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States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

States and Capitals

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO State Capital CM Governor
1 Andhra Pradesh Amaravati Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu S. Abdul Nazer
2 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Pema Khandu Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3 Assam Dispur Himanta Biswa Sarma Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4 Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar Arif Mohammed Khan
5 Chhattisgarh Raipur Vishnu Deo Sai Ramen Deka
6 Goa Panaji Pramod Sawant P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7 Gujarat Gandhinagar Bhupendra Patel Acharya Dev Vrat
8 Haryana Chandigarh Nayab Singh Saini Bandaru Dattatraya
9 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu Shiv Pratap Shukla
10 Jharkhand Ranchi Hemant Soren Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11 Karnataka Bengaluru Siddaramaiah Thaawarchand Gehlot
12 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Pinarayi Vijayan Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Mohan Yadav Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14 Maharashtra Mumbai Devendra Fadnavis C.P. Radhakrishnan
15 Manipur Imphal N. Biren Singh
Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16 Meghalaya Shillong Conrad Kongkal Sangma
C H Vijayashankar
17 Mizoram Aizawl Lalduhoma General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18 Nagaland Kohima Neiphiu Rio
La. Ganesan
19 Odisha Bhubaneswar Mohan Charan Majhi
Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20 Punjab Chandigarh Bhagwant Singh Mann Gulab Chand Kataria
21 Rajasthan Jaipur Bhajan Lal Sharma Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22 Sikkim Gangtok PS Golay Om Prakash Mathur
23 Tamil Nadu Chennai M. K. Stalin R. N. Ravi
24 Telangana Hyderabad Anumula Revanth Reddy Jishnu Dev Varma
25 Tripura Agartala Dr. Manik Saha Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Yogi Aditya Nath Anandiben Patel
27 Uttarakhand Dehradun Pushkar Singh Dhami Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28 West Bengal Kolkata Mamata Banerjee Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO Union Territories Capital CM Lt. Governor
1 Andaman and Nicobar Island Port Blair NA D K Joshi
2 Chandigarh Chandigarh NA Banwarilal Purohit
3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Daman NA Praful Patel
4 Delhi Delhi Rekha Gupta Vinai Kumar Saxena
5 Ladakh NA NA B. D. Mishra
6 Lakshadweep Kavaratti NA Praful Patel
7 Jammu and Kashmir NA Omar Abdullah Manoj Sinha
8 Puducherry Pondicherry N. Rangaswamy C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference States Union Territories
Head of Administration Governor Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type Elected by the People Managed by the central government
Powers Shares power with the central government. Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No. States Language
1 Andhra Pradesh Telugu and Urdu
2 Arunachal Pradesh Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3 Assam Assamese
4 Bihar Hindi
5 Chhattisgarh Hindi
6 Goa Marathi Konkani
7 Gujarat Gujarati
8 Haryana Hindi
9 Himachal Pradesh Hindi and Pahari
10 Jharkhand Hindi
11 Karnataka Kannada
12 Kerala Malayalam
13 Madhya Pradesh Hindi
14 Maharashtra Marathi
15 Manipur Manipuri
16 Meghalaya Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17 Mizoram Mizo and English
18 Nagaland Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19 Odisha Oriya
20 Punjab Punjabi
21 Rajasthan Rajasthani and Hindi
22 Sikkim Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23 Tamil Nadu Tamil
24 Telangana Telugu
25 Tripura Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26 Uttar Pradesh Hindi
27 Uttarakhand Hindi
28 West Bengal Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

  • Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
  • Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
  • Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
  • Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
  • Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
  • Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
  • Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
  • Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

Google vs Baidu: The Battle for AI Supremacy Between West and East

As artificial intelligence (AI) rapidly reshapes industries, economies, and global power structures, the rivalry between Google and Baidu symbolizes a larger technological race between the United States and China. These two tech giants are not just search engine leaders in their respective regions; they are also pioneering forces in the AI revolution, investing heavily in research, development, and deployment of cutting-edge AI technologies.

This article delves into a comprehensive comparison between Google and Baidu, examining their AI strategies, research capabilities, core technologies, and global impact in the pursuit of AI supremacy.

1. Origins and Evolution into AI Powerhouses

Google: From Search to AI-First

Founded in 1998, Google evolved from a search engine into a technology conglomerate, operating under the parent company Alphabet Inc.. In 2016, then-CEO Sundar Pichai declared that Google would transition to an AI-first company. This strategic pivot led to the rise of Google AI, and its UK-based subsidiary DeepMind, known for its breakthroughs in deep learning and reinforcement learning.

Today, Google is at the forefront of language models, cloud-based AI tools, healthcare AI, and AI ethics research. Products like Gemini (formerly Bard) and platforms like TensorFlow demonstrate Google’s commitment to both consumer-facing and developer-centric AI.

Baidu: China’s AI Trailblazer

Founded in 2000, Baidu emerged as the dominant search engine in China, but quickly began investing in artificial intelligence as a core strategy by the mid-2010s. With substantial government backing and participation in China’s “Next Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan”, Baidu positioned itself as the flagbearer of Chinese AI innovation.

Baidu’s focus spans large language models, autonomous vehicles, speech recognition, and AI chips. The launch of ERNIE Bot, China’s answer to ChatGPT, signaled Baidu’s intent to compete directly with Western AI offerings.

2. Core AI Technologies and Research

Google: Leading with Foundational Models and DeepMind Research

Google has been a pioneer in AI research, with foundational technologies like:

  • Transformer architecture, introduced in the 2017 paper “Attention Is All You Need”, now the basis for most large language models (LLMs).
  • DeepMind’s AlphaGo, which defeated human champions in the complex game of Go, highlighting the power of reinforcement learning.
  • Gemini, Google’s latest multimodal LLM, designed to rival OpenAI’s GPT series.

Additionally, Google’s TensorFlow and JAX frameworks empower developers globally, while its TPUs (Tensor Processing Units) offer specialized hardware acceleration for machine learning tasks.

Baidu: Scaling China’s AI Frontier

Baidu has taken a multi-pronged approach to AI development:

  • ERNIE (Enhanced Representation through Knowledge Integration) is Baidu’s flagship LLM family. Unlike Western models that rely purely on data patterns, ERNIE integrates knowledge graphs for deeper understanding.
  • Apollo, Baidu’s autonomous driving platform, is among the most advanced in the world, with trials across multiple Chinese cities.
  • The Kunlun AI chips, developed in-house, provide Baidu with greater autonomy amid U.S. chip sanctions.

Baidu also actively publishes research and maintains a growing suite of AI-as-a-service tools on its Baidu Brain platform.

3. Applications and Product Ecosystems

Google: AI Across the Ecosystem

Google’s AI is deeply embedded in its entire product line:

  • Search: AI powers Google’s search algorithms, providing contextual, intent-based results.
  • Gmail and Docs: Smart Compose and auto-generated summaries are powered by language models.
  • Google Cloud AI: Offers scalable AI tools for enterprises, including Vertex AI, AutoML, and Vision AI.
  • Healthcare: DeepMind’s AI is being used to detect eye diseases, predict patient deterioration, and assist in protein folding research (AlphaFold).

Through platforms like Android, YouTube, and Google Maps, Google ensures billions of users interact with its AI every day.

Baidu: AI Tailored to China’s Ecosystem

Baidu has built an AI ecosystem that aligns with China’s data-rich, government-regulated, and mobile-centric digital landscape:

  • ERNIE Bot is integrated into Baidu’s suite of apps, search, and voice assistants.
  • Baidu Maps and DuerOS (voice AI) show practical deployments of NLP and computer vision.
  • Baidu Cloud AI provides AI services tailored to domestic businesses, especially in manufacturing, finance, and education.
  • In smart cities, Baidu’s AI assists in traffic optimization, facial recognition, and public security.

4. Strategic Vision and Government Alignment

Google: Ethical AI and Open Research

Operating within a Western regulatory environment, Google places emphasis on AI ethics, transparency, and open research. It has established principles to guide responsible AI development and has partnered with international institutions to study AI safety, bias, and misuse.

However, Google also faces scrutiny from both the public and regulators regarding its data practices, labor policies, and AI model accountability.

Baidu: Aligned with China’s National Strategy

Baidu benefits from tight integration with Beijing’s strategic goals, particularly under the “AI 2030” vision, which aims to make China the global leader in AI. As a result:

  • It receives state funding, policy support, and regulatory protection.
  • Baidu plays a crucial role in AI-driven governance, including surveillance infrastructure and smart city initiatives.

This alignment accelerates deployment, though it raises concerns over privacy, data rights, and censorship in international markets.

5. Global Reach and Market Challenges

Google: A Global AI Power

Google’s AI tools are widely used in North America, Europe, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. Its developer tools, cloud services, and open-source projects make it an indispensable part of the global AI ecosystem.

Challenges for Google include:

  • Rising regulatory barriers (e.g., EU AI Act)
  • Competition from OpenAI, Microsoft, and Meta
  • The geopolitical fragmentation of technology standards

Baidu: Strong at Home, Limited Abroad

While Baidu dominates AI in China, its international reach is limited due to:

  • Language and cultural barriers
  • Concerns over data security and surveillance
  • U.S. sanctions restricting access to high-end AI chips

However, Baidu is expanding cautiously into Southeast Asia, Africa, and Central Asia, often in cooperation with Belt and Road Initiative partners.

F-16 vs MiG-29: Classic 4th Generation Fighter Comparison

Among the iconic 4th generation fighter jets, the American F-16 Fighting Falcon and the Soviet MiG-29 Fulcrum stand out as enduring symbols of Cold War-era aerospace engineering. Designed to meet vastly different doctrinal needs, these two aircraft have faced off in conflicts and exercises for decades, earning reputations for their agility, versatility, and combat effectiveness.

This article explores the F-16 vs MiG-29 comparison across multiple facets—design philosophy, aerodynamics, avionics, combat performance, weapons, and modern upgrades—highlighting what has made these aircraft so iconic in their respective spheres.

1. Origins and Development Context

F-16 Fighting Falcon: The Lightweight Multi-role Workhorse

Developed in the 1970s under the Lightweight Fighter Program by General Dynamics (now Lockheed Martin), the F-16 was designed as a highly agile, cost-effective, and modular fighter. It was meant to complement heavier aircraft like the F-15, focusing on air superiority, later evolving into a potent multi-role platform.

  • First flight: 1974
  • Service entry: 1978
  • Countries operated: Over 25 nations

MiG-29 Fulcrum: The Soviet Air Superiority Answer

Conceived in response to NATO’s growing air power, especially the F-15 and F-16, the MiG-29 was designed by the Mikoyan Design Bureau as a front-line air superiority fighter. Its purpose was to counter Western fighters in short-to-medium range engagements with high thrust and superior maneuverability.

  • First flight: 1977
  • Service entry: 1983
  • Countries operated: Over 30 air forces, primarily in Russia, CIS, and developing nations

2. Design and Aerodynamics

F-16

The F-16 features a blended wing-body design, a bubble canopy for unobstructed visibility, and side-stick controls. One of its pioneering features is fly-by-wire (FBW) flight control, allowing relaxed static stability for high agility.

  • Wingspan: 9.96 m
  • Length: 15.06 m
  • Thrust-to-weight ratio: ~1.1
  • Airframe: Optimized for modularity and upgrades

MiG-29

The MiG-29 is built with twin engines, high-mounted swept wings, and leading-edge root extensions (LERX) for enhanced lift during high-angle maneuvers. Its robust landing gear and short takeoff/landing capability make it ideal for rugged and forward airfields.

  • Wingspan: 11.36 m
  • Length: 17.32 m
  • Thrust-to-weight ratio: ~1.09
  • Airframe: More aerodynamically aggressive, built for dogfighting

3. Avionics and Cockpit Systems

F-16

Over its lifespan, the F-16 has undergone numerous avionics upgrades. The latest versions, like the F-16V (Viper), feature:

  • APG-83 AESA radar
  • Helmet Mounted Cueing System (HMCS)
  • Digital glass cockpit
  • Data link and network-centric warfare capabilities

MiG-29

Early MiG-29s had basic analog avionics, but modernized variants like the MiG-29M/M2 and MiG-35 have:

  • Zhuk-ME pulse-Doppler or AESA radar
  • IRST (Infrared Search and Track) system
  • Helmet-mounted sight (HMS)—ahead of its time in the 1980s
  • Upgraded glass cockpit in later variants

4. Engines and Performance

F-16

Powered by a single Pratt & Whitney F100 or GE F110 engine, the F-16 is known for its reliability and ease of maintenance.

  • Top speed: Mach 2.0
  • Combat radius: ~550 km (air-to-ground)
  • Service ceiling: 50,000 ft
  • Single-engine efficiency helps reduce operational costs

MiG-29

Equipped with twin Klimov RD-33 engines, the MiG-29 delivers high thrust and agility, but at the cost of higher fuel consumption and maintenance demands.

  • Top speed: Mach 2.25
  • Combat radius: ~700 km (interceptor role)
  • Service ceiling: 59,000 ft
  • Thrust vectoring in advanced variants

5. Weapons and Combat Capabilities

F-16

The F-16 can carry a wide array of NATO-standard weapons:

  • AIM-9 Sidewinder, AIM-120 AMRAAM
  • GBU-series JDAMs, Harpoon, Maverick missiles
  • Internal M61 Vulcan cannon
  • Up to 9 external hardpoints

MiG-29

The MiG-29 was designed for fast kills using heat-seeking missiles and close-range combat:

  • R-73, R-77 (Adversary to AMRAAM), R-27
  • 30mm GSh-30-1 cannon
  • Limited precision-guided munitions in legacy versions
  • Up to 6 hardpoints (expandable in newer variants)

6. Combat History and Effectiveness

F-16

The F-16 has seen extensive combat use:

  • Gulf War, Kosovo, Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya, Syria
  • High kill ratio in air-to-air combat
  • Continually upgraded with new electronics and weaponry

MiG-29

While its combat record is mixed, the MiG-29 has shown impressive close-combat ability:

  • Saw action in Gulf War, Eritrea-Ethiopia War, Syrian conflict
  • Often handicapped by older radar and missiles in early-export versions
  • Improved dramatically in MiG-29SMT, MiG-35 variants

7. Upgrade Paths and Future Relevance

F-16V and Beyond

  • F-16V (Viper) offers AESA radar, advanced EW suite, and longer service life
  • Still being produced for countries like Taiwan, Slovakia, Bulgaria, and Morocco
  • Likely to remain in service beyond 2040

MiG-29 Upgrades

  • MiG-29M/M2 and MiG-35 versions integrate modern avionics, glass cockpit, and new radars
  • Targeted more at cost-sensitive markets
  • Russia and India are key users of upgraded Fulcrums

Indian Navy Revives Maritime Legacy with Ancient Stitched Ship Induction

India is set to witness a historic moment on 21 May 2025 as the Indian Navy formally inducts an Ancient Stitched Ship, built using 5th-century CE shipbuilding techniques. The ceremonial event at Naval Base Karwar will be presided over by Union Culture Minister Shri Gajendra Singh Shekhawat. This initiative not only celebrates India’s ancient maritime traditions but also marks a successful interdisciplinary fusion of traditional craftsmanship and naval science.

Why in News?

The Indian Navy will induct and unveil the Ancient Stitched Ship on 21st May 2025. This reconstructed vessel, inspired by an Ajanta cave painting, revives a 5th-century shipbuilding technique using traditional stitching methods. It will later sail on a transoceanic voyage from Gujarat to Oman, retracing ancient Indian maritime trade routes.

Aim and Objectives

  • To revive and operationalize India’s ancient maritime shipbuilding traditions
  • To honor and celebrate India’s historical maritime trade routes
  • To showcase Indian craftsmanship and seafaring expertise on a global scale

Project Background

Tripartite Agreement signed in July 2023 between,

  • Ministry of Culture
  • Indian Navy
  • M/s Hodi Innovations
  • Funding provided by Ministry of Culture

Construction Features

  • Technique: Traditional hand-stitched wooden planks (no nails/metal)
  • Artisans: Led by Master Shipwright Shri Babu Sankaran from Kerala
  • Design Inspiration: Ajanta Caves painting (5th century CE)
  • Materials: Entirely traditional, using ancient methods

Technical & Scientific Collaborations

  • IIT Madras: Model testing for hydrodynamic behavior

Indian Navy

  • Concept design
  • Structural and technical validation
  • In-house analysis of mast system
  • Square sails and steering oars – no modern navigation system used

Phase 2: Maiden Voyage

  • Proposed route: Gujarat to Oman
  • Objective: Recreate ancient maritime trade routes
  • Symbolizes India’s rich seafaring legacy and naval exploration

Significance

  • Revives India’s ancient naval engineering
  • Encourages cultural pride and heritage preservation
  • Showcases India’s soft power and shipbuilding excellence
  • A symbol of Atmanirbhar Bharat in traditional sciences
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Indian Navy Revives Maritime Legacy with Ancient Stitched Ship Induction
Event Induction of Ancient Stitched Ship
Date & Venue 21 May 2025, Naval Base Karwar
Inspired By 5th Century Ajanta Caves painting
Project Led By Indian Navy with Ministry of Culture & M/s Hodi Innovations
Construction Site M/s Hodi Shipyard, Goa
Traditional Craftsmanship By Kerala artisans led by Shri Babu Sankaran
Technical Partner IIT Madras
Special Features Hand-stitched wooden hull, square sails, traditional navigation techniques
Future Voyage Plan From Gujarat to Oman along ancient trade routes

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_7.1

India Celebrates 150 Years of the Metre Convention with Major Legal Metrology Reforms

On the occasion of World Metrology Day 2025, the Department of Consumer Affairs, Government of India, celebrated the 150th anniversary of the Metre Convention, held on May 20th, with a series of landmark announcements and reforms. These developments aim to align India’s legal metrology standards with global benchmarks, protect consumers, and enhance ease of doing business across the country.

Why in News?

India marked 150 years of the Metre Convention by launching new initiatives in legal metrology, including,  Gaining authorization to issue OIML Certificates (13th country worldwide), Mandating 1 mg accuracy in the gold trade, Launching the eMaap portal, Introducing “One Nation, One Time” under the Draft IST Rules 2025, and Releasing new rules for Speed Guns, Gas Meters, and other precision instruments.

Background

  • The Metre Convention, signed on 20 May 1875, laid the foundation for international cooperation in measurement science.
  • World Metrology Day commemorates this global agreement.
  • Legal metrology ensures accuracy in weights and measures, crucial for trade, consumer protection, and law enforcement.

Major Announcements & Reforms

India Authorized to Issue OIML Certificates

  • Becomes 13th country globally with this authorization.
  • Enhances India’s global trade credibility and international recognition in measurement standards.

1 mg Precision Mandate for Gold Trade

  • Mandated to ensure fair weighing practices in the jewellery sector.
  • Aimed at strengthening consumer protection in high-value transactions.

“One Nation, One Time” Initiative under Draft IST Rules 2025

  • To provide millisecond-level time accuracy through 5 Regional Reference Standard Laboratories (RRSLs).
  • Critical for sectors like telecom, banking, and transport.

eMaap Portal Launched

  • Digitizes Legal Metrology operations in 18 states.
  • Offers services like online licensing, registration, enforcement tracking, etc.
  • Enhances transparency and ease of compliance.

Weekly Facilitation Helpdesk

  • Video-based helpdesk every Tuesday (4–5 PM).
  • Aimed at industry engagement and real-time query resolution.

New Rules for Devices

  • Formal notification of Legal Metrology Rules for Speed Guns and Gas Meters.
  • Upcoming rules for Breath Analysers and Moisture Meters.

Timeline Reform in Legal Metrology Rules

  • All rule amendments will take effect on January 1 or July 1, with a 180-day transition period.

Stakeholder Speeches

  • Shri Pralhad Joshi, Union Minister: Emphasized metrology as an engine for economic growth and fair trade.
  • Shri B.L. Verma, MoS: Stressed the role of accurate devices and regulatory clarity.
  • Smt. Nidhi Khare, Secretary, DoCA: Advocated for hassle-free compliance, technology upgrades, and voluntary compliance by industry.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? India Celebrates 150 Years of the Metre Convention with Major Legal Metrology Reforms
Event World Metrology Day 2025
Occasion 150th Anniversary of the Metre Convention (Signed in 1875)
Major Initiative India becomes 13th country to issue OIML Certificates
Gold Trade Reform 1 mg Accuracy Mandatory
Time Standardization “One Nation, One Time” under IST Draft Rules 2025
Digital Portal Launch of eMaap for Legal Metrology Services
Industry Engagement Weekly Facilitation Helpdesk every Tuesday
New Device Rules Speed Guns, Gas Meters (notified); Breath Analysers, Moisture Meters upcoming
Rule Implementation Reform All amendments effective Jan 1 or July 1 with 180-day transition

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_9.1

Tejas Mk2 vs Gripen E: Light Combat Aircraft Face-off

As global air forces modernize their fleets, light combat aircraft (LCA) are gaining renewed attention for their affordability, agility, and versatility. Two contenders standing out in this domain are India’s Tejas Mk2 and Sweden’s Saab Gripen E. While both fighters are designed for multi-role operations and strike a balance between cost and performance, they are products of different defense philosophies and strategic requirements.

This article offers an in-depth comparison of the Tejas Mk2 and Gripen E across various parameters including design, avionics, engine performance, weapon systems, operational costs, and export potential.

1. Development Background

Tejas Mk2: India’s Indigenous Evolution

The Tejas Mk2 is an advanced development of the HAL Tejas Mk1, under the Medium Weight Fighter (MWF) category. Designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) and manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), the Mk2 is intended to fill the capability gap left by India’s aging MiG-29 and Mirage 2000 fleets. It represents India’s commitment to self-reliance under the ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ initiative.

  • Maiden flight: Expected around 2025
  • Full-rate production: Targeted by 2030

Gripen E: Sweden’s 21st-Century Answer

The Gripen E, also known as JAS 39E, is the latest variant of Saab’s Gripen family. Built for next-generation warfare, it is a product of Sweden’s defense needs with a focus on network-centric capabilities, cost-efficiency, and advanced interoperability with NATO forces. Developed with partial collaboration with Brazil (Gripen E/F variant), it reflects Saab’s modular and export-oriented design strategy.

  • First flight: 2017
  • Service entry: In progress with Swedish and Brazilian Air Forces

2. Airframe and Design Philosophy

Tejas Mk2

The Tejas Mk2 adopts a canard-delta configuration, enhancing its agility and maneuverability. It has a larger airframe than the Mk1, extended fuselage for more internal fuel, and a redesigned cockpit and undercarriage. Emphasis is placed on reduced radar cross-section (RCS) through structural shaping and composites.

  • Length: ~14.6 m
  • Max Takeoff Weight (MTOW): ~17.5 tons
  • Internal fuel: ~3,400 kg
  • Wing design: Cropped delta with close-coupled canards

Gripen E

Gripen E also features a delta wing with canards, allowing excellent short take-off and landing (STOL) capability. It integrates a modular architecture, making future upgrades easier. The use of advanced composites and internal sensors helps maintain a low RCS.

  • Length: ~15.2 m
  • MTOW: ~16.5 tons
  • Internal fuel: ~3,400 kg
  • Notable feature: Smart Maintenance System to reduce downtime

3. Avionics and Cockpit

Tejas Mk2

The Tejas Mk2 is expected to feature a multi-functional, glass cockpit, with Wide Area Display (WAD), a Digital Fly-by-Wire (FBW) system, and enhanced Electronic Warfare (EW) suite. It will also incorporate Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based systems, and will be equipped with an Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar (Uttam or Israeli EL/M-2052 as interim).

  • Integrated sensors: Infrared Search and Track (IRST), Radar Warning Receivers (RWR)
  • Data fusion: Multi-sensor for enhanced situational awareness

Gripen E

The Gripen E offers cutting-edge avionics, including WAD, Head-Up Display (HUD), and a Hands-On Throttle-And-Stick (HOTAS) system. It features the Raven ES-05 AESA radar, Skyward-G IRST, and advanced self-protection EW suite.

  • Sensor fusion: Real-time integration of radar, IRST, EW, and tactical data link
  • Tactical data sharing: Link 16 and Swedish TIDLS

4. Propulsion and Performance

Tejas Mk2

The Mk2 is powered by the General Electric F414-GE-INS6 engine, offering 98 kN of thrust, an upgrade from the F404 on the Mk1. This provides it with superior thrust-to-weight ratio, enabling better payload and range.

  • Speed: Mach 1.8
  • Combat range: ~1,500 km
  • Service ceiling: 50,000 ft

Gripen E

The Gripen E also uses the F414-GE-39E engine, but integrates it with a more efficient airframe and advanced fuel systems. With similar thrust, it boasts impressive combat endurance and acceleration.

  • Speed: Mach 2.0
  • Combat range: ~1,500–1,800 km
  • Service ceiling: 52,000 ft

5. Weapons and Combat Capabilities

Tejas Mk2

The Tejas Mk2 will be capable of carrying a wide array of air-to-air, air-to-ground, and anti-ship missiles, including:

  • Astra Mk1/2, Derby, R-73, Python-5
  • BrahMos-NG (future)
  • Precision-guided bombs, laser-guided munitions
  • 13 hardpoints for up to 6.5 tons of payload

Gripen E

Gripen E is designed for multi-role dominance with access to NATO-standard and Swedish weaponry:

  • Meteor BVRAAM (beyond visual range air-to-air missile)
  • IRIS-T, AMRAAM, RBS-15, Taurus KEPD 350
  • 10 hardpoints with ~6 tons of payload
  • Advanced target designation pods and recon systems

6. Cost, Maintenance, and Operational Readiness

Tejas Mk2

While cost estimates are evolving, the Tejas Mk2 is expected to remain significantly cheaper than Western fighters. Emphasis is on low life-cycle cost, ease of maintenance, and domestic supply chain development.

  • Estimated cost per unit: ~$50–60 million
  • Designed for Indian Air Force’s logistics infrastructure

Gripen E

The Gripen E has one of the lowest operational costs per flight hour among modern fighters (estimated at ~$4,700/hour). Saab promotes it as a “smart fighter” optimized for ease of upgrades and low logistical footprint.

  • Estimated cost per unit: ~$80–85 million
  • Quick turnaround time: 10 minutes for rearming and refueling

7. Export Potential and Strategic Partnerships

Tejas Mk2

While still under development, the Mk2 has generated interest from countries like Malaysia, Argentina, and Egypt. India is positioning it as a cost-effective alternative to pricier Western platforms with the added benefit of technology transfer and customization.

Gripen E

Gripen E has been offered to various countries including Finland, Canada, and Colombia, with Brazil being its most prominent export customer (Gripen E/F). Saab emphasizes its partnership model, including local assembly and technology sharing.

Mizoram Becomes India’s First Fully Literate State

In a historic milestone for education in India, Mizoram has officially been declared a fully literate state, becoming the first in the country to achieve this feat. The announcement was made on 20th May 2025 by Chief Minister Shri Lalduhoma during a special ceremony in Aizawl, in the presence of key central and state dignitaries. This achievement highlights the state’s dedication to inclusive education and marks the success of the ULLAS – Nav Bharat Saaksharta Karyakram, a national adult education initiative.

Why in News?

Mizoram was recently declared India’s first fully literate state under the New India Literacy Programme (NILP). This recognition comes after extensive surveys, teaching efforts, and community participation to educate all remaining non-literate individuals in the state. The announcement coincides with growing national efforts to implement the NEP 2020 vision of achieving universal literacy.

Background & Static Facts

  • Statehood: Mizoram attained statehood on 20 February 1987.
  • Area: 21,081 km² (8,139 sq mi)
  • 2011 Census Literacy Rate: 91.33% (Ranked 3rd in India)

Key Highlights of the Achievement

  • Date of Declaration: 20 May 2025
  • Announced by: Chief Minister Shri Lalduhoma
  • Venue: Auditorium of Mizoram University, Aizawl
  • Present Dignitaries: Shri Jayant Chaudhary (MoS, Education & Skill), Dr. Vanlalthlana (Minister of Education, Mizoram), Chief Secretary and other officials.

ULLAS – Nav Bharat Saaksharta Karyakram (New India Literacy Programme)

  • Launched: 2022
  • Duration: 2022–2027
  • Target Group: Adults aged 15 years and above
  • Vision: Jan Jan Saakshar – Literacy for All
  • Implementation Mode: Volunteer-based (Kartavya Bodh)

Key Components of ULLAS Scheme

  • Foundational Literacy and Numeracy
  • Critical Life Skills
  • Basic Education
  • Vocational Skills
  • Continuing Education

Impact and Data

  • Non-literate Persons Identified (2023 Survey): 3,026
  • Learners Engaged in Education: 1,692
  • Literacy Rate Achieved: 98.20% (As per PFLS 2023-24)
  • Volunteer Teachers: 292 (Students, Educators, CRCCs)
  • National Data: Over 2.37 crore learners and 40.84 lakh volunteers registered on the ULLAS mobile app

Significance

  • Sets a national precedent in adult functional literacy.
  • Reinforces community-driven education models.
  • Demonstrates the power of volunteerism and public participation in governance.
  • Reflects commitment to NEP 2020 and UN SDG-4 (Quality Education).
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Mizoram Becomes India’s First Fully Literate State
Achievement Date 20 May 2025`
Literacy Rate 98.20% (PFLS 2023-24)
Scheme Implemented ULLAS – Nav Bharat Saaksharta Karyakram
Key Participants 292 volunteer teachers; CRCCs and local educators
Previous Literacy (2011 Census) 91.33%
Program Duration 2022–2027
National Impact 2.37 crore learners; 40.84 lakh volunteer teachers
First Administrative Unit (2024) Ladakh
First State to Achieve Full Literacy  Mizoram

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_12.1

Centre Launches Special Apprenticeship Scheme for Northeast Youth

In a major boost to skill development in India’s northeastern region, the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) launched a pilot apprenticeship scheme aimed at promoting hands-on industrial training among youth from the region. The initiative offers an additional ₹1,500 monthly stipend over existing allowances, targeting 26,000 youth to improve access to employment-oriented training opportunities.

Why in News?

On May 20, 2025, the Government of India, in collaboration with the Government of Mizoram, launched a pilot scheme in Aizawl to support youth from the northeast under the National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS). The scheme is designed to tackle mobility barriers, enhance female participation, and align regional talent with national industrial needs.

Objectives and Purpose

  • Encourage youth from the northeast to take up industry-based apprenticeship training.
  • Provide financial aid to overcome logistical and mobility-related hurdles.
  • Bridge the gap between education and employment with real-world industry exposure.
  • Promote inclusive participation, especially among women.

Key Features

  • Beneficiaries: 26,000 youth from northeastern states.
  • Extra Support: ₹1,500 per month in addition to the current ₹1,500 under NAPS.
  • Duration: 12 months.
  • Total Outlay: ₹43.94 crore.
  • ₹4 crore allocated for outreach, capacity building, and implementation.

Implementing Agencies

  • Indian Institute of Entrepreneurship (IIE), Guwahati
  • National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC)

Supported by,

  • State Skill Missions
  • Regional Directorates
  • Local Training Institutions

Key Statements

Jayant Chaudhary, MoS (Independent Charge), MSDE

  • “This is not just a training pathway; it’s a bridge to employment. It opens doors to industry exposure and talent engagement.”

Lalduhoma, Chief Minister of Mizoram

  • “This initiative empowers northeastern youth to participate in India’s economic growth with confidence.”

Regional Significance

  • Addresses historical challenges of mobility, access, and employment opportunities in the northeast.
  • Encourages industry partnerships and builds transparent skill-to-employment pipelines.
  • Recognizes growing female participation in apprenticeship roles in the region.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Centre Launches Special Apprenticeship Scheme for Northeast Youth
Launched In Aizawl, Mizoram
Implementing Ministry Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE)
Extra Monthly Stipend ₹1,500 over existing NAPS stipend
Beneficiaries ~26,000 youth from the northeastern states
Duration 12 months
Total Budget ₹43.94 crore
Key Implementing Agencies IIE Guwahati, NSDC
Objective Skill training, mobility access, industrial exposure

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_14.1

Important Days in May 2025, List of National and International Events

The month of May 2025 is filled with a series of significant national and international observances. These important days commemorate historic events, raise awareness about critical global issues, and celebrate cultural, scientific, and humanitarian achievements. For aspirants preparing for competitive examinations, knowing these days is essential as they often appear in the General Awareness and Current Affairs sections.

Important Days and Dates in May 2025

Date Day/Event
1 May International Labour Day / May Day, Maharashtra Day, Gujarat Day
2 May World Tuna Day
3 May World Press Freedom Day
4 May World Portuguese Language Day 
6 May International No Diet Day, World Asthma Day (First Tuesday of May)
7 May World Athletics Day
8 May World Red Cross Day, World Thalassaemia Day
9 May Rabindranath Tagore Jayanti, Maharana Pratap Jayanti
10 May World Lupus Day
11 May National Technology Day, Mother’s Day (Second Sunday of May)
12 May International Nurses Day, Buddha Purnima (Buddha Jayanti)
15 May International Day of Families
16 May National Dengue Day, International Day of Light, National Endangered Species Day (Third Friday)
17 May World Telecommunication Day, World Hypertension Day, Armed Forces Day (Third Saturday)
18 May World AIDS Vaccine Day (HIV Vaccine Awareness Day), International Museum Day
20 May International HR Day
21 May National Anti-Terrorism Day, International Tea Day
22 May International Day for Biological Diversity
23 May World Turtle Day
24 May National Brother’s Day
25 May Africa Day
26 May National Memorial Day (Last Monday of May)
30 May International Day of Potato, Goa Statehood Day, Hindi Journalism Day
31 May World No Tobacco Day (Anti-Tobacco Day)

List of Important Days and Events in May 2025

1 May – International Labour Day / May Day

Also known as Antarrashtriya Shramik Diwas or Kamgar Din in India, this day honors the contributions of workers and the labor movement. It is celebrated worldwide to advocate for fair labor practices and workers’ rights.

1 May – Maharashtra Day and Gujarat Day

On 1 May 1960, the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat were formed following the bifurcation of the Bombay State. Both states observe a state holiday and organize parades and cultural programs.

2 May – World Tuna Day

Designated by the United Nations, this day raises awareness about the importance of tuna fish in global food security and the need for sustainable fishing practices.

3 May – World Press Freedom Day

This day emphasizes the importance of free and independent media. It also serves as a tribute to journalists who have lost their lives while performing their duties.

4 May – Coal Miners Day and International Firefighter’s Day

  • Coal Miners Day is observed to recognize the sacrifices and hard work of coal miners in one of the most dangerous professions.
  • International Firefighter’s Day was initiated following the tragic deaths of five firefighters in Australia. It honors the bravery and service of firefighters worldwide.

4 May (First Sunday) – World Laughter Day

Founded by Dr. Madan Kataria in Mumbai in 1998, this day promotes world peace and wellness through laughter, under the Laughter Yoga Movement.

6 May – International No Diet Day and World Asthma Day

  • No Diet Day promotes body acceptance and raises awareness about eating disorders and weight discrimination.
  • World Asthma Day, observed on the first Tuesday of May, spreads awareness about asthma, its management, and treatment.

7 May – World Athletics Day

Initiated by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), this day promotes participation in athletics, especially among youth.

8 May – World Red Cross Day and World Thalassaemia Day

  • World Red Cross Day marks the birth anniversary of Henry Dunant, the founder of the Red Cross.
  • World Thalassaemia Day raises awareness about the genetic blood disorder and encourages support for patients and families.

9 May – Rabindranath Tagore Jayanti and Maharana Pratap Jayanti

  • Celebrates the birth of Rabindranath Tagore, Nobel Laureate, poet, and national icon.
  • Maharana Pratap Jayanti honors the legendary warrior and Rajput king of Mewar, known for his valour and resistance against Mughal rule.

10 May – World Lupus Day

Dedicated to spreading awareness about Lupus, a chronic autoimmune disease affecting millions worldwide.

11 May – National Technology Day and Mother’s Day (Second Sunday)

  • National Technology Day commemorates India’s nuclear tests at Pokhran in 1998, marking a major stride in technological advancement.
  • Mother’s Day celebrates the love and contribution of mothers and is observed globally on the second Sunday of May.

12 May – International Nurses Day and Buddha Purnima

  • International Nurses Day marks the birth anniversary of Florence Nightingale and recognizes the contributions of nurses.
  • Buddha Purnima, also known as Vesak, celebrates the birth, enlightenment, and death of Gautama Buddha.

15 May – International Day of Families

A day to reflect on the importance of family structures and promote policies that support families around the world.

16 May – National Dengue Day, International Day of Light, and National Endangered Species Day (Third Friday)

  • Raises awareness about dengue fever and its prevention.
  • Celebrates the invention of the laser and the role of light in science and culture.
  • Highlights the importance of conserving endangered species.

17 May – World Telecommunication Day, World Hypertension Day, and Armed Forces Day (Third Saturday)

  • Telecommunication Day marks the founding of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
  • Hypertension Day encourages regular blood pressure screening and healthy living.
  • Armed Forces Day in the United States honors active-duty military personnel.

18 May – World AIDS Vaccine Day and International Museum Day

  • AIDS Vaccine Day recognizes ongoing efforts in HIV vaccine research.
  • Museum Day, organized by ICOM, aims to promote the importance of museums in preserving heritage.

20 May – International HR Day

Celebrates the evolving role of Human Resource professionals and the value they bring to modern workplaces.

21 May – National Anti-Terrorism Day and International Tea Day

  • Anti-Terrorism Day commemorates the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi and promotes peace and unity.
  • Tea Day recognizes the economic and cultural significance of tea production and workers.

22 May – International Day for Biological Diversity

Established to promote awareness of the importance of biodiversity and its protection amid increasing threats.

23 May – World Turtle Day

Aims to protect turtles and tortoises and their habitats through education and advocacy.

24 May – National Brother’s Day

Celebrates the unique and enduring bond between brothers and siblings.

25 May – Africa Day

Marks the founding of the Organisation of African Unity (now African Union) and celebrates African unity and liberation.

26 May – National Memorial Day (Last Monday of May)

Observed in the United States, it honors fallen military personnel who died in service to the nation.

30 May – International Day of Potato, Goa Statehood Day, and Hindi Journalism Day

  • Recognizes the role of potatoes in combating hunger and supporting rural livelihoods.
  • Goa Statehood Day marks Goa becoming India’s 25th state on 30 May 1987.
  • Hindi Journalism Day commemorates the publication of India’s first Hindi newspaper, Udant Martand, in 1826.

31 May – World No Tobacco Day

Organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) to highlight the harmful effects of tobacco consumption and encourage cessation efforts globally.

What is the Weight of Green Anaconda, World’s Biggest Snake?

Snakes are amazing creatures found in many parts of the world. They come in different sizes, colors and types. Some snakes are very small, while others grow to be extremely large and heavy. People are often curious to know which snake is the biggest and how much it weighs. In this article, we will explore the world’s largest snake and find out interesting facts about its size and weight.

World’s Biggest Snake

The green anaconda is the biggest snake in the world when you think about both its length and weight. It can grow very long – up to 30 feet (about 9 meters). It can also weigh a lot, as much as 550 pounds (227 kilograms). To imagine how big it is, think about five ten-year old kids lying down after another. That would be about the same length as this huge snake!

Key Details About Green Anaconda

  • Common Name: Green Anaconda
  • Scientific Name: Eunectes murinus
  • Type: Reptile
  • Diet: Carnivore
  • Group Name: Bed or knot
  • Life span: About 10 years in the wild
  • Size: Between 20 to 30 feet long
  • Weight: Up to 550 pounds

How does the Green Anaconda Hunt?

Green anacondas are part of a snake family called constrictors. These snakes don’t have venom, so they don’t bite to poison their prey. Instead, they catch their food by wrapping their strong bodies around it and squeezing tight. It squeezing stops the prey from breathing, and then the anaconda can eat it.

What does the Green Anaconda Eat?

Anacondas eat many animals like fish, caimans (which are relatives of crocodiles) and sometimes even jaguars or small deer. Their jaws can open very wide because they have stretchy ligaments. This lets them swallow big animals whole.

How big and Heavy is the Green Anaconda?

This giant snake is very heavy. It would take about 11 kids to weigh as much as one green anaconda! Its size and strength make it one of the most amazing snakes in the world.

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_17.1

Barak-8 vs Aster 30: Naval Air Defense Showdown

Modern naval warfare has increasingly shifted focus toward anti-air and missile defense systems, essential for protecting high-value assets like aircraft carriers, destroyers, and frigates. Two of the most prominent and advanced systems in this domain are Israel’s Barak-8 and Europe’s Aster 30. While both offer cutting-edge capabilities, their design philosophies, operational doctrines, and technical specifications vary significantly.

Overview: Origins and Development

Barak-8 – The Israeli-Indian Shield

The Barak-8, also known as LR-SAM (Long Range Surface-to-Air Missile) or MR-SAM (Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missile), is a product of joint development by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) and India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It was designed to counter a wide array of aerial threats, including fighter jets, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), cruise missiles, and even supersonic anti-ship missiles.

First operational in the mid-2010s, the system is a successor to the original Barak-1, significantly expanding the engagement envelope and integrating active radar homing.

Aster 30 – Europe’s Answer to the Missile Threat

The Aster 30, developed by MBDA (a consortium of European aerospace companies), is part of the Principal Anti Air Missile System (PAAMS) used by the navies of France, Italy, and the United Kingdom. It evolved from the Aster family of missiles, particularly designed to operate under the SAMP/T and PAAMS frameworks for area air defense.

Introduced in the early 2000s, Aster 30 is the long-range variant of the Aster missile family, offering superior speed and extended reach, capable of intercepting ballistic missiles, stealth aircraft, and advanced maneuvering threats.

Technical Specifications and Capabilities

Range and Engagement Envelope

Barak-8:

  • Maximum Range: ~70 to 100 km (Extended Range versions may reach up to 150 km)
  • Minimum Range: ~0.5 km
  • Altitude Interception: ~16–20 km

Aster 30:

  • Maximum Range: ~120–150 km
  • Minimum Range: ~3 km
  • Altitude Interception: ~20–25 km

Verdict: While the Barak-8 ER closes the gap, Aster 30 still edges ahead in range and ceiling, especially for area-wide defense.

Speed and Maneuverability

  • Barak-8 travels at approximately Mach 2, utilizing thrust vector control (TVC) for agile maneuvering.
  • Aster 30 achieves speeds up to Mach 4.5, and includes a PIF-PAF system (Pilotage en Force – Pilotage en Aerodynamique et en Force), a unique combined aerodynamic and thrust vector control mechanism for exceptional agility.

Verdict: Aster 30 is significantly faster and more maneuverable, ideal for intercepting high-speed or ballistic threats.

Guidance Systems

  • Barak-8: Uses active radar homing, supported by Elta EL/M-2248 MF-STAR AESA radar for mid-course updates and target illumination.
  • Aster 30: Also employs active radar homing, integrated with EMPAR or Herakles radars in PAAMS configurations, allowing for seamless target tracking and engagement.

Both systems utilize mid-course guidance with data-link updates, ensuring high accuracy even against maneuvering or low-signature targets.

Platform Integration and Deployment

Barak-8 Naval Deployment

Barak-8 has been widely deployed across Israeli Sa’ar 5/6 corvettes, Indian Kolkata-class destroyers, and Vishakhapatnam-class destroyers. It is also a key feature of India’s aircraft carrier INS Vikrant.

Key integration features:

  • Vertical Launch Systems (VLS)
  • 360-degree engagement envelope
  • Multiple simultaneous target tracking

Aster 30 Naval Deployment

The Aster 30 is a centerpiece of the PAAMS system, deployed on:

  • Horizon-class destroyers (France and Italy)
  • Type 45 destroyers (United Kingdom – Daring-class)
  • FREMM frigates (France, Italy, Egypt)

It supports multi-layered defense and is also being adapted for ballistic missile defense under NATO frameworks.

Combat Record and Operational Experience

Barak-8

  • Actively used by the Israeli Navy and Indian Navy.
  • Proven performance in regional conflicts like Operation Guardian of the Walls (2021), intercepting rocket salvos and UAVs.
  • Employed in complex saturation attack scenarios.

Aster 30

  • Operational in multiple NATO and EU deployments.
  • Used in real-world deployments in the Red Sea, Eastern Mediterranean, and Middle East patrols.
  • Forms the backbone of NATO’s European missile shield.

Though neither system has yet seen full-scale naval combat against ballistic threats, both have excelled in high-threat simulations and real-world intercepts of hostile airborne assets.

Future Upgrades and Evolution

Barak-8 ER

  • Enhanced range to 150 km.
  • Improved seekers and dual-pulse motors.
  • Potential integration with BMD systems in the future.

Aster 30 Block 1 NT (New Technology)

  • Designed for ballistic missile defense (BMD).
  • Extended range and advanced sensors.
  • Capability to engage IRBM-class threats (Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles).

These future variants position both systems for next-generation air and missile defense roles, expanding beyond traditional anti-air functions.

Comparative Summary

Feature Barak-8 Aster 30
Origin Israel-India Europe (France, Italy, UK)
Max Range ~100–150 km ~120–150 km
Speed ~Mach 2 ~Mach 4.5
Guidance Active radar homing Active radar homing + PIF-PAF
BMD Capability Limited (Barak-8 ER future potential) Present (Block 1 NT)
Deployment Israel, India France, UK, Italy, NATO
Combat Use Proven in regional conflicts Proven in NATO deployments
Versatility High (multi-platform) High (naval + land-based SAMP/T)
States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_19.1

Monthly Current Affairs