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States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

States and Capitals

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO State Capital CM Governor
1 Andhra Pradesh Amaravati Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu S. Abdul Nazer
2 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Pema Khandu Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3 Assam Dispur Himanta Biswa Sarma Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4 Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar Arif Mohammed Khan
5 Chhattisgarh Raipur Vishnu Deo Sai Ramen Deka
6 Goa Panaji Pramod Sawant P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7 Gujarat Gandhinagar Bhupendra Patel Acharya Dev Vrat
8 Haryana Chandigarh Nayab Singh Saini Bandaru Dattatraya
9 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu Shiv Pratap Shukla
10 Jharkhand Ranchi Hemant Soren Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11 Karnataka Bengaluru Siddaramaiah Thaawarchand Gehlot
12 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Pinarayi Vijayan Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Mohan Yadav Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14 Maharashtra Mumbai Devendra Fadnavis C.P. Radhakrishnan
15 Manipur Imphal N. Biren Singh
Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16 Meghalaya Shillong Conrad Kongkal Sangma
C H Vijayashankar
17 Mizoram Aizawl Lalduhoma General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18 Nagaland Kohima Neiphiu Rio
La. Ganesan
19 Odisha Bhubaneswar Mohan Charan Majhi
Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20 Punjab Chandigarh Bhagwant Singh Mann Gulab Chand Kataria
21 Rajasthan Jaipur Bhajan Lal Sharma Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22 Sikkim Gangtok PS Golay Om Prakash Mathur
23 Tamil Nadu Chennai M. K. Stalin R. N. Ravi
24 Telangana Hyderabad Anumula Revanth Reddy Jishnu Dev Varma
25 Tripura Agartala Dr. Manik Saha Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Yogi Aditya Nath Anandiben Patel
27 Uttarakhand Dehradun Pushkar Singh Dhami Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28 West Bengal Kolkata Mamata Banerjee Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO Union Territories Capital CM Lt. Governor
1 Andaman and Nicobar Island Port Blair NA D K Joshi
2 Chandigarh Chandigarh NA Banwarilal Purohit
3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Daman NA Praful Patel
4 Delhi Delhi Rekha Gupta Vinai Kumar Saxena
5 Ladakh NA NA B. D. Mishra
6 Lakshadweep Kavaratti NA Praful Patel
7 Jammu and Kashmir NA Omar Abdullah Manoj Sinha
8 Puducherry Pondicherry N. Rangaswamy C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference States Union Territories
Head of Administration Governor Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type Elected by the People Managed by the central government
Powers Shares power with the central government. Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No. States Language
1 Andhra Pradesh Telugu and Urdu
2 Arunachal Pradesh Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3 Assam Assamese
4 Bihar Hindi
5 Chhattisgarh Hindi
6 Goa Marathi Konkani
7 Gujarat Gujarati
8 Haryana Hindi
9 Himachal Pradesh Hindi and Pahari
10 Jharkhand Hindi
11 Karnataka Kannada
12 Kerala Malayalam
13 Madhya Pradesh Hindi
14 Maharashtra Marathi
15 Manipur Manipuri
16 Meghalaya Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17 Mizoram Mizo and English
18 Nagaland Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19 Odisha Oriya
20 Punjab Punjabi
21 Rajasthan Rajasthani and Hindi
22 Sikkim Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23 Tamil Nadu Tamil
24 Telangana Telugu
25 Tripura Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26 Uttar Pradesh Hindi
27 Uttarakhand Hindi
28 West Bengal Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

  • Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
  • Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
  • Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
  • Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
  • Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
  • Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
  • Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
  • Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

Which is the Fastest Supercomputer in the World? Check the List of Top-5

Supercomputers are very powerful machines that can solve big and difficult problems much faster than normal computers. They are used in science, weather reports, space research and health studies. Every year, experts check which supercomputers are the fastest in the world. In this article, we will learn about the fastest supercomputer in the world and also look at the top-5 most powerful supercomputers in 2025.

History of Supercomputers

The journey of supercomputers started in the 1960s. One of the first was LARC, built for the US Navy to help with nuclear weapon designs.

Soon after, IBM made the IBM 7030, used by the Los Alamos National Laboratory. It was built in 1961 but didn’t meet the very high expectations.

Today, supercomputers are thousands of times more powerful than those early machines.

Top-5 Most Powerful Supercomputers in the World

Most powerful Supercomputers in the world are high-speed machines used for complex tasks like weather forecasting, space research and nuclear simulations. They show how fast and advanced technology has become today.

Here is the list of top-5 most powerful supercomputers in the world:

Rank Supercomputer Name Vendor Processor GPU/ Accelerator Interconnect OS
1. EI Captain HPE AMD 4th Gen EPYC 24C 1.8GHz AMD Instinct MI200A Slingshot-11 TOSS
2. Frontier HPE AMD Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C 2GHz AMD Instinct MI250x Slingshot-11 HPE Cray OS
3. Aurora Intel Xeon CPU Max 9470 52C 2.4GHz Intel Data Center GPU Max Slingshot-11
4. Eagle Microsoft Azure Xeon Platinum 8480C 48C 2GHz NVIDIA H100 NVIDIA Infiniband NDR
5. HPC6 HPE AMD Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C 2GHz AMD Instinct MI250X Slingshot-11 RHEL 8.9

EI Captain, Fastest Supercomputer in the World

EI Captain is the world’s fastest supercomputer, located in California at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. It started in November 2024 and can reach 1.742 exaFLOPS speed. Built by HPE, it uses AMD 4th Gen EPYC CPUs and MI300A GPUs. It helps the U.S. in nuclear security, artificial intelligence and advanced science research. Its special design combines CPU and GPU in one unit for faster, more efficient computing with over 11 million crores.

Frontier

Frontier is the second-fastest supercomputer in the world, placed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee. It became operational in August 2022 with a top speed of 1.4 exaFLOPS. This HPE Cray System uses AMD 64-crore CPUs and MI250X GPUs. It supports important research in climate change, energy, medicine and more. Frontier was also the world’s first verified exascale supercomputer, known for its powerful computing and advanced cooling system in 74 large racks.

Aurora

Aurora is the third-fastest supercomputing, working at Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois. It started in June 2023 and performs up to 1exaFLOP. This system was built by Intel using Xeon Mac CPUs and Data Center GPUs. Aurora covers the space of two basketball courts and weighs 600 tons. It helps in many science areas like nuclear fusion, brain studies and space research, using artificial intelligence and simulations for major discoveries.

Eagle

Eagle is the fourth-fastest supercomputer and runs on Microsoft Azure’s cloud platform. It became active in August 2023 and reaches a speed of 0.56 exaFLOPS. It uses Intel Xeon CPUs and NVIDIA H100 GPUs with powerful networking. Eagle is special because it isn’t in one place  – it works across Microsoft data centers. It supports AI, machines learning and cloud research tasks, offering huge computing power for both business and scientific use.

HP26

HP26 is the fifth-fastest supercomputer, located in Italy at Eni’s Green Data Center. It launched in November 2024 and delivers 477.9 petaFLOPS. Built with AMD 3rd Gen EPYC CPUs and MI250X GPUs, it uses liquid cooling that removes 96% of heat. HP26 helps with energy projects, including CO² storage, better batteries and plasma research. It is Europe’s fastest supercomputer and plays a key role in supporting clean energy and technology development.

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_5.1

Important Days in May 2025, List of National and International Events

The month of May 2025 is filled with a series of significant national and international observances. These important days commemorate historic events, raise awareness about critical global issues, and celebrate cultural, scientific, and humanitarian achievements. For aspirants preparing for competitive examinations, knowing these days is essential as they often appear in the General Awareness and Current Affairs sections.

Important Days and Dates in May 2025

Date Day/Event
1 May International Labour Day / May Day, Maharashtra Day, Gujarat Day
2 May World Tuna Day
3 May World Press Freedom Day
4 May World Portuguese Language Day 
6 May International No Diet Day, World Asthma Day (First Tuesday of May)
7 May World Athletics Day
8 May World Red Cross Day, World Thalassaemia Day
9 May Rabindranath Tagore Jayanti, Maharana Pratap Jayanti
10 May World Lupus Day
11 May National Technology Day, Mother’s Day (Second Sunday of May)
12 May International Nurses Day, Buddha Purnima (Buddha Jayanti)
15 May International Day of Families
16 May National Dengue Day, International Day of Light, National Endangered Species Day (Third Friday)
17 May World Telecommunication Day, World Hypertension Day, Armed Forces Day (Third Saturday)
18 May World AIDS Vaccine Day (HIV Vaccine Awareness Day), International Museum Day
20 May International HR Day
21 May National Anti-Terrorism Day, International Tea Day
22 May International Day for Biological Diversity
23 May World Turtle Day
24 May National Brother’s Day
25 May Africa Day
26 May National Memorial Day (Last Monday of May)
30 May International Day of Potato, Goa Statehood Day, Hindi Journalism Day
31 May World No Tobacco Day (Anti-Tobacco Day)

List of Important Days and Events in May 2025

1 May – International Labour Day / May Day

Also known as Antarrashtriya Shramik Diwas or Kamgar Din in India, this day honors the contributions of workers and the labor movement. It is celebrated worldwide to advocate for fair labor practices and workers’ rights.

1 May – Maharashtra Day and Gujarat Day

On 1 May 1960, the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat were formed following the bifurcation of the Bombay State. Both states observe a state holiday and organize parades and cultural programs.

2 May – World Tuna Day

Designated by the United Nations, this day raises awareness about the importance of tuna fish in global food security and the need for sustainable fishing practices.

3 May – World Press Freedom Day

This day emphasizes the importance of free and independent media. It also serves as a tribute to journalists who have lost their lives while performing their duties.

4 May – Coal Miners Day and International Firefighter’s Day

  • Coal Miners Day is observed to recognize the sacrifices and hard work of coal miners in one of the most dangerous professions.
  • International Firefighter’s Day was initiated following the tragic deaths of five firefighters in Australia. It honors the bravery and service of firefighters worldwide.

4 May (First Sunday) – World Laughter Day

Founded by Dr. Madan Kataria in Mumbai in 1998, this day promotes world peace and wellness through laughter, under the Laughter Yoga Movement.

6 May – International No Diet Day and World Asthma Day

  • No Diet Day promotes body acceptance and raises awareness about eating disorders and weight discrimination.
  • World Asthma Day, observed on the first Tuesday of May, spreads awareness about asthma, its management, and treatment.

7 May – World Athletics Day

Initiated by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), this day promotes participation in athletics, especially among youth.

8 May – World Red Cross Day and World Thalassaemia Day

  • World Red Cross Day marks the birth anniversary of Henry Dunant, the founder of the Red Cross.
  • World Thalassaemia Day raises awareness about the genetic blood disorder and encourages support for patients and families.

9 May – Rabindranath Tagore Jayanti and Maharana Pratap Jayanti

  • Celebrates the birth of Rabindranath Tagore, Nobel Laureate, poet, and national icon.
  • Maharana Pratap Jayanti honors the legendary warrior and Rajput king of Mewar, known for his valour and resistance against Mughal rule.

10 May – World Lupus Day

Dedicated to spreading awareness about Lupus, a chronic autoimmune disease affecting millions worldwide.

11 May – National Technology Day and Mother’s Day (Second Sunday)

  • National Technology Day commemorates India’s nuclear tests at Pokhran in 1998, marking a major stride in technological advancement.
  • Mother’s Day celebrates the love and contribution of mothers and is observed globally on the second Sunday of May.

12 May – International Nurses Day and Buddha Purnima

  • International Nurses Day marks the birth anniversary of Florence Nightingale and recognizes the contributions of nurses.
  • Buddha Purnima, also known as Vesak, celebrates the birth, enlightenment, and death of Gautama Buddha.

15 May – International Day of Families

A day to reflect on the importance of family structures and promote policies that support families around the world.

16 May – National Dengue Day, International Day of Light, and National Endangered Species Day (Third Friday)

  • Raises awareness about dengue fever and its prevention.
  • Celebrates the invention of the laser and the role of light in science and culture.
  • Highlights the importance of conserving endangered species.

17 May – World Telecommunication Day, World Hypertension Day, and Armed Forces Day (Third Saturday)

  • Telecommunication Day marks the founding of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
  • Hypertension Day encourages regular blood pressure screening and healthy living.
  • Armed Forces Day in the United States honors active-duty military personnel.

18 May – World AIDS Vaccine Day and International Museum Day

  • AIDS Vaccine Day recognizes ongoing efforts in HIV vaccine research.
  • Museum Day, organized by ICOM, aims to promote the importance of museums in preserving heritage.

20 May – International HR Day

Celebrates the evolving role of Human Resource professionals and the value they bring to modern workplaces.

21 May – National Anti-Terrorism Day and International Tea Day

  • Anti-Terrorism Day commemorates the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi and promotes peace and unity.
  • Tea Day recognizes the economic and cultural significance of tea production and workers.

22 May – International Day for Biological Diversity

Established to promote awareness of the importance of biodiversity and its protection amid increasing threats.

23 May – World Turtle Day

Aims to protect turtles and tortoises and their habitats through education and advocacy.

24 May – National Brother’s Day

Celebrates the unique and enduring bond between brothers and siblings.

25 May – Africa Day

Marks the founding of the Organisation of African Unity (now African Union) and celebrates African unity and liberation.

26 May – National Memorial Day (Last Monday of May)

Observed in the United States, it honors fallen military personnel who died in service to the nation.

30 May – International Day of Potato, Goa Statehood Day, and Hindi Journalism Day

  • Recognizes the role of potatoes in combating hunger and supporting rural livelihoods.
  • Goa Statehood Day marks Goa becoming India’s 25th state on 30 May 1987.
  • Hindi Journalism Day commemorates the publication of India’s first Hindi newspaper, Udant Martand, in 1826.

31 May – World No Tobacco Day

Organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) to highlight the harmful effects of tobacco consumption and encourage cessation efforts globally.

Which District of Uttar Pradesh is Known as City of Mughal Sweets?

Uttar Pradesh is a state in India that is well-known for its rich culture, history and delicious food. Many districts in this state are famous for special things like crafts, festivals or tasty dishes. One such district is especially known for its traditional sweets that date back to the Mughal times. These sweets are loved by people for their rich taste and special way of preparation.

An Overview of Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh is a large state in northern India. It has the highest population in the country, with over 241 million people. It shares borders with many states and also with Nepal. The capital city is Lucknow, and Prayagraj is the judicial capital. Uttar Pradesh is rich in culture, history and tradition. It has 75 districts and is the fourth-largest state by area in India.

Number of Districts in Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh has a total of 75 districts. For better administration, these districts are grouped into 18 divisions. This helps in managing government work more easily across the state.

City of Mughal Sweet in Uttar Pradesh

Agra is the district in Uttar Pradesh known as the ”City of Mughal Sweet.” It is famous for its special sweet called Petha, which was first made during the Mughal era. This sweet has a soft texture and rich taste, making Agra popular for its sweet-making tradition across India.

Why is Agra Called the City of Mughal Sweets?

Agra was once called the capital of the Mughal emperors. The Mughal rulers loved rich and tasty food, especially sweets. One sweet from that time became very famous – Agra ka Petha. It is said that Petha was first made in the royal kitchens of Shah Jahan, the same emperor who built the Taj Mahal.

What is Petha?

Petha is a soft and juicy sweet made from ash gourd (winter melon) and sugar syrup. It comes in many flavors like plain, saffron, rose and even chocolate. Some types also have dry fruits. The recipe is very special and has been followed in Agra for hundreds of years.

Mughal Touch in Agra’s Food

Because Agra was an important Mughal city, its food shows strong Mughal influence. Rich ingredients like dry fruits, saffron and pure ghee are common in the sweets here. Petha is a perfect example of this Mughal style of cooking.

A Sweet Symbol of Agra’s Heritage

Petha is more than just a sweet. It has become a symbol of Agra’s culture and history. Many tourists who visit the Taj Mahal also buy Petha as a gift or memory from Agra. The sweet represents the rich and royal food tradition of the city.

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_8.1

Tamannaah Bhatia Named Brand Ambassador of Karnataka Soaps & Detergents Limited (KSDL)

Karnataka Soaps & Detergents Limited (KSDL), a century-old state-owned enterprise, has appointed acclaimed actress Tamannaah Bhatia as its brand ambassador for a period of two years. This strategic move aims to enhance KSDL’s visibility and appeal among younger consumers and expand its footprint both nationally and globally. The announcement was made by Karnataka’s Large and Medium Industries Minister M.B. Patil on May 22, 2025, highlighting Tamannaah’s pan-India appeal and strong digital presence.

Why in News?

This appointment comes at a pivotal time as KSDL embarks on a strategic transformation to boost brand value, reach new markets, and engage with a broader, younger audience. Tamannaah’s digital influence, with over 28 million followers, and her popularity across India make her an ideal choice to represent KSDL’s blend of heritage and contemporary appeal. The move signals KSDL’s intent to leverage celebrity endorsements as part of its broader marketing and expansion strategy.

Aim

  • To strengthen KSDL’s brand positioning and expand its market presence, especially among younger consumers and new geographic regions.

Objectives

  • Enhance global and pan-India brand recognition of KSDL products.
  • Leverage Tamannaah’s popularity and digital reach to connect with the youth demographic.
  • Support KSDL’s ongoing transformation efforts to modernize packaging and marketing.
  • Promote local employment and Karnataka’s industrial heritage.

Background

  • KSDL is a 109-year-old state enterprise best known for its flagship product, Mysore Sandal Soap.
  • In FY 2024–25, KSDL recorded a turnover of ₹1,785.99 crore, with about 80% revenue coming from six states: Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Maharashtra.
  • Other celebrities like Deepika Padukone, Rashmika Mandanna, Pooja Hegde, and Kiara Advani were considered before finalizing Tamannaah based on factors such as availability, cost, and ongoing brand endorsements.
  • Tamannaah’s appointment involves a ₹6.2 crore contract over two years.

Key Highlights

  • Tamannaah’s strong digital presence with 28 million followers offers a significant platform for brand promotion.
  • The endorsement aligns with KSDL’s values of quality, heritage, and modern relevance.
  • KSDL’s workforce is predominantly Kannadiga (89%), with recent expansion including a unit in Vijayapura.
  • The appointment is a part of a larger strategic shift towards improving packaging, marketing, and expanding into North Indian and global markets.
  • KSDL Chairman Appaji Nadagouda emphasized the importance of a well-planned marketing strategy and government support to take the brand forward.

Significance

  • This appointment underscores the increasing importance of celebrity endorsements in public sector marketing.
  • It reflects KSDL’s commitment to balancing tradition with innovation to stay relevant in a competitive market.
  • The move aims to boost local pride while enhancing KSDL’s competitive edge nationally and internationally.
  • It also marks a significant push towards digitization and modernization within the government-owned enterprise.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Tamannaah Bhatia Named Brand Ambassador of Karnataka Soaps & Detergents Limited (KSDL)
Organization Karnataka Soaps & Detergents Limited (KSDL)
Appointment Duration 2 years
Contract Value ₹6.2 crore
Turnover (FY 2024–25) ₹1,785.99 crore
Major Revenue States Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Maharashtra
Workforce Composition 89% Kannadigas

Top-10 Busiest Airports in the World by Passenger Traffic in 2025

Airports are very busy places where people travel by airplane. Every year, millions of passengers fly across the world. Some airports handle more people than others. In 2024-25, many airports saw a big rise in travelers. This list shows the top-10 busiest airports based on how many passengers they served. These airports play an important role in connecting countries and making travel easier for everyone.

Busiest Airport in the World in 2025

Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport is the world’s busiest airport, located about 10 miles south of downtown Atlanta, Georgia. It has held this title since 1998, except in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2023, it served over 104.6 million passengers, more than any other airport. It is also the busiest in aircraft movements. In 2024, the airport saw 2% more traffic than in 2023, keeping its top position in global air travel.

Location and Significance of Hartsfield Jackson International Airport

Hartsfield Jackson Atlanta International Airport is located about 10 miles southwest of downtown Atlanta, Georgia. It is the world’s busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1988, except in 2020 due to COVID-19. ATL is the main hub for Delta Air Lines, with over 1,000 daily flights to 225 places. It plays a big role in the region’s economy by creating jobs and boosting business. The airport also connects people to many domestic and international destinations.

Top-10 Busiest Airports in the World by Passenger Traffic in 2025

Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta, located in Atlanta, USA, stands as the busiest airport in the world by 2025, with the total passengers of 108,067,766, followed by Dubai International, Dallas/Fort Worth and Tokyo Haneda.

Here is the list of top-10 busiest airports in the world by passenger traffic in 2025:

Rank Airport Name Location Passenger Traffic
1. Hartsfield Jackson Atlanta Atlanta, USA 108,067,766
2. Dubai International Dubai, UAE 92,331,506
3. Dallas/ Fort Worth (DFW) Dallas/ Fort Worth, USA 87,817,864
4. Tokyo Haneda (HND) Tokyo, Japan 85,900,617
5. London Heathrow (LHR) London, UK 83,884,572
6. Denver International (LHR) Denver, USA 82,358,744
7. Istanbul Airport Istanbul, Turkey 80,073,252
8. Chicago O’Hare Chicago, USA 80,043,050
9. Indira Gandhi Intl. New Delhi, India 77,820,834
10. Shanghai Pudong Shanghai, China 76,787,039

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_11.1

RBI Notifies New Six-Member Payments Regulatory Board Including Government Nominees

On May 21, 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) officially notified the establishment of a new Payments Regulatory Board (PRB), a six-member body tasked with regulating and supervising payment systems in India. This new board replaces the earlier Board for Regulation and Supervision of Payment and Settlement Systems (BPSS) and notably includes, for the first time, three nominees from the central government. The PRB will be chaired by the RBI Governor, reflecting the central bank’s continued leadership role in the payments ecosystem.

Why in News?

The RBI’s notification of the Payments Regulatory Board comes at a time when digital payments and the payment ecosystem in India are undergoing rapid transformation. The formation of the PRB aims to provide stronger regulatory oversight and inclusive governance by incorporating government nominees alongside RBI officials. This move resolves long-standing debates over the governance structure of payments regulation in India and aligns with efforts to streamline payment supervision in an increasingly digitized economy.

Aim

  • To regulate and supervise payment systems in India through an empowered, structured regulatory body.

Objectives

  • Ensure efficient functioning and oversight of payment and settlement systems.
  • Provide a unified governance structure with participation from RBI and government nominees.
  • Foster trust, security, and innovation within India’s payment ecosystem.
  • Facilitate seamless coordination between the RBI and the government on payment-related policies.

Background

  • The Payments Regulatory Board replaces the older Board for Regulation and Supervision of Payment and Settlement Systems (BPSS).
  • The idea of creating an independent payments regulator was first proposed in 2018 by an inter-ministerial panel led by the Economic Affairs Secretary.
  • RBI opposed the idea of an independent regulator outside its ambit, emphasizing the need for the RBI Governor to chair the board to ensure seamless oversight and functioning.
  • After years of deliberations, the government nominees were included on the PRB, but the board remains under RBI leadership.

Composition and Functioning

  • The PRB is a six-member board headed by the RBI Governor (Chairperson).

Members include,

  • Deputy Governor in charge of Payment and Settlement Systems (ex officio).
  • One RBI official nominated by the Central Board (ex officio).
  • Three nominees from the central government (first time inclusion).
  • The board may invite domain experts in payments, IT, law, and the RBI Principal Legal Adviser as permanent or ad hoc invitees.
  • The PRB is required to meet at least twice a year to discuss regulatory matters.

Significance

  • The inclusion of government nominees marks greater coordination between RBI and the government in payment system regulation.
  • Retaining the RBI Governor as chair ensures continuity, authority, and expert oversight in a rapidly evolving payments landscape.
  • The PRB will strengthen regulation of payment infrastructure, fostering innovation, security, and consumer protection.
  • This move reflects the increasing importance of digital payments in India’s economy and the need for robust governance frameworks.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? RBI Notifies New Six-Member Payments Regulatory Board Including Government Nominees
Board Name Payments Regulatory Board (PRB)
Replaces Board for Regulation and Supervision of Payment and Settlement Systems (BPSS)
Chairperson RBI Governor
Members 6 members: RBI Governor, Deputy Governor, RBI official, 3 government nominees
Ex Officio Members Governor, Deputy Governor, nominated RBI official
Government Nominees Included for the first time
Key Functions Regulate and supervise payment systems in India

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_13.1

Top-5 Most Avocado Producing Countries in the World, Know the Names

Avocados are creamy, green fruits that are loved by people around the world. They are used in many dishes like salads, sandwiches and dips. These fruits grow best in warm places with rich soil and good sunlight. Some countries grow a lot more avocados than others. In this article, we will learn about the top-5 countries where avocados are grown the most.

Top-5 Avocados Producing Countries in the World

Avocados are tasty and healthy fruits loved by people worldwide. They grow best in warm places. Some countries produce more avocados than others. Let’s learn about the top-5 avocado-producing countries in the world:

  • Mexico
  • Colombia
  • Peru
  • Indonesia
  • Kenya

World’s Largest Avocado Producer – Mexico

Mexico grows more than one-third of the world’s avocados. It produces about 2.5 million metric tonnes every year. The state of Michoacan is the biggest avocado-growing region in the country, making up around 80% of Mexico’s total production. The climate and volcanic soil in this area are perfect for growing Hass avocados, which are known for their creamy texture and rich taste. Most of these avocados are sent to countries like the United States, Canada and Japan.

Colombia

Colombia is the second-largest producer of avocados, with 1.1 million metric tonnes per year. The regions of Antioquia and Tolima are the main avocado farming areas. Colombia’s avocado industry is growing quickly. It exports many avocados to Europe, helping the country become an important name in the global avocado market.

Peru

Peru ranks third with a production of around 0.9 million metric tons equally. It grows both Hass and Fuerte avocado varieties. Avocadoes in Peru are mostly grown in the coastal valleys, where the dry climate is ideal. Peru sends a large number of avocados to Europe and China, making it a strong exporter.

Indonesia

Indonesia produces about 0.7 million metric tonnes of avocados each year. The country has a tropical climate, which allows avocados to grow all year around. Most of the avocados are used within the country, but the amount being produced is growing steadily. Indonesia is the largest avocado producer in Asia.

Kenya

Kenya is the fifth-largest avocado producer, with a yearly output of about 0.4 million metric tonnes. It mainly grows Fuerte and Hass avocados. Kenya’s avocado exports have increased quickly, especially to Europe and the Middle East. The country is becoming well known for its high-quality avocados.

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_15.1

Saudi Arabia Launches TOURISE to Shape the Future of Global Tourism

On May 22, 2025, Saudi Arabia officially launched TOURISE, a global platform designed to connect leaders across tourism, technology, investment, and sustainability sectors. Unveiled by Minister of Tourism Ahmed Al-Khateeb, TOURISE aims to unlock investment opportunities, address challenges facing the tourism industry, and shape future travel policies through collaboration and innovation. This initiative underscores Saudi Arabia’s ambition to become a leading global tourism hub, supported by strategic infrastructure investments and policy reforms.

Why in News?

As global tourism continues to evolve rapidly, impacted by technological disruption, shifting traveler preferences, and growing sustainability demands, Saudi Arabia has positioned itself at the forefront by launching TOURISE. This platform arrives at a pivotal moment, shortly after the kingdom surpassed its Vision 2030 target of 100 million visitors by 2024, demonstrating the country’s growing influence in global tourism. TOURISE’s launch aims to guide the sector’s future growth while promoting inclusive, sustainable, and technologically advanced tourism.

Aim

  • To establish a year-round global platform that fosters collaboration, innovation, and investment in the tourism sector.

Objectives

  • Connect leaders from tourism, tech, investment, and sustainability fields worldwide.
  • Unlock new investment opportunities in tourism infrastructure and services.
  • Address sector-wide challenges such as sustainability and digital transformation.
  • Develop and guide global tourism policies for future growth phases.
  • Promote inclusive and sustainable tourism practices.

Background

  • Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 aims to diversify its economy, with tourism playing a key role.
  • In 2024, Saudi Arabia achieved its Vision 2030 goal of attracting 100 million visitors — seven years ahead of schedule.
  • Tourism now contributes nearly 5% to Saudi Arabia’s GDP, reflecting its expanding economic importance.
  • TOURISE was announced virtually by Minister Ahmed Al-Khateeb, emphasizing tourism’s role in the global economy and the need for sector evolution.

Key Features of TOURISE

  • Supported by an advisory board consisting of global experts from tourism, hospitality, technology, entertainment, and investment sectors.
  • Formation of working groups focused on core themes such as AI in tourism, business innovation, travel experience upgrades, and sustainability.
  • Publication of white papers and global indices in partnership with international organizations.
  • Hosting the first TOURISE Summit in Riyadh from November 11-13, 2025.
  • An Innovation Zone to showcase emerging public and private sector technologies.
  • An awards program recognizing leadership in sustainability, digital transformation, cultural preservation, inclusive tourism, and workforce development.
  • Award nominations open on June 2, with winners announced at the summit’s opening day.

Significance

  • TOURISE exemplifies Saudi Arabia’s strategic move to become a global tourism leader by leveraging technology, investment, and sustainability. The platform’s collaborative approach involving public and private sectors is expected to drive innovation and address pressing challenges in the tourism ecosystem.
  • By focusing on AI, sustainability, and inclusivity, TOURISE aligns with global trends shaping the future of travel, supporting economic growth and job creation worldwide.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? Saudi Arabia Launches TOURISE to Shape the Future of Global Tourism
Launch Venue Virtual Launch by Minister Ahmed Al-Khateeb
Organizer Saudi Ministry of Tourism
Focus Areas Tourism innovation, investment, technology, sustainability
Initiative TOURISE
Vision Support Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 and global tourism growth
Key Event First TOURISE Summit in Riyadh, Nov 11-13, 2025
Supporting Bodies Advisory board with global tourism, tech, investment leaders

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_17.1

NCW Launches Yashoda AI to Boost Women’s AI and Cybersecurity Skills

The National Commission for Women (NCW) launched ‘Yashoda AI: Your AI SAKHI’ on May 22, 2025, at Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University, Bareilly. This groundbreaking initiative aims to enhance AI literacy, cybersecurity knowledge, and digital safety awareness among women, particularly those from rural and semi-urban areas. Yashoda AI aspires to empower women to lead India’s technological future, ensuring their active participation and leadership in the digital age.

Why in News?

With India’s increasing reliance on technology and digital platforms, the need to include women, especially from underserved communities, in AI and cybersecurity education is more critical than ever. The launch of Yashoda AI reflects NCW’s commitment to bridging the gender digital divide and addressing emerging challenges like AI-driven crimes and digital privacy threats. This initiative comes at a time when cyber safety and digital literacy are vital for inclusive and secure growth in India’s evolving tech ecosystem.

Aim

  • To empower women with essential skills in Artificial Intelligence, Cybersecurity, and Digital Safety, enabling them to contribute to a tech-driven and inclusive India.

Objectives

  • Increase AI literacy and digital awareness among women, especially in rural and semi-urban areas.
  • Provide practical knowledge on cyber safety, digital privacy, and AI-related crimes.
  • Encourage women to take leadership roles in digital education and safety.
  • Engage students, educators, and women professionals including those in the police force for holistic community-driven learning.

Background

  • The National Commission for Women (NCW) is India’s statutory body dedicated to protecting and promoting women’s rights.
  • Digital inclusion and cyber safety have become major focus areas for NCW amid the rising number of cybercrimes against women.
  • Yashoda AI is launched in collaboration with Future Shift Labs (FSL), a tech education organization.
  • The program emphasizes community participation and leadership to make digital learning relevant and impactful for women.

Key Features

  • Official launch on May 22, 2025, at Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University, Bareilly.
  • Focus on AI literacy, Cybersecurity training, and digital safety strategies.
  • Workshops and discussions on AI-driven crimes and digital privacy concerns.
  • Active involvement of women from diverse sectors including academia and law enforcement.
  • Community-driven educational approach ensuring women not only learn but lead digital initiatives.

Significance

  • Yashoda AI represents a vital step in India’s efforts to bridge the gender gap in technology. By focusing on AI and cybersecurity, it equips women to protect themselves and others in digital spaces while contributing to India’s vision of a Viksit Bharat (Developed India).
  • The initiative fosters an inclusive digital culture where women are empowered as creators, leaders, and innovators in the fast-evolving technological landscape.
Summary/Static Details
Why in the news? NCW Launches Yashoda AI to Boost Women’s AI and Cybersecurity Skills
Initiative Yashoda AI: Your AI SAKHI
Launch Date May 22, 2025
Organized By National Commission for Women (NCW) & Future Shift Labs (FSL)
Focus Areas AI Literacy, Cybersecurity, Digital Safety
Target Group Women from rural and semi-urban areas
Objectives Empowerment, Leadership, Cyber Awareness
Significance Bridging gender digital divide, promoting safe digital spaces

States and Capitals - How Many States in India?_19.1

Wings India 2026 to Take Off from Hyderabad in January

Wings India 2026, the biennial flagship event for India’s civil aviation sector, is set to be held in Hyderabad from January 28 to 31. Organized jointly by the Ministry of Civil Aviation, Airport Authority of India, and FICCI, the event at Begumpet Airport will serve as a comprehensive platform for the entire aviation ecosystem. This event brings together global stakeholders including airlines, manufacturers, investors, vendors, and policymakers to foster growth and innovation in commercial, general, and business aviation as well as advanced air mobility.

Why in News?

The announcement of Wings India 2026 in Hyderabad is significant as it highlights the growing importance of India’s civil aviation sector, which is rapidly expanding due to rising air travel demand and technological advancements. The event will showcase innovations, facilitate investments, and promote skill development, making it a key milestone for industry stakeholders. With a curtain raiser scheduled in Delhi on May 23, the event is gaining momentum and attention from both domestic and international participants.

Aim

  • To provide a comprehensive platform that promotes the growth and development of India’s civil aviation sector.

Objectives

  • Bring together stakeholders from various aviation sub-sectors including commercial, general, business aviation, and advanced air mobility.
  • Foster collaborations between manufacturers, airlines, investors, and policy-makers.
  • Showcase technological advancements and innovations in aviation.
  • Promote investment opportunities and facilitate knowledge sharing.
  • Support skill development initiatives to meet the industry’s growing workforce needs.

Background

  • Wings India is a biennial event that has grown to become India’s premier civil aviation exhibition and conference.
  • It is jointly organized by the Ministry of Civil Aviation, Airport Authority of India, and FICCI.
  • Hyderabad’s Begumpet Airport has been a longstanding venue, known for its strategic location and aviation heritage.
  • The event typically features exhibitions, seminars, B2B meetings, and networking sessions, attracting global participation.
  • The civil aviation sector in India is among the fastest-growing globally, driven by rising passenger traffic, government initiatives like UDAN, and a push towards advanced air mobility.

Key Features of Wings India 2026

  • Scheduled from January 28 to 31, 2026, at Begumpet Airport, Hyderabad.
  • Expected participants include airlines, aircraft manufacturers, investors, vendors, cargo operators, space industry representatives, banking institutions, and skill development agencies.
  • Focus areas include commercial aviation, general aviation, business jets, advanced air mobility, and space technologies.
  • The event serves as a meeting point for states and Union Territories to showcase regional aviation initiatives.
  • A curtain raiser event will be held in Delhi on May 23, 2025, featuring briefings by the Union Minister and Minister of State for Civil Aviation to foreign missions and stakeholders.

Significance

  • Wings India 2026 plays a vital role in promoting India as a global aviation hub. It accelerates industry growth by enabling partnerships, attracting investment, and showcasing innovations.
  • The event’s comprehensive approach helps build a skilled workforce, encourages sustainable aviation practices, and supports regional connectivity, thereby contributing to India’s economic progress and global aviation leadership.

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