilities amidst China’s military activities

Which Country is Known as the Land of Poets?

A country famous for its poets is often called the “Land of Poets”. This title reflects the nation’s rich tradition of poetry and the deep love its people have for literature and creative expression. Many countries are linked with poetry, but one stands out for its long history of great poets.

Land of Poets

Chile is famously called the “Land of Poets” because of its deep love for poetry and rich tradition of great poets. This South American country has given the world some of the most inspiring poems and writers.

Why is Chile Known as Land of Poets?

Chile is called the “Land of Poets” because of its rich history of famous poets like Gabriela Mistral and Pablo Neruda, both Nobel Prize winners. Their works express deep emotions and inspire people worldwide. Chile also hosts poetry conventions, encouraging poets from around the globe to share and celebrate the beauty of poetry.

Nobel Prize Winners in Literature

Chile is home to two Nobel Prize winners in Literature. Gabriela Mistral and Pablo Neruda, both world-famous poets, brought great honor to their country with their extraordinary works.

Poetry Conventions in Chile

Chile is not just a land of famous poets; it also encourages new poets to grow. The country hosts poetry conventions where poets from all over the world come together. They share their poems, learn from each other, and celebrate the beauty of words.

Cybercrime Surge in Top States: Govt’s 13-Pronged Strategy

The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has revealed that Telangana, Karnataka, and Maharashtra have emerged as the top states registering the highest number of cybercrime cases in the last three years, with Telangana leading the pack. The Central Government has implemented a 13-pronged strategy to curb cybercrimes, aiming to strengthen the detection, investigation, and prosecution of these crimes. Between 2020 and 2022, Telangana recorded 30,596 cybercrime cases, Karnataka registered 31,433, and Maharashtra saw 19,307 incidents.

Conviction Rates Remain Low Despite High Registration Numbers

Although law enforcement agencies are actively registering cybercrime cases, the conviction rates remain dismally low. Maharashtra, for instance, recorded 5,912 cases between 2020 and 2023, but only 45 convictions. Telangana registered 19,900 cases, with 253 convictions, while Karnataka only had six registered cases with no convictions. The arrest numbers were also disproportionate to the crime rate, with Maharashtra arresting 1,204 people, Telangana 3,055, and Karnataka just three.

Central Government Initiatives to Curb Cybercrime

The government has launched several initiatives to tackle the rising tide of cybercrimes. One of the key programs is the Citizen Financial Cyber Fraud Reporting and Management System (launched in 2021), which allows immediate reporting of financial frauds. This system has helped save over Rs 3,431 crore across more than 9.94 lakh complaints. Additionally, a toll-free helpline (1930) has been set up to assist citizens in lodging online complaints.

Capacity Building for Law Enforcement Agencies

In its effort to build capacity among law enforcement, the government has developed the CyTrain portal under the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C). This platform offers Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) on cybercrime investigations, forensics, and prosecution, having trained more than 98,698 police officers, issuing over 75,591 certificates.

Collaborative Efforts for Proactive Cybersecurity

The National Cyber Coordination Centre (NCCC) and the Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre (CFMC) are also crucial in the fight against cybercrime. The NCCC scans the entire Indian cyberspace to generate real-time intelligence, while the CFMC fosters collaboration between banks, telecom operators, and law enforcement agencies to tackle cyber fraud efficiently.

Summery of the news

Why in News Key Points
Cybercrime Surge – Telangana, Karnataka, and Maharashtra top states in cybercrime cases (2020-2022).
Telangana Cybercrime – 30,596 cases in 2020-22, highest among states.
Karnataka Cybercrime – 31,433 cases during the same period.
Maharashtra Cybercrime – 19,307 cases in 2020-22, 5,912 cases registered between 2020-23.
Conviction Rates – Low conviction rate: Maharashtra (45), Telangana (253), Karnataka (0).
Arrests in Cybercrime – Maharashtra: 1,204 arrested, Telangana: 3,055, Karnataka: 3.
Cybercrime Reporting System – Citizen Financial Cyber Fraud Reporting System launched in 2021.
Money Saved via System – Over Rs 3,431 crore saved across 9.94 lakh complaints.
MOOC Platform for Training – CyTrain portal for police and judicial officer training on cybercrime investigations.
National Cyber Coordination Centre (NCCC) – Set up to generate real-time cybersecurity threat data for proactive actions.
Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre (CFMC) – Collaborative center for tackling cyber fraud with banks, telecom, law enforcement.
Minister of State for Home – Bandi Sanjay Kumar (current Minister).
State Subject of Police – “Police” and “Public Order” are state subjects.

 

Piyush Goyal Launches Ease of Doing Business Portal

Union Commerce and Industry Minister Shri Piyush Goyal inaugurated the (Confederation of Indian Industry) CII Ease of Doing Business (EoDB) and Regulatory Affairs Portal at the 2nd DPIIT–CII National Conference on Ease of Doing Business in New Delhi. The portal aims to provide real-time updates on government and CII initiatives to enhance business efficiency, ensure transparency, and foster accountability. It features a dedicated member dashboard for tracking suggestions and progress, reflecting a commitment to transforming India’s business ecosystem.

Portal Launch Objectives

  • Offers insights into India’s business environment.
  • Tracks and resolves industry suggestions efficiently.
  • Enhances transparency and accountability in business operations.

Government’s Cooperative Federalism Approach

  • Shri Goyal emphasized cooperative federalism to simplify lives for citizens and businesses.
  • Urged openness to innovative ideas and a shift in mindset for greater impact.

National Single Window System (NSWS)

  • A platform to help investors identify and apply for approvals.
  • Industry engagement is crucial for its success.
  • Inputs on industrial land banks are required to enhance its functionality.

Jan Vishwas 2.0 Bill

  • Aims to decriminalize 300 additional laws to ease compliance.
  • Encourages industries to respect the law and avoid exploiting legal loopholes.

Technological Modernization

  • Upgrading state and central portals for agility, speed, and smarter operations.
  • Tackling misinformation to maintain credibility in business operations.

“Power of Three” Framework

  • Encouraged stakeholders to triple their speed, effort, and output to boost India’s economy.
  • Emphasized synergy among government, industry bodies, and stakeholders for impactful results.

Role of CII

  • Proposed a time-bound action plan to prioritize Indian businesses.
  • Serve as a bridge between stakeholders and the government for easing regulations.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Launch of CII Ease of Doing Business and Regulatory Affairs Portal
Occasion 2nd DPIIT–CII National Conference on Ease of Doing Business
Portal Objectives Insights into the business environment, real-time tracking of suggestions, enhancing transparency
Key Government Initiative National Single Window System (NSWS) for investor facilitation
Reforms Jan Vishwas 2.0 Bill to decriminalize 300 more laws
Technological Focus Modernizing government portals for efficiency
“Power of Three” Concept Synergy of government, industry, and stakeholders to triple speed, effort, and output
CII’s Role Bridge between government and industry, fostering economic progress
Minister’s Appeal Prioritize Indian businesses, engage actively with NSWS, and support legal compliance

Centre Receives 28 Proposals from 23 States for New City Development

The Union Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs has received 28 proposals from 23 states for the development of new cities, as part of the central government’s initiative to meet the growing demand for urban expansion. This marks a significant step in fulfilling the commitment made in February 2021 to develop eight new cities. The proposals are under scrutiny, with a focus on ensuring quality and adherence to eligibility criteria set by the 15th Finance Commission.

Background and Funding Allocation

In line with the recommendations of the 15th Finance Commission, the central government has allocated Rs 8,000 crore for the development of eight new cities across different states. Each city will receive Rs 1,000 crore. States are eligible to propose only one city each, and the proposals are being reviewed by an expert committee formed for finalizing bid parameters.

Proposals and Scrutiny Process

The ministry initially received 26 proposals from 21 states, but due to a lack of strong proposals from North-Eastern states, revised proposals were sought. As a result, the ministry has now received a total of 28 proposals, including one from Uttar Pradesh, which are currently under examination by the competent authority.

Future Steps

These proposals are part of the central government’s broader vision of addressing the challenges posed by urbanization and ensuring sustainable urban development in India. The new cities will play a key role in decongesting existing urban areas and fostering balanced regional development.

Summery of the news

Why in News Key Points
Union Housing and Urban Affairs Ministry received 28 proposals for the development of new cities. Proposals Received: 28 proposals from 23 states.
Objective: To develop 8 new cities to meet urban expansion needs.
15th Finance Commission Allocation: ₹8,000 crore recommended for 8 cities.
Funding per City: ₹1,000 crore per proposed city.
Expert Committee Formation: To finalize bid parameters for new city development. Finalized Parameters: Minimum eligibility conditions for proposals.
Request for Proposal (RfP): Circulated to all states for submission.
Proposal Review Process: Proposals under examination by the competent authority. States: 23 states involved, with a special focus on North-Eastern states.
Initiative Timeline: Announced in February 2021. States with Proposals: Includes Uttar Pradesh and other states.
Finance Commission Guidelines: Each state can propose only one city. Focus: Promoting balanced regional development and decongesting urban areas.

What is the State Flower of Madhya Pradesh State?

Madhya Pradesh, located in central India, is home to a rich variety of flora and fauna. One of the most beautiful and significant symbols of this state’s natural beauty is its state flower, the White Lily.

State Flower of Madhya Pradesh State

Madhya Pradesh, a state known for its rich cultural heritage and natural beauty, has a beautiful flower as its state symbol—the Madonna Lily.

What is the Madonna Lily?

The Madonna Lily (scientifically known as Lilium Candidum) is a striking white flower that has earned its place as the state flower of Madhya Pradesh. It is known for its elegant appearance and pleasant fragrance.

Where is the Madonna Lily Found?

While the Madonna Lily is grown in many countries around the world, such as France, Italy, North Africa, and Mexico, it originally comes from the Middle East and the Balkans. These regions are where the flower is naturally found.

Appearance of the Madonna Lily

The Madonna Lily is easily recognizable due to its white petals that have a soft yellow flush at the base. The petals open wide, creating a star-like shape. The flower is known for its strong fragrance, making it even more enchanting.

Blooming Seasons of Madonna Lily

The Madonna Lily typically blooms in the winter season. As the winter months pass and summer arrives, the flowers fade away, leaving behind a memory of their beauty.

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