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States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

States and Capitals

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO State Capital CM Governor
1 Andhra Pradesh Amaravati Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu S. Abdul Nazer
2 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Pema Khandu Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3 Assam Dispur Himanta Biswa Sarma Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4 Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar Arif Mohammed Khan
5 Chhattisgarh Raipur Vishnu Deo Sai Ramen Deka
6 Goa Panaji Pramod Sawant P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7 Gujarat Gandhinagar Bhupendra Patel Acharya Dev Vrat
8 Haryana Chandigarh Nayab Singh Saini Bandaru Dattatraya
9 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu Shiv Pratap Shukla
10 Jharkhand Ranchi Hemant Soren Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11 Karnataka Bengaluru Siddaramaiah Thaawarchand Gehlot
12 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Pinarayi Vijayan Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Mohan Yadav Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14 Maharashtra Mumbai Devendra Fadnavis C.P. Radhakrishnan
15 Manipur Imphal N. Biren Singh
Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16 Meghalaya Shillong Conrad Kongkal Sangma
C H Vijayashankar
17 Mizoram Aizawl Lalduhoma General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18 Nagaland Kohima Neiphiu Rio
La. Ganesan
19 Odisha Bhubaneswar Mohan Charan Majhi
Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20 Punjab Chandigarh Bhagwant Singh Mann Gulab Chand Kataria
21 Rajasthan Jaipur Bhajan Lal Sharma Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22 Sikkim Gangtok PS Golay Om Prakash Mathur
23 Tamil Nadu Chennai M. K. Stalin R. N. Ravi
24 Telangana Hyderabad Anumula Revanth Reddy Jishnu Dev Varma
25 Tripura Agartala Dr. Manik Saha Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Yogi Aditya Nath Anandiben Patel
27 Uttarakhand Dehradun Pushkar Singh Dhami Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28 West Bengal Kolkata Mamata Banerjee Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO Union Territories Capital CM Lt. Governor
1 Andaman and Nicobar Island Port Blair NA D K Joshi
2 Chandigarh Chandigarh NA Banwarilal Purohit
3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Daman NA Praful Patel
4 Delhi Delhi Rekha Gupta Vinai Kumar Saxena
5 Ladakh NA NA B. D. Mishra
6 Lakshadweep Kavaratti NA Praful Patel
7 Jammu and Kashmir NA Omar Abdullah Manoj Sinha
8 Puducherry Pondicherry N. Rangaswamy C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference States Union Territories
Head of Administration Governor Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type Elected by the People Managed by the central government
Powers Shares power with the central government. Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No. States Language
1 Andhra Pradesh Telugu and Urdu
2 Arunachal Pradesh Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3 Assam Assamese
4 Bihar Hindi
5 Chhattisgarh Hindi
6 Goa Marathi Konkani
7 Gujarat Gujarati
8 Haryana Hindi
9 Himachal Pradesh Hindi and Pahari
10 Jharkhand Hindi
11 Karnataka Kannada
12 Kerala Malayalam
13 Madhya Pradesh Hindi
14 Maharashtra Marathi
15 Manipur Manipuri
16 Meghalaya Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17 Mizoram Mizo and English
18 Nagaland Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19 Odisha Oriya
20 Punjab Punjabi
21 Rajasthan Rajasthani and Hindi
22 Sikkim Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23 Tamil Nadu Tamil
24 Telangana Telugu
25 Tripura Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26 Uttar Pradesh Hindi
27 Uttarakhand Hindi
28 West Bengal Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

  • Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
  • Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
  • Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
  • Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
  • Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
  • Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
  • Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
  • Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

Top 5 Destroyers in the World: Zumwalt vs Type 055 vs KDX-III vs Daring-Class vs Kolkata-Class

As maritime threats evolve and naval power becomes central to global security strategy, destroyers have emerged as the vanguard of modern fleets. These warships serve as multi-role platforms, capable of air defense, anti-ship warfare, anti-submarine operations, and even land-attack missions.

In 2025, the world’s most powerful navies are equipped with next-generation destroyers featuring stealth designs, network-centric warfare capabilities, and advanced missile systems. This article explores the top 5 destroyers in the world, comparing the Zumwalt-class (USA), Type 055 (China), KDX-III (South Korea), Daring-class (UK), and Kolkata-class (India).

Top 5 Modern Destroyers in 2025

Destroyer Class Country Displacement VLS Cells Key Features Primary Role
Zumwalt-class United States 15,000+ tons 80 Stealth hull, electric propulsion, DBR radar, future laser weapons Multi-role, land-attack focus
Type 055 China 13,000+ tons 112 Long-range missiles, advanced radar, carrier escort role Fleet escort, area denial
KDX-III South Korea 11,000+ tons 128 Aegis BMD, multi-layered air defense, Korean missiles Missile defense, regional security
Daring-class (Type 45) United Kingdom 8,500 tons 48 Sea Viper system, SAMPSON radar, integrated electric propulsion Elite air defense platform
Kolkata-class India 7,500+ tons 32 BrahMos missiles, Barak-8 SAMs, indigenous sensors Multi-role, carrier group escort

1. Zumwalt-Class (United States): Stealth and Sensor Supremacy

The Zumwalt-class destroyer, designated DDG-1000, is the most futuristic and unconventional destroyer in the world. Developed by the United States Navy, the Zumwalt emphasizes stealth, automation, and multi-mission adaptability.

Stealth and Design

With its tumblehome hull and angled superstructure, the Zumwalt has a radar cross-section comparable to a fishing boat, making it exceptionally stealthy for its size. It is designed to operate in littoral zones while still carrying out blue-water missions.

Weapons and Sensors

Zumwalt is equipped with 80 Vertical Launch System (VLS) cells, capable of launching Tomahawk cruise missiles, ESSMs, and ASROC torpedoes. Its Dual-Band Radar (DBR) and integrated power system (IPS) allow it to operate directed-energy weapons and railguns in the future.

Technological Focus

Though its initial production was limited to three ships, the Zumwalt-class represents a technological leap in naval warfare with reduced crew size, full-electric propulsion, and an emphasis on open-architecture systems.

2. Type 055 Destroyer (China): Asia’s Largest and Most Armed Destroyer

The Type 055 Renhai-class destroyer, fielded by the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN), is regarded as the most powerful surface combatant in Asia. It is technically classified by NATO as a cruiser due to its large displacement and weapons capacity.

Firepower and Armament

The Type 055 boasts 112 universal VLS cells, capable of launching HHQ-9B SAMs, YJ-18 anti-ship missiles, and CJ-10 cruise missiles. It is designed for air defense, anti-ship, and land-attack missions.

Sensors and Integration

Fitted with dual-band AESA radars, the Type 055 provides 360-degree tracking and target engagement. It is also equipped with electronic warfare systems and close-in weapon systems (CIWS) like the Type 1130.

Strategic Role

The Type 055 is built to escort Chinese aircraft carriers, assert control in the South China Sea, and participate in long-range power projection. It marks China’s ambition to challenge U.S. naval dominance.

3. KDX-III Sejong the Great-Class (South Korea): Aegis-Equipped Missile Shield

The KDX-III Sejong the Great-class destroyer is South Korea’s most advanced warship and one of the most heavily armed destroyers globally. It features the Aegis Combat System and serves as a core component of South Korea’s Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) strategy.

Weapons Loadout

With 128 VLS cells, the KDX-III can fire SM-2, SM-6, Hyunmoo cruise missiles, and ASROC torpedoes. It is equipped for multi-layered air defense and can be used to intercept both aircraft and incoming missiles.

Combat Systems

Its SPY-1D multifunction radar, integrated with Aegis Baseline 9, allows for cooperative engagement with allied navies. It also features Korean-developed missiles for regional defense.

Regional Significance

Given tensions with North Korea, the KDX-III acts as a mobile missile shield, capable of deterrence and precision strikes.

4. Daring-Class (Type 45) (United Kingdom): Air Defense Excellence

The Daring-class destroyer, also known as the Type 45, serves with the Royal Navy and is considered one of the world’s most advanced air defense platforms. Although limited in number, its performance in anti-air warfare is unmatched in many respects.

Radar and Missile Systems

Equipped with the SAMPSON radar and Sea Viper missile system (Aster 15 and Aster 30), the Daring-class can simultaneously track and engage multiple aerial threats, including sea-skimming missiles.

Power and Propulsion

The ship features an Integrated Electric Propulsion (IEP) system, offering reduced noise and greater fuel efficiency. It supports operations in expeditionary and task force settings, often accompanying aircraft carriers.

Upgrades and Limitations

Despite its elite air-defense role, the Type 45 lacks land-attack missiles and has a limited VLS cell count (48). However, modernization efforts are underway to expand its role in multi-domain warfare.

5. Kolkata-Class (India): Indigenous Multi-Role Destroyer

India’s Kolkata-class destroyer, also known as Project 15A, is the most powerful surface combatant in the Indian Navy. Built domestically, it emphasizes multi-role capabilities suited for the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).

Weapons and Capabilities

Armed with Barak-8 long-range surface-to-air missiles, BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles, and torpedo launchers, the Kolkata-class is capable of anti-air, anti-ship, and anti-submarine operations.

Sensors and Combat Systems

It features MF-STAR AESA radar, sonars, and an electronic warfare suite, enabling it to operate in hostile and contested environments. It also includes a helicopter deck for extended ASW operations.

Strategic Relevance

The Kolkata-class plays a key role in India’s blue-water navy ambitions, providing escort capabilities to aircraft carriers and asserting maritime dominance in the Indo-Pacific.

Depot Darpan & Anna Platforms to Revolutionize PDS Monitoring and Grievance Redressal

Union Food and Consumer Affairs Minister Shri Pralhad Joshi launched three significant digital platforms—Depot Darpan Portal, Anna Mitra, and Anna Sahayata—aimed at transforming India’s Public Distribution System (PDS). These platforms focus on improving transparency, efficiency, and citizen empowerment, impacting over 81 crore beneficiaries under the National Food Security Act (NFSA) and PMGKAY.

Why in News?

The launch of these platforms marks a pivotal moment in India’s mission to digitize and streamline welfare delivery systems. These tools aim to reduce inefficiencies, enhance operational monitoring, and provide real-time grievance redressal in the vast PDS network, including over 5.38 lakh Fair Price Shops.

Aim & Objectives

  • To digitize and enhance transparency in warehousing and foodgrain distribution.
  • To empower PDS stakeholders and ensure grievance redressal in real time.
  • To increase process efficiency, reduce losses, and augment income for storage corporations.

Depot Darpan Portal

  • A self-assessment and monitoring tool for FCI and CWC depots.

Assesses depots on,

  • Infrastructure (safety, sustainability, statutory compliance)
  • Operations (occupancy, efficiency, profitability)
  • Uses IoT sensors, CCTV, and live video feeds for real-time data and analytics.

Potential savings

  • ₹275 crore in FCI depots
  • ₹140 crore in CWC warehouses

Budget allocations

  • ₹280 crore for CWC upgrades
  • ₹1,000 crore for FCI modernization

Anna Mitra App

Empowers PDS field stakeholderસ,

  • FPS dealers can track stock and receive alerts.
  • DFSO officers can monitor FPS performance.
  • Food inspectors can conduct geo-tagged inspections.
  • Currently operational in Assam, Uttarakhand, Tripura, Punjab.
  • Available in Hindi and English.

Anna Sahayata Platform

  • Advanced grievance redressal system.
  • Accessible via WhatsApp, IVRS, and ASR (Automatic Speech Recognition).
  • Pilot phase in Gujarat, Jharkhand, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh.
  • Available in 5 languages (Hindi, Gujarati, Telugu, Bangla, English).

Background & Significance

  • India has one of the largest food distribution networks globally.
  • Over 80 crore people receive food grains under PMGKAY.
  • Household food expenditure has dropped by 50%, showing improved food security.
  • Aligned with Digital India, Viksit Bharat, and One Nation One Ration Card.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Depot Darpan & Anna Platforms to Revolutionize PDS Monitoring and Grievance Redressal
Launched By Shri Pralhad Joshi, Union Minister for Food & Consumer Affairs
Platforms Introduced Depot Darpan, Anna Mitra (mobile app), Anna Sahayata (grievance system)
Target Audience FCI, CWC, FPS dealers, DFSO, food inspectors, PMGKAY beneficiaries
Key Goals Transparency, efficiency, digital empowerment, grievance redressal
Pilot States (Anna Mitra)  Assam, Uttarakhand, Tripura, Punjab
Pilot States (Anna Sahayata)  Gujarat, Jharkhand, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh
Budget Allocated ₹1,000 crore (FCI), ₹280 crore (CWC)

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_6.1

Top 5 6th Generation Fighter Jets in Development: Tempest vs NGAD vs FC-31 vs AMCA vs Sukhoi Checkmate

As global air forces prepare for the next era of aerial dominance, nations are racing to develop 6th generation fighter jets—advanced aircraft designed to dominate in a world of stealth warfare, unmanned teaming, artificial intelligence, and hypersonic weapons. These next-gen fighters aim to replace or supplement existing 5th generation jets like the F-35, Su-57, and J-20, promising revolutionary capabilities that go far beyond today’s standards.

This article compares the top 5 6th generation fighter jets currently in development: the UK-led Tempest, US NGAD, China’s FC-31, India’s AMCA, and Russia’s Sukhoi Checkmate. Each reflects its nation’s vision of the future of air warfare.

Top 6th Generation Fighter Jets in Development

Fighter Jet Country/Consortium Expected Entry Key Features Role Focus
Tempest UK–Italy–Japan 2035 AI, drone swarms, directed energy weapons, stealth, data fusion Air dominance, multinational ops
NGAD United States 2030–2035 Hypersonics, manned-unmanned teaming, AI control, adaptive engines Strategic superiority, multi-domain
FC-31 / J-35 China 2030 (est.) Stealth, carrier version, advanced sensors, potential AI integration Carrier-based & export fighter
AMCA India 2032–2035 Indigenous stealth, supercruise, future directed energy/AI-based upgrades Self-reliance, regional deterrence
Checkmate (Su-75) Russia 2030+ (est.) Single-engine stealth, export-ready, open architecture, modular design Low-cost stealth, export platform

1. Tempest (United Kingdom/Italy/Japan): Europe’s Future Combat Air Dominance

The Tempest fighter jet is being developed under the Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP) by the United Kingdom, Italy, and Japan. It is intended to replace the Eurofighter Typhoon by the mid-2030s.

Key Capabilities

Tempest is designed as a multinational 6th generation fighter, integrating artificial intelligence, swarming drones, and directed-energy weapons. It will use adaptive engines, offer sensor fusion, and feature low observability (stealth) in multiple spectrums.

Timeline and Development

Flight testing is expected to begin around 2027, with operational deployment projected in the early 2030s. The Tempest will serve as a cornerstone of European air superiority and defense cooperation.

2. NGAD (United States): The Next Evolution in American Air Dominance

The Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) program is the United States Air Force’s answer to future air threats. Unlike a single aircraft, NGAD is a system-of-systems, which includes a manned 6th generation fighter, loyal wingman drones, and AI-driven battlefield integration.

Technological Innovation

The NGAD fighter will have variable cycle engines, enhanced stealth, sensor fusion, and autonomous mission support. It is expected to carry hypersonic weapons and coordinate with drones in real-time through machine-learning algorithms.

Status and Secrecy

While details are classified, a prototype has already flown. The U.S. plans to introduce NGAD fighters by the early 2030s, maintaining its air superiority edge over peer adversaries like China and Russia.

3. FC-31 (China): Stealth Export Jet with 6th Gen Aspirations

China’s FC-31, also known as J-35 in its navalized form, is being developed by Shenyang Aircraft Corporation as a potential rival to Western stealth fighters. While initially a 5th gen prototype, newer versions show signs of 6th generation transition.

Design and Capabilities

The FC-31 features stealth shaping, internal weapon bays, and advanced electronic warfare systems. China is reportedly upgrading the platform with AI-enabled targeting, supercruise capabilities, and carrier-based variants.

Strategic Goals

The aircraft is likely intended for China’s aircraft carriers and export markets. It could serve as a bridge to more advanced domestic 6th gen platforms in the 2030s.

4. AMCA (India): Indigenous Stealth Fighter for Strategic Autonomy

India’s Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) is being developed by HAL and DRDO to equip the Indian Air Force with an indigenous 5.5 to 6th generation stealth fighter.

Unique Features

The AMCA will have internal weapon bays, supercruise capability, radar-absorbent materials, and sensor fusion. Phase-1 of development focuses on a twin-engine 5th gen design, while Phase-2 will integrate 6th generation technologies like directed energy weapons, loyal wingmen, and adaptive avionics.

Development Roadmap

Prototype rollout is targeted for 2026–2027, with the first induction expected in the early 2030s. AMCA is critical to India’s pursuit of self-reliance in aerospace defense.

5. Sukhoi Checkmate (Russia): Cost-Effective Stealth Fighter for Global Export

Unveiled in 2021, the Sukhoi Checkmate (Su-75) is a single-engine stealth fighter that aims to be a low-cost alternative to Western 5th and future 6th gen fighters. It is targeted at both domestic and international markets.

Design Philosophy

Checkmate features stealth shaping, internal weapons storage, modular avionics, and open architecture systems. Russia has hinted at integrating AI, pilot-assist automation, and future upgrades aligning with 6th gen capabilities.

Export Focus

Marketed as an affordable stealth solution for Africa, Latin America, and Asia, the Checkmate’s success depends on whether Russia can fund and complete development amid sanctions and economic pressure. Deliveries are expected post-2030.

Top 5 Drone Combat Systems: Bayraktar vs MQ-9 Reaper vs Wing Loong II vs Heron TP vs Mohajer-10

In 2025, Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicles (UCAVs) are reshaping the nature of warfare. These systems offer militaries the ability to conduct long-endurance missions, precision strikes, and real-time surveillance without endangering pilots. From counterterrorism to conventional warfare, drones are now central to modern combat doctrines.

This article compares five of the most widely deployed and battle-tested drone combat systems: Bayraktar TB2 (Turkey), MQ-9 Reaper (USA), Wing Loong II (China), Heron TP (Israel), and Mohajer-10 (Iran). Each platform reflects the strategic priorities, technological capabilities, and defense objectives of its country of origin.

Top 5 Combat Drones in 2025 – Comparison Table

Drone Country Endurance Range Payload Capacity Key Features
MQ-9 Reaper United States Up to 27 hours Over 1,850 km 1,700 kg High-altitude, satellite link, Hellfire missiles, JDAMs
Bayraktar TB2 Turkey 27 hours 150–300 km 150 kg Combat-proven, MAM-L bombs, affordable and widely exported
Wing Loong II China 20 hours 4,000+ km 480 kg Armed with missiles/bombs, exported to Middle East and Africa
Heron TP Israel 36+ hours 1,000+ km 1,000 kg HALE platform, strategic surveillance, satellite comms
Mohajer-10 Iran 24 hours 2,000 km 300 kg EO/IR sensors, long-range strike, anti-jamming tech

1. MQ-9 Reaper (USA): The Benchmark in Lethal Drone Operations

The MQ-9 Reaper, developed by General Atomics, is the gold standard in armed drone platforms. Originally designed for long-endurance, high-altitude surveillance, the Reaper has evolved into a highly capable multi-role UCAV, extensively used by the United States Air Force and allied nations.

Strike Capability and Payload

The Reaper can carry up to 1,700 kg of ordnance, including Hellfire missiles, GBU-12 Paveway II laser-guided bombs, and JDAMs. It combines this with a 360-degree radar, high-definition targeting sensors, and real-time satellite communications.

Operational Endurance

With a flight time of up to 27 hours, the MQ-9 excels in persistent surveillance, strategic target tracking, and precision strikes, often used in anti-terror and insurgency operations.

Global Impact

Its combat record in Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, and Africa has made the MQ-9 the most proven and lethal UCAV in the world.

2. Bayraktar TB2 (Turkey): Affordable and Battlefield-Tested

The Bayraktar TB2, produced by Baykar Defense, has become one of the most recognizable and influential drones of the 2020s. Turkey has positioned it as a cost-effective, reliable solution for medium-altitude, long-endurance (MALE) operations.

Combat Record

The TB2 has seen action in Syria, Libya, Nagorno-Karabakh, and Ukraine, where it played a critical role in targeting tanks, artillery, and air defenses. Its effectiveness in real-world scenarios has elevated its reputation globally.

Sensors and Armament

It is equipped with electro-optical and infrared cameras, laser target designators, and can carry four MAM-L precision-guided munitions. Its range is 150 kilometers with satellite communication capability available in newer variants.

Strategic Appeal

The Bayraktar’s relatively low cost, combined with operational reliability, has led to exports to over two dozen countries, making it a key player in democratizing combat drone access.

3. Wing Loong II (China): Export-Focused Precision Platform

China’s Wing Loong II, developed by Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group, is a MALE drone designed for both reconnaissance and strike missions. It is part of China’s growing push to rival Western systems and capture global defense markets.

Design and Capabilities

Resembling the MQ-9 in form, the Wing Loong II can carry up to 480 kg of munitions, including air-to-surface missiles, laser-guided bombs, and rocket pods. It features satellite link communication, and its range extends beyond 4,000 km.

International Use

Countries such as UAE, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, and Egypt have deployed Wing Loong II drones. It has been used in Yemen and Libya, showcasing its strike capabilities in asymmetric warfare.

Competitive Edge

Wing Loong II is marketed as a cheaper alternative to Western drones, with broad compatibility with Chinese-made smart munitions.

4. Heron TP (Israel): Strategic Surveillance and Deep-Strike Readiness

Developed by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI), the Heron TP is a high-altitude, long-endurance (HALE) UCAV designed for strategic intelligence gathering and deep-penetration strike capability.

Mission Profile

With a wingspan of 26 meters and flight endurance exceeding 36 hours, the Heron TP is suited for multi-theater surveillance, electronic warfare, and precision attack roles. It is capable of carrying air-to-ground missiles and electronic pods.

Advanced Avionics

Heron TP drones are equipped with synthetic aperture radar (SAR), EO/IR payloads, and ELINT systems. Their modular architecture allows integration with a variety of weapon platforms and sensors.

Operational Reach

Used by Israel and Germany, and considered for India’s UCAV programs, the Heron TP stands out for its strategic mission scope and satellite connectivity.

5. Mohajer-10 (Iran): A Bold Leap in Indigenous Drone Development

Iran’s Mohajer-10, unveiled in 2023, represents a major leap in the country’s indigenous UCAV capabilities. Designed by the IRGC, it reflects Tehran’s growing focus on drone warfare amid rising geopolitical tensions.

Technical Specs

The Mohajer-10 can carry up to 300 kg of payload, including precision-guided bombs and surveillance pods. It has a flight range of 2,000 km and can stay airborne for over 24 hours.

Integrated Systems

The drone features advanced EO/IR sensors, real-time video transmission, and is believed to have anti-jamming and stealth coatings for better survivability.

Regional Role

Used for both combat and ISR missions, Mohajer drones have already appeared in Middle Eastern conflicts, including proxy operations. The Mohajer-10 showcases Iran’s push to compete in the global drone arms race despite sanctions.

India Plans Integration of Mission LiFE with National Action Plan on Climate Change

In a significant policy move, the Government of India is considering integrating Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) with the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). This potential merger aims to bring individual and community behavioural changes to the forefront of climate action, reinforcing India’s commitment to a sustainable and participatory approach to environmental protection.

Why in News?

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) is evaluating the inclusion of Mission LiFE in the NAPCC, which was originally launched in 2008. The integration seeks to mainstream lifestyle-based climate action within the national framework to accelerate India’s progress towards its climate goals.

About Mission LiFE

  • Launched at COP26 (UNFCCC, 2021) by India.
  • Aims to transition from a “use-and-dispose” economy to a circular economy.
  • Focuses on behavioural change at the individual and community levels.
  • Coordinated nationally by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC).

Approach of Mission LiFE

  • Jan Andolan (People’s Movement): Encouraging sustainable daily practices.
  • Global Collaboration: Involves ideas from global academia and think tanks.
  • Cultural Integration: Promotes climate-friendly practices rooted in local traditions.

About the NAPCC

  • Launched in 2008 as India’s climate change mitigation and adaptation strategy.

Consists of 8 Core Missions,

  1. National Solar Mission
  2. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency
  3. National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
  4. National Water Mission
  5. National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem
  6. National Mission for a Green India
  7. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
  8. National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change

Need for Integration

  • Quantifiable Impact: Tracks individual and corporate contributions.
  • Wider Outreach: Uses NAPCC’s structure to spread Mission LiFE messages.
  • Behavioural Change: Promotes low-cost, sustainable actions like waste reduction and energy conservation.
  • Bridging Awareness-Action Gap: Converts knowledge into tangible climate action.

Challenges

  • Self-Motivation Required: Unlike incentive-driven schemes, Mission LiFE depends on voluntary participation.
  • Lack of Tools: No clear framework for measuring behaviour-led impacts.
  • Climate Literacy Gaps: Low public awareness can hinder meaningful engagement.

Way Forward

  • Policy Alignment: Integrate with schemes like Ujjwala, FAME, and National Electric Mobility Mission.
  • Funding Support: Allocate budget for awareness and implementation.
  • Action-Oriented Campaigns: Disseminate practical, everyday steps to promote sustainability.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? India Plans Integration of Mission LiFE with National Action Plan on Climate Change
Launched At COP26, UNFCCC, 2021
Mission LiFE Focus Individual behaviour change, circular economy
NAPCC Missions 8 core missions including Solar, Water, Green India, Agriculture, etc.
Need for Integration Improve outreach, encourage behavioural change, bridge awareness-action gap
Challenges Measurement issues, voluntary nature, lack of climate literacy

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_10.1

World Turtle Day 2025: A Global Call to Protect Ancient Reptiles

World Turtle Day, observed annually on May 23, is a global initiative aimed at raising awareness about the conservation of turtles and tortoises. These ancient reptiles, which have graced the Earth for over 200 million years, are now among the most threatened species due to various human-induced activities. World Turtle Day not only celebrates their unique ecological roles but also highlights the urgent need for their protection from environmental threats, habitat destruction, illegal pet trade, and climate change.

The Origins: How World Turtle Day Began

  • World Turtle Day was first celebrated in 2000, founded by Susan Tellem and Marshall Thompson, who established the American Tortoise Rescue (ATR) in 1990.
  • This non-profit organization, based in California, was created to rescue and rehabilitate turtles and tortoises and to spread awareness of their declining numbers.
  • The inception of World Turtle Day turned their local mission into a global conservation movement, now embraced by schools, environmentalists, and animal lovers worldwide.

Why World Turtle Day Matters: Environmental and Cultural Significance

  • Turtles and tortoises are not only charismatic creatures but also vital to maintaining ecological balance. Sea turtles help control jellyfish populations and maintain healthy seagrass beds, which are essential for many marine species.
  • Land tortoises aerate the soil and disperse seeds through their burrowing and grazing behaviors.
  • Beyond their ecological value, these reptiles hold symbolic importance in many cultures, representing longevity, wisdom, and resilience.

Alarming Threats: Why Turtles Are at Risk

  • Despite their long history of survival, turtles today face numerous dangers. Their habitats are shrinking due to urban development, climate change, and pollution. Plastic waste, often mistaken for food, causes severe health issues and fatalities among marine turtles.
  • Additionally, poaching and illegal trade for their shells, meat, or as exotic pets have pushed many species to the brink of extinction.
  • According to global conservation reports, 129 out of 300 turtle species are currently endangered.

Educational Impact: Raising Awareness and Action

  • World Turtle Day is a platform to educate the public about the importance of turtle conservation.
  • Many schools, zoos, and conservation centers organize events like workshops, exhibitions, and turtle-themed activities for children.
  • The day also encourages individuals to share facts on social media, wear green attire, and use hashtags such as #WorldTurtleDay to promote awareness and inspire action globally.

Ways to Celebrate and Contribute

There are numerous ways individuals can participate meaningfully,

  • Adopt a turtle or tortoise from a rescue center.
  • Volunteer or donate to conservation organizations like ATR.
  • Join beach cleanup drives to protect turtle nesting sites.
  • Support legislation and community projects focused on environmental conservation.
  • These activities serve as reminders that every small effort counts in the global mission to protect turtles.

Fascinating Turtle Facts to Remember

  • Turtles predate dinosaurs, having existed for over 200 million years.
  • Tortoises can live up to 300 years, while turtles usually live 40–70 years.
  • Some turtles can breathe through their cloaca, enabling them to stay underwater longer.
  • They help in cleaning ecosystems by eating dead fish and decaying plant matter.

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Important Days in May 2025, List of National and International Events

The month of May 2025 is filled with a series of significant national and international observances. These important days commemorate historic events, raise awareness about critical global issues, and celebrate cultural, scientific, and humanitarian achievements. For aspirants preparing for competitive examinations, knowing these days is essential as they often appear in the General Awareness and Current Affairs sections.

Important Days and Dates in May 2025

Date Day/Event
1 May International Labour Day / May Day, Maharashtra Day, Gujarat Day
2 May World Tuna Day
3 May World Press Freedom Day
4 May World Portuguese Language Day 
6 May International No Diet Day, World Asthma Day (First Tuesday of May)
7 May World Athletics Day
8 May World Red Cross Day, World Thalassaemia Day
9 May Rabindranath Tagore Jayanti, Maharana Pratap Jayanti
10 May World Lupus Day
11 May National Technology Day, Mother’s Day (Second Sunday of May)
12 May International Nurses Day, Buddha Purnima (Buddha Jayanti)
15 May International Day of Families
16 May National Dengue Day, International Day of Light, National Endangered Species Day (Third Friday)
17 May World Telecommunication Day, World Hypertension Day, Armed Forces Day (Third Saturday)
18 May World AIDS Vaccine Day (HIV Vaccine Awareness Day), International Museum Day
20 May International HR Day
21 May National Anti-Terrorism Day, International Tea Day
22 May International Day for Biological Diversity
23 May World Turtle Day
24 May National Brother’s Day
25 May Africa Day
26 May National Memorial Day (Last Monday of May)
30 May International Day of Potato, Goa Statehood Day, Hindi Journalism Day
31 May World No Tobacco Day (Anti-Tobacco Day)

List of Important Days and Events in May 2025

1 May – International Labour Day / May Day

Also known as Antarrashtriya Shramik Diwas or Kamgar Din in India, this day honors the contributions of workers and the labor movement. It is celebrated worldwide to advocate for fair labor practices and workers’ rights.

1 May – Maharashtra Day and Gujarat Day

On 1 May 1960, the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat were formed following the bifurcation of the Bombay State. Both states observe a state holiday and organize parades and cultural programs.

2 May – World Tuna Day

Designated by the United Nations, this day raises awareness about the importance of tuna fish in global food security and the need for sustainable fishing practices.

3 May – World Press Freedom Day

This day emphasizes the importance of free and independent media. It also serves as a tribute to journalists who have lost their lives while performing their duties.

4 May – Coal Miners Day and International Firefighter’s Day

  • Coal Miners Day is observed to recognize the sacrifices and hard work of coal miners in one of the most dangerous professions.
  • International Firefighter’s Day was initiated following the tragic deaths of five firefighters in Australia. It honors the bravery and service of firefighters worldwide.

4 May (First Sunday) – World Laughter Day

Founded by Dr. Madan Kataria in Mumbai in 1998, this day promotes world peace and wellness through laughter, under the Laughter Yoga Movement.

6 May – International No Diet Day and World Asthma Day

  • No Diet Day promotes body acceptance and raises awareness about eating disorders and weight discrimination.
  • World Asthma Day, observed on the first Tuesday of May, spreads awareness about asthma, its management, and treatment.

7 May – World Athletics Day

Initiated by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), this day promotes participation in athletics, especially among youth.

8 May – World Red Cross Day and World Thalassaemia Day

  • World Red Cross Day marks the birth anniversary of Henry Dunant, the founder of the Red Cross.
  • World Thalassaemia Day raises awareness about the genetic blood disorder and encourages support for patients and families.

9 May – Rabindranath Tagore Jayanti and Maharana Pratap Jayanti

  • Celebrates the birth of Rabindranath Tagore, Nobel Laureate, poet, and national icon.
  • Maharana Pratap Jayanti honors the legendary warrior and Rajput king of Mewar, known for his valour and resistance against Mughal rule.

10 May – World Lupus Day

Dedicated to spreading awareness about Lupus, a chronic autoimmune disease affecting millions worldwide.

11 May – National Technology Day and Mother’s Day (Second Sunday)

  • National Technology Day commemorates India’s nuclear tests at Pokhran in 1998, marking a major stride in technological advancement.
  • Mother’s Day celebrates the love and contribution of mothers and is observed globally on the second Sunday of May.

12 May – International Nurses Day and Buddha Purnima

  • International Nurses Day marks the birth anniversary of Florence Nightingale and recognizes the contributions of nurses.
  • Buddha Purnima, also known as Vesak, celebrates the birth, enlightenment, and death of Gautama Buddha.

15 May – International Day of Families

A day to reflect on the importance of family structures and promote policies that support families around the world.

16 May – National Dengue Day, International Day of Light, and National Endangered Species Day (Third Friday)

  • Raises awareness about dengue fever and its prevention.
  • Celebrates the invention of the laser and the role of light in science and culture.
  • Highlights the importance of conserving endangered species.

17 May – World Telecommunication Day, World Hypertension Day, and Armed Forces Day (Third Saturday)

  • Telecommunication Day marks the founding of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
  • Hypertension Day encourages regular blood pressure screening and healthy living.
  • Armed Forces Day in the United States honors active-duty military personnel.

18 May – World AIDS Vaccine Day and International Museum Day

  • AIDS Vaccine Day recognizes ongoing efforts in HIV vaccine research.
  • Museum Day, organized by ICOM, aims to promote the importance of museums in preserving heritage.

20 May – International HR Day

Celebrates the evolving role of Human Resource professionals and the value they bring to modern workplaces.

21 May – National Anti-Terrorism Day and International Tea Day

  • Anti-Terrorism Day commemorates the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi and promotes peace and unity.
  • Tea Day recognizes the economic and cultural significance of tea production and workers.

22 May – International Day for Biological Diversity

Established to promote awareness of the importance of biodiversity and its protection amid increasing threats.

23 May – World Turtle Day

Aims to protect turtles and tortoises and their habitats through education and advocacy.

24 May – National Brother’s Day

Celebrates the unique and enduring bond between brothers and siblings.

25 May – Africa Day

Marks the founding of the Organisation of African Unity (now African Union) and celebrates African unity and liberation.

26 May – National Memorial Day (Last Monday of May)

Observed in the United States, it honors fallen military personnel who died in service to the nation.

30 May – International Day of Potato, Goa Statehood Day, and Hindi Journalism Day

  • Recognizes the role of potatoes in combating hunger and supporting rural livelihoods.
  • Goa Statehood Day marks Goa becoming India’s 25th state on 30 May 1987.
  • Hindi Journalism Day commemorates the publication of India’s first Hindi newspaper, Udant Martand, in 1826.

31 May – World No Tobacco Day

Organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) to highlight the harmful effects of tobacco consumption and encourage cessation efforts globally.

Where is Karni Mata Temple Located in India?

The Karni Mata Temple is one of the most unique and fascinating temples in India. Known for its holy rats and deep spiritual importance, it attracts thousands of devotees and tourists every year. The temple in connected to many interesting stories, customs and beliefs that make it truly special. It is a sacred place where tradition, faith and culture come together in a very unusual way.

Location of Karni Mata Temple

Karni Mata Temple is in the town of Deshnoke, about 30 kilometers south of Bikaner, in the state of Rajasthan, India. It is one of the most famous temples in the country, especially known for the thousands of rats that live inside.

Who is Karni Mata?

Karni Mata was a Hindu woman saint, believed to be an incarnation of Goddess Durga (Shakti). She lived a simple and spiritual life and is worshipped by many people, especially the Charan community. She remained celibate and gave her husband permission to marry her younger sister to continue his family line.

The Story Behind the Temple

Karni Mata’s stepson Lakshman once drowned in a pond. Her younger sister asked Karni Maat to bring him back. Karni Mata went to Yamraj (the god of death) and requested his life back. She also said that her family would not go to Yamraj anymore. Instead, they would be reborn as rats (called Kaba) and live in the temple with her.

These rats are believed to be the reborn souls of Charan people and when the rats die, they are again born as humans in the same community.

Why is it Called the Temple of Rats?

Inside the temple, there are around 20,000 rats, known as Kaba. These rats are not harmed. In fact, they are respected, loved and fed by the temple staff and visitors. People believe that feeding the rats brings good luck and blessings.

Special White Rats

Among the thousands of black and brown rats, there are a few white rats. These white rats are believed to be Karni Mata herself and her four sons. Seeing them is considered very lucky and holy.

Daily Life in the Temple

The temple opens at 04:00 AM everyday. Special prayers and food offerings (like milk, sweets, grains) are made for the rats. People come from all over India and the world to see the rats, get blessings and even eat food touched by the rats, which is thought to be very sacred.

Temple and Management and Rituals

The temple is managed by Shri Karani Mandir Nij Pranyas, a trust. The temple has a head priest called Baridari, who comes from the family line of Karni Mata. Only he is allowed to enter the innermost part of the temple where the main idol (murti) of Karni Mata is kept.

Beautiful Temple Design

The current temple was built in the early 1990s by Maharaja Ganga Singh of Bikaner. It is made in Rajput style and has beautiful white marble carvings and silver doors that show stories of Karni Mata’s life.

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Dr. Saroj Ghose, Pioneer of India’s Science Museums, Passes Away at 89

India has lost one of its most visionary minds in the field of science communication and education. Dr. Saroj Ghose, widely hailed as the father of India’s science museum movement, passed away on May 17, 2025, at the age of 89 in Seattle, USA. As the founding Director General of the National Council of Science Museums (NCSM), Dr. Ghose revolutionized informal science learning in India, laying the foundation for a robust network of science centres across the country.

Why in News?

Dr. Saroj Ghose’s demise on May 17, 2025, has brought national attention back to his immense contributions to science education and communication. His passing marks the end of a chapter in India’s history of promoting scientific temper through museums and informal education systems. The NCSM has officially announced his death and paid tribute to his groundbreaking work.

Key Contributions

  • Founder Director General of NCSM (1979–1997).
  • Pioneered the decentralised model for science centres across India.

Post-retirement contributions include,

  • Town Hall Museum, Kolkata
  • Parliament Museum, New Delhi
  • Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum, New Delhi

Background

  • The National Council of Science Museums (NCSM) was established in 1978 as an autonomous society under the Ministry of Culture.
  • Headquartered in Kolkata, it oversees 26 science centres and museums across India.

Objectives and Vision

  • Democratizing science by making it accessible, interactive, and inspiring.
  • Cultivating scientific temper in Indian society through informal science education.
  • Promoting STEM learning beyond textbooks.

Legacy

  • Recognized globally for promoting science communication.
  • Helped India align with UNESCO goals on science education.
  • Inspired generations of educators, curators, and policymakers.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Dr. Saroj Ghose, Pioneer of India’s Science Museums, Passes Away at 89
Title Father of India’s Science Museum Movement
Death May 17, 2025, in Seattle, USA (aged 89)
Role Founding Director General of NCSM (1979–1997)
Post-Retirement Work Parliament Museum, Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum, etc.
Organization Organization National Council of Science Museums (NCSM)
NCSM HQ Kolkata
NCSM Under Ministry of Culture, Government of India

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Trump Unveils $175 Billion ‘Golden Dome’: A Space-Age Missile Shield for the US

In a bold step toward futuristic defense capabilities, US President Donald Trump has announced the development of a revolutionary missile defense system dubbed the ‘Golden Dome’. Estimated at an initial cost of $175 billion, with long-term projections crossing $500 billion, the Golden Dome aims to provide a multi-layered shield against missile threats, including those originating from space. Drawing inspiration from Ronald Reagan’s 1980s ‘Star Wars’ programme, the Golden Dome introduces space-based interceptors and lasers as part of the most comprehensive defense initiative in American history.

Why in News?

On May 20, 2025, President Trump officially unveiled the Golden Dome missile defense concept at the White House. This marks the first formal move toward space-based missile defense, involving orbital lasers and interceptors. The announcement comes amid rising global threats, including hypersonic and space-launched missile technologies being developed by Russia and China.

Objectives and Purpose

  • To protect the US homeland from ballistic, hypersonic, and space-based missile threats.

To build a multi-layered defense system with the ability to neutralize missiles during all phases of flight,

  • Pre-launch
  • Boost phase
  • Midcourse
  • Terminal phase

Features and Components

  • Space-based Interceptors: The defining innovation, possibly including directed-energy weapons (e.g., orbital lasers).
  • Multi-tier Capability: System envisioned at three levels — medium, high, and extra-high capacity, based on satellite density.

Integration of Existing Systems

  • Patriot Missiles
  • THAAD
  • Aegis BMD
  • Ground-based Midcourse Defence (GMD)

Budget and Timeline

  • Initial allocation request: $25 billion
  • Estimated long-term cost (especially for space-based elements): $542 billion
  • Trump expects the system to be operational before January 2029

Geopolitical Implications

  • China and Russia have condemned the plan as “deeply destabilising” and a militarisation of outer space.
  • The move risks sparking a new arms race in space and shifts US policy from deterrence against rogue states to countering major powers.

Challenges and Criticisms

  • Technological hurdles in deploying and maintaining space-based lasers.
  • Coordination complexity among US defence agencies — Space Force, MDA, Navy, Army, and Air Force.
  • Experts warn of a massive financial burden and limited effectiveness in neutralizing a full-scale nuclear strike.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Trump Unveils $175 Billion ‘Golden Dome’: A Space-Age Missile Shield for the US
Project Name Golden Dome
Announced by President Donald Trump
Objective Space-based, multi-layered missile shield
Technologies Used Orbital interceptors, lasers, Patriot, THAAD, Aegis, GMD
Initial Cost Estimate $175 billion
Long-term Projection Up to $542 billion
Target Operational Year By end of Trump’s term – January 2029
Geopolitical Response Criticized by China and Russia as destabilizing
Lead Official Gen. Michael Guetlein (Vice Chief of Space Operations)

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Monthly Current Affairs