Featured

States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

States and Capitals

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO State Capital CM Governor
1 Andhra Pradesh Amaravati Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu S. Abdul Nazer
2 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Pema Khandu Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3 Assam Dispur Himanta Biswa Sarma Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4 Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar Arif Mohammed Khan
5 Chhattisgarh Raipur Vishnu Deo Sai Ramen Deka
6 Goa Panaji Pramod Sawant P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7 Gujarat Gandhinagar Bhupendra Patel Acharya Dev Vrat
8 Haryana Chandigarh Nayab Singh Saini Bandaru Dattatraya
9 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu Shiv Pratap Shukla
10 Jharkhand Ranchi Hemant Soren Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11 Karnataka Bengaluru Siddaramaiah Thaawarchand Gehlot
12 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Pinarayi Vijayan Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Mohan Yadav Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14 Maharashtra Mumbai Devendra Fadnavis C.P. Radhakrishnan
15 Manipur Imphal N. Biren Singh
Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16 Meghalaya Shillong Conrad Kongkal Sangma
C H Vijayashankar
17 Mizoram Aizawl Lalduhoma General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18 Nagaland Kohima Neiphiu Rio
La. Ganesan
19 Odisha Bhubaneswar Mohan Charan Majhi
Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20 Punjab Chandigarh Bhagwant Singh Mann Gulab Chand Kataria
21 Rajasthan Jaipur Bhajan Lal Sharma Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22 Sikkim Gangtok PS Golay Om Prakash Mathur
23 Tamil Nadu Chennai M. K. Stalin R. N. Ravi
24 Telangana Hyderabad Anumula Revanth Reddy Jishnu Dev Varma
25 Tripura Agartala Dr. Manik Saha Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Yogi Aditya Nath Anandiben Patel
27 Uttarakhand Dehradun Pushkar Singh Dhami Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28 West Bengal Kolkata Mamata Banerjee Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO Union Territories Capital CM Lt. Governor
1 Andaman and Nicobar Island Port Blair NA D K Joshi
2 Chandigarh Chandigarh NA Banwarilal Purohit
3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Daman NA Praful Patel
4 Delhi Delhi Rekha Gupta Vinai Kumar Saxena
5 Ladakh NA NA B. D. Mishra
6 Lakshadweep Kavaratti NA Praful Patel
7 Jammu and Kashmir NA Omar Abdullah Manoj Sinha
8 Puducherry Pondicherry N. Rangaswamy C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference States Union Territories
Head of Administration Governor Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type Elected by the People Managed by the central government
Powers Shares power with the central government. Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No. States Language
1 Andhra Pradesh Telugu and Urdu
2 Arunachal Pradesh Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3 Assam Assamese
4 Bihar Hindi
5 Chhattisgarh Hindi
6 Goa Marathi Konkani
7 Gujarat Gujarati
8 Haryana Hindi
9 Himachal Pradesh Hindi and Pahari
10 Jharkhand Hindi
11 Karnataka Kannada
12 Kerala Malayalam
13 Madhya Pradesh Hindi
14 Maharashtra Marathi
15 Manipur Manipuri
16 Meghalaya Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17 Mizoram Mizo and English
18 Nagaland Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19 Odisha Oriya
20 Punjab Punjabi
21 Rajasthan Rajasthani and Hindi
22 Sikkim Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23 Tamil Nadu Tamil
24 Telangana Telugu
25 Tripura Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26 Uttar Pradesh Hindi
27 Uttarakhand Hindi
28 West Bengal Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

  • Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
  • Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
  • Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
  • Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
  • Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
  • Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
  • Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
  • Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

Top-10 Largest Navies in the World by 2025, Check the List

Navies are important parts of a country’s military. They protect the seas, help during wars and support rescue missions. In 2025, many countries have made their navies bigger and stronger. Some have the most ships, while others have the best technology. This article will tell you about the top-10 largest navies in the world.

Significance of Navies

Naval Power is very important for countries that have coastlines or trade across the sea. A strong navy helps protect sea routes and keeps a country safe from threats coming by water. It also shows how powerful and influential a country is around the world.

In 2025, the two most powerful navies are the United States Navy and China’s People’s Liberation Army Navy. Both have hundreds of warships, submarines and aircraft. This article will explain the top-10 largest navies in the world in 2025, based on the number of ships and their total value of strength.

Top-10 Largest Navies in the World by 2025

The United States Navy (USN) is the most powerful navy in the world. It has many large warships like aircraft carriers, destroyers and submarines. The list followed by People’s Liberation Army Navy and Russian Navy.

Here is the list of top-10 largest navies in the world by 2025:

Rank Navy Units TvR
1. United States Navy 232 323.9
2. People’s Liberation Army Navy 405 319.8
3. Russian Navy 283 242.3
4. Indonesian Navy 245 137.3
5. Republican of Korean Navy 147 122.9
6. Japan Maritime Self-Defence Force 105 121.3
7. Indian Navy 100 100.5
8. French Navy 70 92.9
9. British Royal Navy 50 88.3
10. Turkish Navy 90 80.5

World’s Largest Navy – United States Navy

The United Nations Navy is the largest navy in the world. It has many powerful ships like aircraft carriers, destroyers and submarines. These ships are big and modern. The U.S. Navy has the most total weight of ships, showing that it uses large vessels. Right now, it has 232 active ships. The U.S. Navy is very strong and can work in any part of the world.

People’s Liberation Army Navy, World’s Second Largest Navy

China’s Navy is one of the biggest and fastest-growing in the world. It has the largest number of ships, with around 730 military vessels. China is improving its Navy by adding new and modern ships. Its fleet includes many types of warships like aircraft carriers, destroyers, frigates and submarines. The Chinese Navy is becoming stronger and more powerful every year.

Third Largest Navy in the World – Russian Navy

The Russian Navy is very old and strong. It is one of the top military navies in the world. Russia is ranked third in the total weight of its navy ships, with 1,260,447 tonnes. Some navies focus more on surface ships, while others give more importance to submarines or aircraft carriers.

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_5.1

Important Days in May 2025, List of National and International Events

The month of May 2025 is filled with a series of significant national and international observances. These important days commemorate historic events, raise awareness about critical global issues, and celebrate cultural, scientific, and humanitarian achievements. For aspirants preparing for competitive examinations, knowing these days is essential as they often appear in the General Awareness and Current Affairs sections.

Important Days and Dates in May 2025

Date Day/Event
1 May International Labour Day / May Day, Maharashtra Day, Gujarat Day
2 May World Tuna Day
3 May World Press Freedom Day
4 May World Portuguese Language Day 
6 May International No Diet Day, World Asthma Day (First Tuesday of May)
7 May World Athletics Day
8 May World Red Cross Day, World Thalassaemia Day
9 May Rabindranath Tagore Jayanti, Maharana Pratap Jayanti
10 May World Lupus Day
11 May National Technology Day, Mother’s Day (Second Sunday of May)
12 May International Nurses Day, Buddha Purnima (Buddha Jayanti)
15 May International Day of Families
16 May National Dengue Day, International Day of Light, National Endangered Species Day (Third Friday)
17 May World Telecommunication Day, World Hypertension Day, Armed Forces Day (Third Saturday)
18 May World AIDS Vaccine Day (HIV Vaccine Awareness Day), International Museum Day
20 May International HR Day
21 May National Anti-Terrorism Day, International Tea Day
22 May International Day for Biological Diversity
23 May World Turtle Day
24 May National Brother’s Day
25 May Africa Day
26 May National Memorial Day (Last Monday of May)
30 May International Day of Potato, Goa Statehood Day, Hindi Journalism Day
31 May World No Tobacco Day (Anti-Tobacco Day)

List of Important Days and Events in May 2025

1 May – International Labour Day / May Day

Also known as Antarrashtriya Shramik Diwas or Kamgar Din in India, this day honors the contributions of workers and the labor movement. It is celebrated worldwide to advocate for fair labor practices and workers’ rights.

1 May – Maharashtra Day and Gujarat Day

On 1 May 1960, the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat were formed following the bifurcation of the Bombay State. Both states observe a state holiday and organize parades and cultural programs.

2 May – World Tuna Day

Designated by the United Nations, this day raises awareness about the importance of tuna fish in global food security and the need for sustainable fishing practices.

3 May – World Press Freedom Day

This day emphasizes the importance of free and independent media. It also serves as a tribute to journalists who have lost their lives while performing their duties.

4 May – Coal Miners Day and International Firefighter’s Day

  • Coal Miners Day is observed to recognize the sacrifices and hard work of coal miners in one of the most dangerous professions.
  • International Firefighter’s Day was initiated following the tragic deaths of five firefighters in Australia. It honors the bravery and service of firefighters worldwide.

4 May (First Sunday) – World Laughter Day

Founded by Dr. Madan Kataria in Mumbai in 1998, this day promotes world peace and wellness through laughter, under the Laughter Yoga Movement.

6 May – International No Diet Day and World Asthma Day

  • No Diet Day promotes body acceptance and raises awareness about eating disorders and weight discrimination.
  • World Asthma Day, observed on the first Tuesday of May, spreads awareness about asthma, its management, and treatment.

7 May – World Athletics Day

Initiated by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), this day promotes participation in athletics, especially among youth.

8 May – World Red Cross Day and World Thalassaemia Day

  • World Red Cross Day marks the birth anniversary of Henry Dunant, the founder of the Red Cross.
  • World Thalassaemia Day raises awareness about the genetic blood disorder and encourages support for patients and families.

9 May – Rabindranath Tagore Jayanti and Maharana Pratap Jayanti

  • Celebrates the birth of Rabindranath Tagore, Nobel Laureate, poet, and national icon.
  • Maharana Pratap Jayanti honors the legendary warrior and Rajput king of Mewar, known for his valour and resistance against Mughal rule.

10 May – World Lupus Day

Dedicated to spreading awareness about Lupus, a chronic autoimmune disease affecting millions worldwide.

11 May – National Technology Day and Mother’s Day (Second Sunday)

  • National Technology Day commemorates India’s nuclear tests at Pokhran in 1998, marking a major stride in technological advancement.
  • Mother’s Day celebrates the love and contribution of mothers and is observed globally on the second Sunday of May.

12 May – International Nurses Day and Buddha Purnima

  • International Nurses Day marks the birth anniversary of Florence Nightingale and recognizes the contributions of nurses.
  • Buddha Purnima, also known as Vesak, celebrates the birth, enlightenment, and death of Gautama Buddha.

15 May – International Day of Families

A day to reflect on the importance of family structures and promote policies that support families around the world.

16 May – National Dengue Day, International Day of Light, and National Endangered Species Day (Third Friday)

  • Raises awareness about dengue fever and its prevention.
  • Celebrates the invention of the laser and the role of light in science and culture.
  • Highlights the importance of conserving endangered species.

17 May – World Telecommunication Day, World Hypertension Day, and Armed Forces Day (Third Saturday)

  • Telecommunication Day marks the founding of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
  • Hypertension Day encourages regular blood pressure screening and healthy living.
  • Armed Forces Day in the United States honors active-duty military personnel.

18 May – World AIDS Vaccine Day and International Museum Day

  • AIDS Vaccine Day recognizes ongoing efforts in HIV vaccine research.
  • Museum Day, organized by ICOM, aims to promote the importance of museums in preserving heritage.

20 May – International HR Day

Celebrates the evolving role of Human Resource professionals and the value they bring to modern workplaces.

21 May – National Anti-Terrorism Day and International Tea Day

  • Anti-Terrorism Day commemorates the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi and promotes peace and unity.
  • Tea Day recognizes the economic and cultural significance of tea production and workers.

22 May – International Day for Biological Diversity

Established to promote awareness of the importance of biodiversity and its protection amid increasing threats.

23 May – World Turtle Day

Aims to protect turtles and tortoises and their habitats through education and advocacy.

24 May – National Brother’s Day

Celebrates the unique and enduring bond between brothers and siblings.

25 May – Africa Day

Marks the founding of the Organisation of African Unity (now African Union) and celebrates African unity and liberation.

26 May – National Memorial Day (Last Monday of May)

Observed in the United States, it honors fallen military personnel who died in service to the nation.

30 May – International Day of Potato, Goa Statehood Day, and Hindi Journalism Day

  • Recognizes the role of potatoes in combating hunger and supporting rural livelihoods.
  • Goa Statehood Day marks Goa becoming India’s 25th state on 30 May 1987.
  • Hindi Journalism Day commemorates the publication of India’s first Hindi newspaper, Udant Martand, in 1826.

31 May – World No Tobacco Day

Organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) to highlight the harmful effects of tobacco consumption and encourage cessation efforts globally.

Top-5 Oldest Universities in the World, Know About Them

Many universities around the world have a long and rich history. Some of them were started hundreds of years ago and are still running today. These places have helped shape education and have taught many great thinkers, scientists and leaders. They are known for their old buildings, traditions and strong leadership systems. In this article, we will know about the top-5 oldest universities in the world, their established and location.

Top-5 Oldest Universities in the World

The oldest universities of the world have a long history of education. They began many centuries ago and are still important centres of learning today. Here are the names of top-5 oldest universities of the world:

  • University of al-Qarawiyyin
  • Al-Azhar University
  • University of Bolgona
  • University of Oxford
  • University of Salamanca

World’s Oldest University – University of al-Qarawiyyin

The University of al-Qarawiyyin, located in Fez, Morocco, was founded by Fatima al-Fihri between 857 and 859 as a mosque. Over time, it became an important center for learning during the Islamic Golden Age. It was officially made part of Morocco’s modern university system in 1963. Many people consider it the oldest university in the world that has been running continuously. The building itself is also famous for its beautiful and historic Moroccan and Islamic architecture.

Second Oldest University of the World – Al-Azhar University

Al-Azhar University , located in Cairo, Egypt, is the second oldest university in the world. It was started for Islamic learning and is one of the most respected places for studying Islam. Along with higher education, it runs many schools across Egypt, teaching around two million students. As of 1996, more than 4,000 teaching institutes were linked to Al-Azhar University.

World’s Third Oldest University – University of Bologna

The University of Bologna, in Italy, is the third oldest university in the world. It began teaching around 1088 and is the oldest university in Europe still running today. It was the first to award degrees and became famous for its student-led system. Known as the ”Nourishing mother of studies,” it now has over 90,000 students and is one of Europe’s largest universities.

University of Oxford

The University of Oxford, in England, is the fourth oldest university in the world and the oldest in the English-speaking world. Teaching began around 1096. It grew quickly after English students were banned from studying in Paris in 1167. In 1209, some Oxford scholars moved and started the University of Cambridge. Together, Oxford and Cambridge are known as ”Oxbridge” and are famous for their long academic traditions.

University of Salamanca

The University of Salamanca, in Spain, is the fifth oldest university in the world and the oldest in the Hispanic world. It was founded in 1218 by King Alfonso IX. Known for its rich history, it has played an important role in education and Spanish exploration. Today, it welcomes over 30,000 students from around 50 different countries, making it a global center of learning.

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_8.1

What is the State Flower of Jammu and Kashmir? Know About It

Jammu and Kashmir is a beautiful region in northern India, known for its snow-capped mountains, scenic valleys and rich natural beauty. The state is home to many unique plants and flowers that grow in its cool climate and hilly areas. Each Indian state has its own state flower, which shows the natural beauty and culture of the region. Jammu and Kashmir also has a special flower of its own.

An Overview of Jammu and Kashmir

Jammu and Kashmir is a union territory of India. It covers the southern part of the larger Kashmir region, which is disputed by India, Pakistan and China. The Line of Control separates it from areas controlled by Pakistan. J&K is located north of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab, and west of Ladakh, which is also a union territory of India.

State Flower of Jammu and Kashmir

The state flower of Jammu and Kashmir is Rhododendron ponticum. It is a beautiful plant with purple flowers. This flowers grows in the hilly areas and forests. It is known for its bright color and thick green leaves. It also helps in making the forests look colorful and supports the local environment.

Where it Grows Naturally?

Rhododendron ponticum is native to two faraway places:

  • Southwest Europe: in parts of Portugal and Spain
  • West Asia: near the Black Sea region (Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia and the Caucasus)

It also grows in some other countries where it was introduced by humans, like Britain, Belgium and New Zealand.

Appearance and Size of Rhododendron Ponticum

This plant is a shrub or a small tree. It usually grows up to 5 meters (16 feet) tall but can reach 8 meters (26 feet) in some cases.

Its leaves are evergreen, which means they stay green all year round. The leaves are long and shiny. The flowers are violet-purple and often have greenish-yellow spots. They are large and beautiful, which makes the plant popular in gardens.

It produces dry fruits with many small seeds inside.

Subspecies and Varieties

There are two main subspecies of this plant:

  • R.p. baeticum: Found in Portugal and southern spain
  • R.p. ponticum: Found around the Black Sea (Turkey, Georgia, Bulgaria etc)

There is also a variegated variety found in Turkey called R.p. var. heterophyllum.

History and Meaning

The plant was named after an ancient kingdom called Pontus, near the Black Sea, where it was found. It was first introduced to Britain in 1763 as a garden plant. Over time, it spread widely and became popular. However, in some places like Britain, it became invasive, meaning it grows too much and harms local plants.

Use in Gardens and Medicines

This plant is widely grown in European gardens. It is often used as a rootstock – a base plant on which other rhododendrons are grafted.

Its snap has been used in traditional medicine to treat tootaches.

However, honey made from its flowers can be poisonous. This ”mad honey” contains a natural toxin called grayanotoxin, which can cause low blood pressure and slow heartbeat.

A Problem in Some Places

Even though Rhododendron ponticum is beautiful, it can become a problem in the wild. It grows quickly, spreads fast and covers large areas. In places like Scotland, Wales and Ireland, it blocks sunlight and prevents native plants from growing.

To control it, people cut the plants or use herbicides. Some methods include injecting herbicide directly into the plant for better results.

Impact on Bees

A study found that rhododendron nectar is toxic to some bees like European honeybees and solitary bees. It can paralyze or kill them.

But buff-tailed bumblebees are not affected. Also, most honeybees avoid the toxic flowers because they can detect the poison in the nectar.

In some regions like the Caucasus, a type of honey bee can tolerate the toxin and makes the special ”mad honey.”

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_10.1

Praggnanandhaa Clinches First Grand Chess Tour Title at Superbet Classic

Indian chess prodigy Grandmaster R. Praggnanandhaa achieved a major milestone in his career by winning his first-ever Grand Chess Tour tournament — the Superbet Classic 2025 held in Bucharest, Romania. He emerged victorious after a tense tiebreak battle against top-ranked players including Maxime Vachier-Lagrave and Alireza Firouzja, marking a historic moment for Indian chess on the global stage.

Why in News?

Grandmaster R. Praggnanandhaa won the 2025 Superbet Classic, a key event in the Grand Chess Tour. It is his first tournament victory on the prestigious Grand Chess Tour circuit. The win follows a comeback from a poor play-off performance in 2024, showcasing his resilience and form. His triumph reflects India’s rising dominance in global chess.

Highlights of the Victory

  • Event: Superbet Classic 2025, part of the Grand Chess Tour
  • Location: Bucharest, Romania
  • Winner: R. Praggnanandhaa (India)
  • Prize Money: $77,667 (~₹66 lakh)
  • Final Score: Tied at 5.5 points with Vachier-Lagrave and Firouzja in classical games
  • Tiebreak Format: Blitz games (5 minutes + 2-second increment per move)

Tiebreak Sequence

  • Game 1: Praggnanandhaa vs Firouzja – Draw
  • Game 2: Firouzja vs Vachier-Lagrave – Draw
  • Game 3: Praggnanandhaa vs Vachier-Lagrave – Praggnanandhaa wins

Strategic Elements

  • Early draw with Aronian allowed Praggnanandhaa to rest before tiebreakers.
  • He credited his trainer GM RB Ramesh and second GM Vaibhav Suri for the preparation and support.
  • Demonstrated composure under pressure and sharp tactical skills in blitz formats.

Background & Static Facts

  • R. Praggnanandhaa: Indian Grandmaster, one of the youngest ever to achieve the title.
  • Grand Chess Tour: An international circuit of elite chess tournaments featuring classical and rapid formats.
  • Superbet Classic: One of the main events in the Grand Chess Tour, hosted in Romania.

Significance of the Achievement

  • Establishes Praggnanandhaa as a serious contender in world chess.
  • A landmark moment for Indian chess following the success of players like Viswanathan Anand, Gukesh D, and Vidit Gujrathi.
  • Boosts India’s profile in the elite chess circuit.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Praggnanandhaa Clinches First Grand Chess Tour Title at Superbet Classic
Winner GM R. Praggnanandhaa (India)
Event Superbet Classic 2025 (Part of Grand Chess Tour)
Location Bucharest, Romania
Prize Money  $77,667 (~₹66 lakh)
Tiebreak Result 1.5 points (beat Vachier-Lagrave, drew with Firouzja)
Notable Opponents Defeated Maxime Vachier-Lagrave, Alireza Firouzja
Coaches Acknowledged GM Vaibhav Suri, GM RB Ramesh

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_12.1

G7 vs BRICS: Global Power Shift Explained

The global order is witnessing a significant transformation as two major blocs—G7 and BRICS—increasingly represent divergent visions of economic and geopolitical leadership. While the Group of Seven (G7) has long dominated global decision-making, the BRICS alliance is emerging as a powerful counterweight, challenging Western dominance and advocating for a multipolar world.

This article delves deep into the origins, objectives, and influence of both blocs and explores how their growing rivalry reflects a broader global power shift.

Understanding the G7: The Established Western Power Bloc

Formation and Membership

The G7, short for Group of Seven, is an intergovernmental organization formed in 1975 during the economic crises of the 1970s. Initially established as a forum for the world’s most advanced economies, the current members include:

  • United States
  • Canada
  • United Kingdom
  • France
  • Germany
  • Italy
  • Japan
  • (With the European Union participating as a non-enumerated member)

These nations represent liberal democracies, share Western values, and collectively contribute a substantial share to the global GDP.

Core Objectives

The G7’s core agenda focuses on:

  • Global economic stability
  • Trade liberalization
  • Climate action
  • Security cooperation
  • Democratic governance

It functions largely as a policy coordination platform, influencing major international institutions such as the IMF, World Bank, and WTO.

Introducing BRICS: The Voice of the Emerging South

Formation and Membership

BRICS is an acronym for a coalition of five major emerging economies:

  • Brazil
  • Russia
  • India
  • China
  • South Africa (joined in 2010)

Established formally in 2009, BRICS was born out of the desire to create a more inclusive global order—one that reflects the growing economic and political clout of the Global South.

Strategic Vision

The BRICS alliance stands for:

  • Reform of global financial institutions
  • Greater representation for developing countries
  • Non-Western models of development
  • Sovereignty and non-interference

Their key initiatives include the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA), which aim to provide alternatives to Western-dominated institutions like the IMF and World Bank.

Comparative Strengths: G7 vs BRICS

Economic Power

  • As of 2024, the G7 countries collectively account for about 30–40% of global GDP, though this share is shrinking due to the rapid growth of emerging economies.
  • BRICS, in contrast, collectively contribute about 31–33% of global GDP (on a PPP basis), and this number is increasing steadily.

Population and Resources

  • The G7 nations have a combined population of around 775 million.
  • BRICS nations represent over 3.2 billion people, nearly 40% of the world’s population, and hold vast natural resources (especially in energy and agriculture).

Military Influence

  • The G7 includes three nuclear powers and NATO members with significant military clout.
  • BRICS includes Russia, China, and India, all of which are nuclear powers with growing defense industries and global military ambitions.

Key Areas of Rivalry and Cooperation

Geopolitical Influence

The G7 seeks to preserve a rules-based international order, rooted in liberal democracy and open markets. In contrast, BRICS countries argue for non-interventionist policies, multipolarity, and respect for national sovereignty.

This divergence is evident in crises such as:

  • Russia-Ukraine War: G7 imposed sanctions on Russia, while BRICS members (except Brazil and India occasionally) remained neutral or supportive.
  • Israel-Palestine Conflict and Global South Development: BRICS advocates for more balanced representation and less Western hegemony in conflict resolution.

Financial Systems and Currency Shift

BRICS has begun discussing de-dollarization strategies, including:

  • Settling trade in local currencies
  • Establishing an alternative reserve currency
  • Strengthening the New Development Bank to rival the IMF/World Bank

This contrasts sharply with the G7’s reliance on the US dollar and Western-dominated financial infrastructure.

The Role of Expansion: BRICS+ vs G7 Cohesion

BRICS Expansion

In 2023 and 2024, BRICS announced the inclusion or consideration of new members like Argentina, Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates, under the BRICS+ framework.

This expansion aims to:

  • Enhance global South representation
  • Strengthen energy partnerships (with OPEC nations)
  • Bolster economic and diplomatic reach

G7: A Closed Circle

G7 remains a closed and cohesive bloc, emphasizing shared values over numbers. However, this exclusivity sometimes limits its legitimacy in addressing global inequalities.

Ideological and Institutional Divergence

Western Liberalism vs Multipolar Pragmatism

The G7 promotes:

  • Democracy
  • Human rights
  • Environmental sustainability

BRICS, while diverse ideologically, shares a skepticism of:

  • Western interventionism
  • Unilateral sanctions
  • Imposed models of governance

This philosophical divide increasingly influences UN debates, climate summits, and international law frameworks.

Institutional Alternatives

While G7 supports traditional Western institutions, BRICS actively builds parallel structures:

  • New Development Bank (NDB) vs World Bank
  • CRA vs IMF
  • BRICS Summit vs G7 Summit

Implications for the Global Order

The rise of BRICS signals a gradual shift from a unipolar to a multipolar world. Key consequences include:

  • A weakened Western monopoly over global governance
  • More diverse leadership on issues like trade, climate, and development
  • Potential for geoeconomic fragmentation—as BRICS seeks autonomy from Western institutions

However, BRICS must overcome internal divergences in politics, strategy, and economic models to maintain long-term coherence.

Arjun Mk1A vs T-90 Bhishma: Best Indian Main Battle Tank?

India’s armored corps forms a crucial element of its land warfare strategy, and at the forefront of this capability are two impressive main battle tanks (MBTs): the Arjun Mk1A, an indigenous design, and the T-90 Bhishma, a customized version of Russia’s T-90S. Both tanks play critical roles in the Indian Army but represent differing design philosophies and battlefield roles. This article explores these two platforms in depth, evaluating their firepower, protection, mobility, and operational relevance.

1. Design Origins and Philosophy

The Arjun Mk1A is a product of India’s own defense research establishment, developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It is an evolved variant of the Arjun Mk1 and reflects decades of indigenous design, development, and user feedback. Its design emphasizes crew survivability, heavy armor, and modern electronics.

In contrast, the T-90 Bhishma is based on Russia’s tried-and-tested T-90S platform. Acquired through both direct imports and licensed production by Heavy Vehicles Factory (HVF) in Avadi, the T-90 represents a lighter, more maneuverable approach. It is optimized for mass deployment and rapid battlefield mobility.

2. Firepower and Armament

The Arjun Mk1A is equipped with a 120 mm rifled gun, capable of firing indigenously developed FSAPDS, HESH, and even anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs). It also features a remote-controlled weapon station (RCWS) for anti-aircraft and close-range engagements.

The T-90 Bhishma features a 125 mm smoothbore gun, integrated with an autoloader, which reduces the need for a manual loader. It supports a wide range of ammunition, including APFSDS, HEAT, and ATGMs like the Invar missile. While it may have a slightly faster reload rate due to the autoloader, the Arjun’s rifled barrel offers better long-range accuracy.

3. Protection and Survivability

The Arjun Mk1A boasts an advanced composite armor package along with explosive reactive armor (ERA) panels. It is also fitted with the Advanced Laser Warning and Countermeasure System (ALWCS), mine ploughs, and nuclear-biological-chemical (NBC) protection, making it one of the best protected MBTs in the region.

The T-90 Bhishma employs a blend of Kontakt-5 ERA and composite armor, offering robust protection but in a more compact and lighter frame. It also features Shtora-1 passive electro-optical countermeasures to reduce the effectiveness of enemy ATGMs and laser-guided threats.

4. Mobility and Weight

A notable difference lies in the mobility-to-weight ratio. The Arjun Mk1A, with a combat weight of approximately 68.5 tons, is one of the heaviest MBTs in the world. Despite its 1,500 hp engine, its bulk can limit its ability to operate in certain terrains, such as riverine or desert environments.

On the other hand, the T-90 Bhishma, weighing around 46.5 tons, is more agile and suited for the diverse terrain of the Indian subcontinent, especially in the Thar desert. Its 1,000 hp engine may be less powerful, but the lower weight contributes to better speed and strategic mobility.

5. Technology and Crew Comfort

The Arjun Mk1A features a state-of-the-art fire control system, thermal imaging sights, hunter-killer capability, and automatic target tracking. It is also equipped with modern digital communication systems and enhanced crew ergonomics, offering a high degree of situational awareness and battlefield management.

The T-90 Bhishma also includes modern optics and fire control systems, but its Russian legacy systems are seen as slightly dated compared to Arjun’s newer integrations. Its interior is more cramped, affecting crew comfort over extended operations.

6. Operational Role and Strategic Relevance

The T-90 Bhishma is the backbone of India’s armored forces, with over 1,100 units in active service. It is heavily deployed along India’s western borders and is well-integrated into India’s current armored doctrines.

The Arjun Mk1A, though numerically fewer, is considered a technological demonstrator and a high-endurance platform suitable for heavy-duty tasks. Its deployment is currently focused on select regiments, particularly in the southern sector and regions where its size and weight pose less of a logistical challenge.

Yala Glacier Declared ‘Dead’ in Nepal A Local Mourning on Loss

The Yala Glacier in Nepal, once a crucial site for glaciological training and cryosphere research in the Hindu Kush Himalayas (HKH), has now been officially declared “dead” — marking a significant and symbolic loss in the global climate crisis. On May 12, 2025, scientists, local communities, and monks gathered in Langtang, Nepal, to hold a poignant memorial for the glacier, which has retreated dramatically over recent decades. This event highlights the severe impact of global warming on Himalayan glaciers, with profound consequences for water security and ecological stability across South Asia.

Why in the news?

Nepal’s Yala Glacier in Langtang has officially been declared “dead,” making it the first glacier in Asia to receive a memorial plaque. The declaration took place on May 12, 2025, during a poignant ceremony attended by glaciologists and locals from the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region. This marks a symbolic and scientific moment in the escalating climate crisis, highlighting the rapid pace of glacial retreat due to global warming.

Key Highlights and Ceremony Details

  • The Yala Glacier, located in Langtang, Nepal, has lost 66% of its mass and retreated 784 meters since the 1970s.
  • A plaque was installed with messages by authors Andri Snaer Magnason and Manjushree Thapa in English, Nepali, and Tibetan.
  • The glacier funeral was attended by over 50 people, including monks, scientists, and locals from Nepal, India, China, and Bhutan.
  • Yala Glacier is the third glacier globally to be memorialized in this way, after OK Glacier (Iceland) and Ayoloco Glacier (Mexico).

Background and Significance

  • Yala Glacier has served as a training site for over 100 glaciologists and provided in-situ data for research.
  • It is one of 38 glaciers with detailed measurement records and one of only 7 glaciers in the entire HKH arc with decadal monitoring.
  • ICIMOD (International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development) coordinated the ceremony, emphasizing the region-wide impacts of deglaciation.

Scientific and Environmental Concerns

  • Earth’s mountain glaciers have lost ~9 trillion tonnes of ice since 1975.
  • CO₂ levels recorded at 426 ppm in May 2025, correlating with rising global temperatures.
  • 2025 marks the third consecutive year of below-normal snow cover in the HKH region.
  • Snow persistence in the Ganga basin is 24.1% below normal, the lowest in 23 years, threatening water availability.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Yala Glacier Declared ‘Dead’ in Nepal A Local Mourning on Loss
Glacier Name Yala Glacier
Location Langtang, Nepal
Declared Dead May 2025
Retreat Since 1970s 784 meters
Mass Loss 66%
Agencies Involved ICIMOD, Glaciologists, Local Communities
Environmental Message Global warming, water insecurity, climate crisis
Importance Training site, scientific data, climate monitoring
Notable Quotes Andri Snaer Magnason, Manjushree Thapa

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_16.1

India Explores Human Sustainability in Space under BioE3 Policy

India is poised to conduct its first-ever biological experiments aboard the International Space Station (ISS) as part of the AXIOM-4 mission, marking a crucial step in exploring the sustainability of human life in space. These experiments, in collaboration between ISRO and the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), aim to study the behavior of microalgae and cyanobacteria in microgravity. The mission falls under the broader vision of the BioE3 Policy, which promotes the use of biotechnology for sustainable development.

Why in News?

On May 16, 2025, the Union Minister of State for Science & Technology announced that India will carry out space-based biological experiments for the first time. These experiments will be launched aboard the AXIOM-4 mission to the ISS, supporting India’s efforts to establish long-term human presence in space and develop sustainable biotechnological solutions.

Key Objectives

  • To assess the feasibility of human life support systems in space.
  • To explore sustainable food sources using microalgae and cyanobacteria.
  • To advance India’s capability in biomanufacturing and biotechnology in space environments.

About the Experiments

  • Conducted as part of the AXIOM-4 ISS mission.
  • Spearheaded by ISRO and DBT under the BioE3 Policy.

1. Microalgae Experiment

  • Investigates how microgravity and space radiation impact growth.
  • Focus on edible microalgae as a nutrient-rich food source.
  • Aims to provide safe and sustainable nutrition for long-duration space missions.

2. Cyanobacteria Experiment

  • Studies the growth and proteomic responses of cyanobacteria species such as Spirulina and Synechococcus.
  • Uses urea- and nitrate-based media to compare growth responses.
  • Explores Spirulina as a superfood due to its high protein and vitamin content.

About BioE3 Policy

  • Full Form: Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment.
  • Implemented by: Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology.
  • Purpose: To integrate cutting-edge biotech research with India’s economic, environmental, and employment goals.
  • Focus Areas: Biomanufacturing, bio-innovation, sustainability, and technology-led growth.

Significance of the Experiments

  • Strengthens India’s space biosciences capability.
  • Supports future human spaceflight programs, including Gaganyaan and beyond.
  • Promotes food security in extraterrestrial environments.
  • Aligns with India’s strategic goal of self-reliance in space research and biotech.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? India Explores Human Sustainability in Space under BioE3 Policy
Mission AXIOM-4 (ISS)
Agencies Involved ISRO & DBT
Objective Study sustainability of human life in space
Key Experiments Microalgae and Cyanobacteria (Spirulina)
BioE3 Policy Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, Employment
Importance Food sustainability, space research, biotech advancement
Implementation Body Department of Biotechnology
Superfood Studied Superfood Studied Spirulina
Launch Date (Expected) Part of future AXIOM-4 mission

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_18.1

India-Japan’s LUPEX Mission Enters Design Phase

India and Japan have taken a major step in their joint lunar exploration effort with the Chandrayaan-5 mission, also known as LUPEX (Lunar Polar Exploration). The mission, which aims to study the presence of water and water-ice on the Moon’s surface and subsurface, is set to enter the design phase after finalizing instrument selections and completing engineering model testing. The 6.5-tonne spacecraft is scheduled to launch on Japan’s H3 rocket in 2027-28.

Why in News?

The Chandrayaan-5 mission has officially entered its preliminary design phase, following key progress on instrumentation and testing. The announcement was made during the Global Space Exploration Conference held in New Delhi, where officials from JAXA and ISRO confirmed that both space agencies are actively working on the development of the lander and the rover for the LUPEX mission.

Mission Overview & Objectives

  • Name: Chandrayaan-5 (LUPEX – Lunar Polar Exploration Mission)
  • Collaborators: ISRO (India) and JAXA (Japan)
  • Goal: Explore water and water-ice at the Moon’s south pole (surface + subsurface)
  • Planned Launch: 2027-28 aboard Japan’s H3 rocket
  • Duration: 100 days (proposed)
  • Lander: Built by ISRO
  • Rover (350 kg): Developed by JAXA
  • Instruments: 7 onboard, including contributions from ESA and NASA

Scientific Instruments & Capabilities

  • One large instrument with four sensors (1 by ISRO, 3 by JAXA)
  • ESA: Developing a mass spectrometer
  • NASA: Designing neutron spectrometers

Instruments designed for,

  • In-situ experiments
  • Measuring energy, mass, and hydrogen presence
  • Drilling lunar regolith and analyzing water content

Technical Highlights

  • Rover can travel distances and climb slopes up to 25° inclination
  • Charging system planned for pre- and post-sample collection
  • Possibility to extend the mission life by one additional year
  • Future exploration to include Moon’s far side if conditions permit

Background & Timeline

  • March 2025: Mission approved by Indian Cabinet
  • 2023: India’s Chandrayaan-3 successfully landed on Moon’s south pole
  • Upcoming: Chandrayaan-4 to be a sample return mission
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? India-Japan’s LUPEX Mission Enters Design Phase
Mission Name Chandrayaan-5 / LUPEX
Mission Objective Explore water/water-ice on Moon’s south pole
Launch Date 2027–28 (Planned)
Launch Vehicle Japanese H3 Rocket
Duration 100 days (extendable)
Rover Specs 350 kg, 7 instruments, slope-climbing capability
Contributions ESA (mass spectrometer), NASA (neutron spectrometer)

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_20.1

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_21.1

Monthly Current Affairs