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SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025: Latest Updates & Important Topics PDF

The SBI Clerk Mains Exam 2025 is expected to be conducted in April 2025, and the General Awareness (GA) section plays a crucial role in determining candidates’ overall performance. This section covers current affairs, banking awareness, and static GK, making it an essential part of the exam preparation.

To help candidates maximize their scores, we have compiled a comprehensive GA Capsule PDF covering all major topics required for the SBI Clerk Mains 2025.

Why is the GA Capsule Important for SBI Clerk Mains 2025?

The General Awareness section is one of the most scoring parts of the SBI Clerk Mains Exam. Unlike quantitative aptitude or reasoning, this section does not require calculations, allowing aspirants to answer questions quickly and accurately. A well-prepared candidate can boost their overall score significantly with proper GA preparation.

SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025 – Download PDF

To assist candidates in their SBI Clerk Mains 2025 preparation, we are providing a free downloadable PDF covering all the important General Awareness topics.

Download SBI Clerk General Awareness PDF (Part-1 and 2): Click Here

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Topics Covered in the SBI Clerk Mains GA Capsule 2025

  • UNION BUDGET 2025-26
  • Economic Survey 2024-25
  • Padma Awards
  • Republic Day Parade 2025
  • RBI Monetary Policy- February 2025
  • Golden Globe Awards
  • 8th Pay Commission

How to Use the GA Capsule Effectively?

  • Revise Regularly: Read the PDF daily to stay updated with important events.
  • Make Notes: Write down key points for quick revision before the exam.
  • Attempt Quizzes: Solve daily quizzes on current affairs to strengthen your knowledge.
  • Focus on Banking & Economy: Since SBI Clerk is a banking exam, prioritize banking and financial awareness.
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States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

States and Capitals

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO State Capital CM Governor
1 Andhra Pradesh Amaravati Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu S. Abdul Nazer
2 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Pema Khandu Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3 Assam Dispur Himanta Biswa Sarma Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4 Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar Arif Mohammed Khan
5 Chhattisgarh Raipur Vishnu Deo Sai Ramen Deka
6 Goa Panaji Pramod Sawant P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7 Gujarat Gandhinagar Bhupendra Patel Acharya Dev Vrat
8 Haryana Chandigarh Nayab Singh Saini Bandaru Dattatraya
9 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu Shiv Pratap Shukla
10 Jharkhand Ranchi Hemant Soren Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11 Karnataka Bengaluru Siddaramaiah Thaawarchand Gehlot
12 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Pinarayi Vijayan Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Mohan Yadav Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14 Maharashtra Mumbai Devendra Fadnavis C.P. Radhakrishnan
15 Manipur Imphal N. Biren Singh
Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16 Meghalaya Shillong Conrad Kongkal Sangma
C H Vijayashankar
17 Mizoram Aizawl Lalduhoma General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18 Nagaland Kohima Neiphiu Rio
La. Ganesan
19 Odisha Bhubaneswar Mohan Charan Majhi
Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20 Punjab Chandigarh Bhagwant Singh Mann Gulab Chand Kataria
21 Rajasthan Jaipur Bhajan Lal Sharma Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22 Sikkim Gangtok PS Golay Om Prakash Mathur
23 Tamil Nadu Chennai M. K. Stalin R. N. Ravi
24 Telangana Hyderabad Anumula Revanth Reddy Jishnu Dev Varma
25 Tripura Agartala Dr. Manik Saha Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Yogi Aditya Nath Anandiben Patel
27 Uttarakhand Dehradun Pushkar Singh Dhami Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28 West Bengal Kolkata Mamata Banerjee Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO Union Territories Capital CM Lt. Governor
1 Andaman and Nicobar Island Port Blair NA D K Joshi
2 Chandigarh Chandigarh NA Banwarilal Purohit
3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Daman NA Praful Patel
4 Delhi Delhi Rekha Gupta Vinai Kumar Saxena
5 Ladakh NA NA B. D. Mishra
6 Lakshadweep Kavaratti NA Praful Patel
7 Jammu and Kashmir NA Omar Abdullah Manoj Sinha
8 Puducherry Pondicherry N. Rangaswamy C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference States Union Territories
Head of Administration Governor Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type Elected by the People Managed by the central government
Powers Shares power with the central government. Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No. States Language
1 Andhra Pradesh Telugu and Urdu
2 Arunachal Pradesh Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3 Assam Assamese
4 Bihar Hindi
5 Chhattisgarh Hindi
6 Goa Marathi Konkani
7 Gujarat Gujarati
8 Haryana Hindi
9 Himachal Pradesh Hindi and Pahari
10 Jharkhand Hindi
11 Karnataka Kannada
12 Kerala Malayalam
13 Madhya Pradesh Hindi
14 Maharashtra Marathi
15 Manipur Manipuri
16 Meghalaya Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17 Mizoram Mizo and English
18 Nagaland Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19 Odisha Oriya
20 Punjab Punjabi
21 Rajasthan Rajasthani and Hindi
22 Sikkim Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23 Tamil Nadu Tamil
24 Telangana Telugu
25 Tripura Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26 Uttar Pradesh Hindi
27 Uttarakhand Hindi
28 West Bengal Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

  • Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
  • Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
  • Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
  • Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
  • Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
  • Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
  • Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
  • Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

In Which State is Samaspur Bird Sanctuary Located?

Samaspur Bird Sanctuary is a peaceful place in India where many birds live happily. It is known for its natural beauty, calm water bodies and a large number of birds, both local and from other countries. This sanctuary is a perfect place for people who enjoy nature and bird watching. Many visitors come here to see colorful birds and enjoy the fresh air and quiet surroundings.

Where is Samaspur Sanctuary Located?

Samaspur Bird Sanctuary is located in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is near a town called Salon, in the Raebareli district. The sanctuary is about 122 kilometers away from Lucknow, on the Lucknow-Varanasi highway.

When was it Made?

The sanctuary was started in the year 1987. It was made to protect birds and give them a safe place to live. The sanctuary spreads across 780 hectares of land, which is full of water bodies, trees or plants.

How to reach the Sanctuary?

The nearest railway station to the sanctuary is Unchahar. The closest airport is in Fursatganj. Visitors can also reach the sanctuary easily by road from nearby cities like Lucknow or Raebareli.

Birds Found in the Sanctuary

Over 250 types of birds can be seen in Samaspur Sanctuary. Some birds travel more than 5000 kilometers to come here. These birds include:

  • Greylag goose
  • Pintail
  • Common teal
  • Eurasian wigeon
  • Northern shoveler
  • Ruddy shelduck

Local birds are also found in large numbers, like:

  • Knob-billed duck
  • Lesser whistling-duck
  • Indian spot-billed duck
  • Kingfishers
  • Vultures

Life in the Lake

The lake inside Samaspur Sanctuary is also rich in water life. There are 12 types of fish living in the lake. These fish help provide food to the birds.

Why is Samaspur Sanctuary Special?

Samaspur is special because it is home to many colorful birds. It also has clean water, fresh air, and peaceful nature. People can enjoy bird watching, take pictures and learn about wildlife.

Hike In Minimum Pension under EPS, Complete Evaluation by 2025

A Parliamentary Standing Committee on Labour, chaired by BJP MP Basavaraj Bommai, has urged the Ministry of Labour and Employment to finish the first-ever third-party evaluation of the Employees’ Pension Scheme (EPS) by end of 2025. The panel also emphasized revising the minimum pension amount of ₹1,000, considering the sharp rise in the cost of living since the scheme’s inception in November 1995.

Key Highlights

First Third-Party Evaluation Since 1995

  • The EPS, launched in November 1995, has never undergone an independent evaluation. This marks the first such assessment in nearly 30 years.

Evaluation Underway

  • The Ministry has awarded the evaluation contract through the Request for Proposal (RFP) process, and the process is currently ongoing.

Deadline Set: End of 2025

  • The committee has strongly recommended that the evaluation be completed within a specific timeline, ideally by December 2025, to ensure actionable insights and improvements.

Urgent Call to Raise Minimum Pension

  • The panel urged the government to urgently reconsider the current minimum pension of ₹1,000, which is inadequate given the rising cost of living.

Administered by EPFO

  • The Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) administers the EPS, catering to organized sector workers and providing pension benefits post-retirement.

No Past Evaluations

  • Ministry officials confirmed that no evaluations were conducted earlier since the scheme began, highlighting a critical gap in policy review.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Hike In Minimum Pension under EPS, Complete Evaluation by 2025
Scheme Name Employees’ Pension Scheme (EPS)
Administered By Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO)
Evaluation Status First-ever third-party evaluation currently underway
Deadline for Completion End of 2025 (as recommended by the panel)
Minimum Pension (Current) ₹1,000
Panel Recommendation Urgently raise minimum pension and complete evaluation on time
Committee Head BJP MP Basavaraj Bommai

In Which State is Antelope Canyon Located?

Antelope Canyon is one of the most stunning natural wonders in the world. It is known for its narrow plants, smooth rock walls and magical light beams that shine through from above. Many travelers, photographers and nature lovers visit this beautiful place every year. Its colorful and curvy rock formations make it a truly special and unforgettable destination. But where exactly is this amazing canyon located?

Location of Antelope Canyon

Antelope Canyon is located in the United States, in the state of Arizona. It is on Navajo land, near the town of LeChee. The canyon is part of the Lake Powell Navajo Tribal Park and is only open to visitors through guided Navajo tours.

An Overview of Antelope Canyon

Antelope Canyon is in the American Southwest, near a town called LeChee, Arizona. It is part of the Lake Powell Navajo Tribal Park. The Canyon includes six main sections:

  • Upper Antelope Canyon (also called “The Crack”)
  • Lower Antelope Canyon (also called ”The Corkscrew”)
  • Rattlesnake Canyon
  • Owl Canyon
  • Mountain Sheep Canyon
  • Canyon X

These canyons are only open to people with Navajo guided tours.

How was Antelope Canyon Formed?

Antelope Canyon was created by flash floods and strong rains that carved through the sandstone over many years. The water flows through the rocks, especially during monsoon season, and slowly shapes the narrow and smooth walls that we see today.

Visiting Antelope Canyon

Antelope Canyon is one of the top tourist spots in Arizona. It became popular in 1983 and was made a Navajo Tribal Park in 1997. People visit the canyon to walk, hike and take pictures.

  • Upper Antelope Canyon is easier to walk through. It is flat and at ground level, so people don’t need to climb much.
  • Lower Antelope Canyon is more challenging. Visitors must go down and up metal stairs and walk through tighter spaces.

Danger of Flash Floods

Antelope Canyon can be dangerous during rains. Water from far away can rush through the canyon quickly and cause flash floods. This is why guided tours are required and visitors are not allowed to go alone.

A terrible flood happened in 1997 when 11 people died in Lower Antelope Canyon. Since then, safety has improved. Now, there are strong ladders, alarm horns and weather radios to warn visitors about floods.

James Webb Telescope Founds Possible Life on Exoplanet K2-18b

In a groundbreaking development, scientists from Cambridge University have found the most promising evidence yet that life may exist beyond Earth. Their research, using NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), identified life-associated molecules like dimethyl sulphide (DMS) and dimethyl disulphide (DMDS) in the atmosphere of a distant exoplanet named K2-18b. Although these findings are not yet confirmed at the highest scientific certainty, they represent a crucial step in the search for extraterrestrial life and open new frontiers in astrobiology.

Key Points

What is K2-18b?

  • An exoplanet located 124 light-years from Earth in the constellation Leo.
  • 2.6 times the size of Earth; orbiting a red dwarf star.

Significance of the Discovery

  • Researchers found potential biosignatures in K2-18b’s atmosphere.
  • These include Dimethyl Sulphide (DMS) and Dimethyl Disulphide (DMDS) — gases produced by phytoplankton and bacteria on Earth.

Instrument Used

  • Discovery made using James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
  • The JWST analyses starlight passing through planetary atmospheres to detect chemical signatures.

Level of Certainty

  • Current detection has three sigma (99.7%) certainty — not sufficient for scientific confirmation.
  • For confirmation, a five sigma result (99.9999% certainty) is required.

Why It’s Important

  • Presence of DMS and DMDS suggests possible life, especially marine-type microbial life.
  • If confirmed, would be the first detection of extraterrestrial life and support the idea that life may be common in the galaxy.

Scientific Impact

  • Represents a pivotal moment in astrobiology.
  • May redefine our understanding of life in the universe if confirmed.

Publication

  • Research findings published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? James Webb Telescope Founds Possible Life on Exoplanet K2-18b
Planet Name K2-18b
Location 124 light-years away in Leo constellation
Size 2.6 times Earth
Orbit Red dwarf star
Molecules Detected DMS (Dimethyl Sulphide), DMDS (Dimethyl Disulphide)
Method of Detection James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)
Possible Biological Source Marine phytoplankton and bacteria (on Earth)
Publication The Astrophysical Journal Letters

Kerala State Electricity Board’s (KSEB) Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Collaboration with IIT-Bombay

The Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) is working towards a groundbreaking initiative in integrating Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology into the state’s power system. This innovative move comes in the wake of the increasing integration of renewable energy, particularly solar, into Kerala’s grid. KSEB is in the process of collaborating with IIT Bombay for a pilot project, which could significantly enhance the stability of the state’s energy supply by utilizing electric vehicles (EVs) as decentralized energy storage systems. The pilot project will not only address the rising demand for electricity during peak times but also promote the adoption of clean energy.

Key Aspects

What is V2G Technology?

  • V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) systems allow electric vehicle (EV) batteries to both draw power from and return power to the grid.
  • It works as decentralized energy storage, where EVs act as mobile energy sources, providing electricity during periods of high demand.
  • During periods of high demand or grid stress, EV batteries can release stored electricity back into the grid, thus stabilizing the system.

Pilot Project Overview

  • Collaboration: Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) is partnering with IIT Bombay for a pilot project to test and integrate V2G technology.
  • MoU: An MoU will be signed between KSEB and IIT Bombay to conduct the V2G study and implement the technology.
  • Scope: The project will begin with a feasibility study, followed by pilot deployment and eventually grid service integration, forming a scalable model for Kerala’s energy sector.

Why V2G Technology?

  • Renewable Energy Integration: Kerala’s power sector has been rapidly integrating renewable sources like solar power. V2G can provide solutions to store and manage excess solar energy efficiently.
  • Grid Stability: The technology will help in improving grid stability by balancing supply and demand, especially during peak hours.
  • Emissions Reduction: Encouraging the use of EVs for energy storage supports Kerala’s commitment to reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainability.

Financial Incentives for V2G

  • Incentive Programs: The Kerala State Electricity Regulatory Commission (KSERC) has highlighted that financial incentives could encourage more vehicle owners to participate in V2G programs.
  • Premium Tariff: EV owners may be compensated at a premium tariff for returning energy to the grid during peak demand times.
  • Public and Private Sector Participation: The program encourages offices and residential complexes to set up solar-powered EV charging stations, making use of solar energy during the day and allowing energy storage in EVs to be injected back into the grid at a premium tariff during peak hours.

Implementation Challenges

  • Infrastructure Requirements: For V2G to work efficiently, there must be the installation of smart bi-directional charging stations.
  • Public Awareness: Educating the public and vehicle owners about the benefits and working of V2G systems is crucial for adoption.
  • Government Support: A successful implementation strategy will require active government support and a well-structured regulatory framework.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Kerala State Electricity Board’s (KSEB) Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Collaboration with IIT-Bombay
Technology V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) technology allows EV batteries to draw power from and return it to the grid.
Pilot Project Collaboration between KSEB and IIT Bombay for V2G feasibility study, pilot deployment, and grid service integration.
Renewable Energy Integration V2G supports the integration of renewable energy, especially solar, into Kerala’s power system.
Financial Incentives Financial incentives and premium tariffs for EV owners to return energy to the grid during peak demand.
Infrastructure Requires smart bi-directional charging systems for efficient V2G operation.
Government Support Successful implementation needs active government support, public awareness, and regulatory backing.
Challenges Infrastructure setup, public adoption, and effective policy frameworks.

2-day Conclave on Buddhism in Arunachal Pradesh

A two-day conclave titled ‘Buddha Dhamma and the Culture of Northeast India’ will be held in Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh, starting from April 21, 2025. This event is significant as it aims to highlight the impact and spread of Buddhism in the Northeast region of India, emphasizing its role in preserving and propagating various Buddhist traditions, including Theravāda, Mahāyāna, and Vajrayāna. The conclave is being organized by the International Buddhist Confederation (IBC) in collaboration with the Ministry of Culture. The event will include panel discussions, cultural performances, and practices related to Vipassana meditation, focusing on the Buddhist influence on the region’s art, culture, and global peace.

Key Points

Event Overview

  • Title: ‘Buddha Dhamma and the Culture of Northeast India’
  • Dates: April 21-22, 2025
  • Location: Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh (bordering Myanmar)
  • Organized by: International Buddhist Confederation (IBC) & Ministry of Culture

Significance of Arunachal Pradesh

  • The region is a key centre for Buddhist traditions and monastic culture.
  • Arunachal Pradesh, especially Namsai, has a historical connection to Buddhism, with Theravāda Buddhism being deeply rooted in its culture.

Panel Discussions (Day 1)

  • Buddhism’s Historical Relevance: Exploring Buddhism’s historical influence on the region.
  • Art and Culture of the Region: Focusing on how Buddhism influenced regional art forms.
  • Cultural Impact of Buddha Dhamma: The impact of Buddhism on neighboring countries like Myanmar, Cambodia, and Vietnam.

Key Participants

  • Local Authorities: Chief Minister Pema Khandu, Deputy CM Chowna Mein.
  • International Representation: Consul General of Bhutan in Guwahati, Jigme Thinlye Namgyal.
  • Students and Scholars: Students of Buddhism from Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar, and local academics.
  • International Monks: Participation from monks and scholars from South Asia and Southeast Asia.

Focus on Theravāda Buddhism

  • Proponents: The Tai Khamtis, an indigenous tribe that migrated from Myanmar in the 18th-19th centuries, are the principal proponents of Theravāda Buddhism in the region.
  • Cultural Continuity and Revival: Theravāda Buddhism in Namsai is a symbol of spiritual continuity and modern revival, emphasizing cultural resilience.

Day 2 Activities

  • Focus on Vipassana Meditation.
  • Prayers for World Peace at the famous Golden Pagoda.

Cultural Integration

  • Northeast India is home to several indigenous tribes that have successfully integrated Buddhist practices with their local customs and traditions, especially in Namsai.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? 2-day Conclave on Buddhism in Arunachal Pradesh
Event Name Buddha Dhamma and the Culture of Northeast India
Location Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh
Organizers International Buddhist Confederation (IBC), Ministry of Culture
Key Participants Chief Minister Pema Khandu, Deputy CM Chowna Mein, Bhutan’s Consul General, students from Cambodia, Myanmar, and Vietnam
Main Themes Buddhism’s historical relevance, Art & Culture, Cultural impact of Buddhism on neighboring countries
Day 1 Focus Panel Discussions on Buddhism’s influence, history, art, and culture
Day 2 Focus Vipassana Meditation, Prayers for World Peace at the Golden Pagoda

Bhagavad Gita & Natyashastra Added to UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register

India has added another feather to its civilisational cap with the inclusion of the Bhagavad Gita manuscripts and Bharat Muni’s Natyashastra in UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register. This move globally acknowledges India’s rich intellectual and cultural heritage. The Prime Minister and Union Culture Minister have celebrated this moment as a significant milestone. With these additions, India now has 14 documentary heritages inscribed on the prestigious list.

Key Highlights

What is the Memory of the World Register?

  • Established in 1992, UNESCO’s Memory of the World (MoW) Programme aims to preserve and provide access to documentary heritage of global significance. It safeguards manuscripts, archives, oral traditions, audio-visual content, and library collections.

India’s Inclusion in 2025

  • On April 17, 2025, Bhagavad Gita manuscripts and Natyashastra by Bharat Muni were added to the register.
  • India’s total entries in the list now stand at 14.

Bhagavad Gita’s Significance

  • A core spiritual text of Hinduism, part of the Mahabharata’s Bhishma Parva.
  • Considered a universal guide to philosophy, dharma (duty), and spirituality.
  • Translated into nearly 80 languages globally.

Natyashastra’s Significance

  • An ancient treatise on dramaturgy, theatre, and performance arts, attributed to Bharat Muni.
  • Covers various aspects like acting, stage design, music, dance, and aesthetics (rasa theory).
  • A foundational text for classical Indian dance and drama traditions.

Official Reactions

  • PM Narendra Modi hailed the announcement as a “proud moment for every Indian” and acknowledged the Gita and Natyashastra for nurturing civilisation and consciousness.
  • Culture Minister Gajendra Singh Shekhawat called it a “historic moment” for Bharat’s civilisational heritage.

Global Perspective

  • A total of 74 new collections were added in 2025, bringing the global total to 570.
  • 14 of the new entries are related to scientific documentary heritage, including contributions by women and multilateral institutions.

UNESCO’s Statement

  • UNESCO Director-General Audrey Azoulay emphasized that documentary heritage is fragile but essential to human memory.
  • The register supports preservation efforts, knowledge sharing, and serves as a global archive.

UNESCO’s Broader Programme

  • UNESCO supports the creation of regional and national registers.
  • Over 100 countries now have Memory of the World committees.
  • The programme promotes the universal access to heritage documents.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Bhagavad Gita & Natyashastra Added to UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register
New Indian Entries Bhagavad Gita manuscripts, Natyashastra by Bharat Muni
Total Indian Inscriptions 14
Gita’s Relevance Spiritual-philosophical guide, translated into ~80 languages
Natyashastra’s Relevance Foundational text on drama, performance, aesthetics, and Indian classical arts
Global New Entries (2025) 74, including science, women’s history, slavery, and diplomacy

India’s Economy to Grow by 6.5% in 2025 As Per UNCTAD Forecast

India is set to maintain its position as the fastest-growing major economy in 2025 with an impressive 6.5% GDP growth, according to the latest “Trade and Development Foresights 2025” report released by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). While global economic momentum shows signs of slowing, India stands out for its resilience, fueled by increased public spending and proactive monetary policies.

Key Highlights

India’s Economic Performance

  • India is projected to grow at 6.5% in 2025, sustaining its title as the fastest-growing major economy globally.
  • The report attributes this growth to robust government expenditure, including infrastructure projects and social sector investments.
  • A supportive monetary policy stance by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has also played a key role in stimulating demand and economic activity.

Global Economic Scenario

  • The global economy is expected to experience a marked slowdown, bordering on a recessionary trajectory.
  • Tightening financial conditions, geopolitical uncertainties, and sluggish trade growth are contributing factors to the global economic deceleration.

China’s Outlook

  • China, the world’s second-largest economy, is forecast to grow at 4.4% in 2025.
  • The country continues to face structural challenges and reduced export momentum, despite domestic stimulus efforts.

United States and European Union Projections

  • The United States economy is projected to grow at a modest 1%.
  • The European Union is also expected to see 1% growth, but key member nations like France, Germany, and Italy may witness sub-1% expansion, highlighting economic fragility across the region.

Japan’s Economic Performance

  • Japan is expected to grow at just 0.5%, reflecting slowing consumer demand, demographic pressures, and weak investment sentiment.

Policy Recommendations

  • UNCTAD emphasizes the need for sustained fiscal support and coordinated global action to tackle emerging economic challenges.
  • Developing economies are encouraged to invest in infrastructure, digitalization, and green transition to maintain momentum.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? India’s Economy to Grow by 6.5% in 2025 As Per UNCTAD Forecast
India 6.5%
Reason Fastest-growing major economy; supported by government spending and RBI’s monetary stimulus.
China 4.4% – Slower growth due to structural issues and reduced export momentum despite domestic efforts.
Global Outlook Global economy risks recession due to geopolitical tensions, trade stagnation, and inflation.
UNCTAD’s Recommendation Urges continued fiscal support and investment in infrastructure, digital transformation, and green growth.

ICMR Full Form, Know About Its History, Significance and Main Functions

The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) is India’s most important organization for medical research. It was started in New Delhi and plays a big role in creating, supporting and promoting research in the field medicine and health. It is one of the oldest research organizations in the world and is respected both in India and internationally. ICMR works hard to solve the health problems of the country through science.

Full Form of ICMR

ICMR stands for Indian Council of Medical Research. It is India’s top organization for medical research. It was started in 1911 and works to find solutions for health problems in the country. ICMR supports research, trains scientists and helps improve public health in India.

History and Background of ICMR

In the year 1911, ICMR was first known as the Indian Research Fund Association (IRFA). In the early days, its main aim was to help scientific research. After India gained independence, many changes were made in the country, including this organization. In 1949, IRFA was renamed the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). The new name came with a wider role and more responsibilities in health and science.

Main Functions of ICMR

ICMR has 26 institutes across India, each working on different health topics like leprosy, tuberculosis cholera and more. It also has six regional centers that focus on diseases like AIDS and malaria. These centers work to solve health problems in different parts of the country.

ICMR is involved it:

  • Controlling diseases that spread easily (communicable diseases)
  • Helping with mother and child health
  • Working on fertility control
  • Fighting nutritional problems
  • Studying big health issues like cancer, diabetes, heart diseases and blindness
  • Improving health care strategies and safety at workplaces

Extra Work by ICMR

ICMR also supports research outside its own centers. It gives money and help to universities, colleges and private industries that are doing important medical research. It starts special projects with fixed goals and time limits to study important health topics. ICMR also does collaborative work with other research institutes, such as the institute of Pathology in Delhi.

Helping the Health Workforce

ICMR does not just focus on research. It also helps young people become skilled in medical science. It offers:

  • Research scholarships
  • Short-term training programs
  • Workshops and fellowships

This helps create more scientists and doctors in the field of medical research.

Important ICMR Institutes in India

Here are some well-known institutes under ICMR:

  • ICMR: NCDIR, Bengaluru
  • ICMR: NIREH, Bhopal
  • ICMR: NICPP, Noida
  • ICMR: NIMR, Delhi
  • ICMR: NIE, Chennai
  • ICMR: NIIH, Mumbai
  • ICMR: NIRRCH, Mumbai
  • ICMR: NIRT, Chennai
  • ICMR: NIIRNCD, Jodhpur

Which Country is Known as the Land of Roses?

Many countries around the world are known for special things like flowers, fruits or traditions. Some places grow beautiful flowers that are loved by people everywhere. One country is very famous for growing a special flower that smells and looks lovely. This country even has a nickname related to this flower. People visit every year to see these flowers and enjoy colorful festivals related to them.

Land of Roses

Bulgaria is known as the “Land of Roses” because it grows a large number of special roses, especially in the famous Rose Valley. These roses are used to make rose oil, which is used in perfumes and cosmetics. Bulgaria is one of the world’s top producers of this valuable oil.

Why is Bulgaria known as the Land of Roses?

Bulgaria is called the “Land of Roses” because it produces a lot of rose oil from special roses grown in the Rose Valley. Here are some reasons why Bulgaria earned the title of “Land of Roses”:

  • Special Rose Variety: Bulgaria grows a unique kind of rose called Rosa Damascena or Damask rose. This rose is known for its sweet smell and is perfect for making rose oil.
  • Rose Valley: The Rose Valley in Bulgaria has the right weather, sunshine and rich soil that help roses grow very well. This area has been growing roses for hundreds of years.
  • Rose Oil: The roses  grown in the Rose Valley are used to make rose oil, which is used in perfumes, cosmetics and medicines. This oil is very valuable and is sometimes called “liquid gold.”
  • World’s Top Producers: Bulgaria is one of the world’s biggest producers of rose oil. Many perfumes and beauty products across the globe use rose oil from Bulgaria.
  • Cultural and Celebrations: Roses are a big part of Bulgarian culture. Every year, people in the Rose Valley celebrate the Rose Festival, where there are parades, dances and rose-picking traditions.

An Overview of Bulgaria

Bulgaria is a country in Southwest Europe, found on the eastern side of the Balkan Peninsula. It shares borders with Romania, Serbia, North Macedonia, Greece and Turkey. The capital and largest city is Sofia. Bulgaria is a parliamentary republic with a beautiful and varied landscape, including mountains, plains and the Black Sea coast. Its history is rich and shaped by many old civilizations over time.

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