States and Capitals

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States and Capitals – How Many States in India?

India, a vast South Asian nation and the world’s seventh-largest by land area, is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own capital. These states and territories are further segmented into districts. New Delhi, situated in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, serves as India’s administrative, political, and cultural hub.

The states and capitals of India weave a rich and diverse tapestry, reflecting the country’s deep cultural heritage, traditions, and innovations. Exploring these regions offers a fascinating journey through time, blending ancient legacies with modern advancements, tradition with contemporary influence, and showcasing India’s remarkable unity in diversity.

In 1956, India reorganized its states according to linguistic demographics. Today, the country consists of 28 states and 8 Union Territories, home to nearly 400 cities. Among these, eight major metropolitan cities—Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, and Pune—are prominent. The Prime Minister has introduced a plan to develop 100 smart cities across the nation, with Indore being recognized as the Smart City for four consecutive years. Discover India’s dynamic urban landscape and its focus on modernization.

How many states in India?

India is the 7th largest country in the world by land area and the 2nd most populated. The country is divided into states and union territories so that the government can function properly. Below is a list of all 28 states, their capitals and the year they were formed.

S.NO	State	Capital	CM	Governor
1	Andhra Pradesh	Amaravati	Sri Nara Chandrababu Naidu	S. Abdul Nazer
2	Arunachal Pradesh	Itanagar	Pema Khandu	Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
3	Assam	Dispur	Himanta Biswa Sarma	Lakshman Prasad Acharya
4	Bihar	Patna	Nitish Kumar	Arif Mohammed Khan
5	Chhattisgarh	Raipur	Vishnu Deo Sai	Ramen Deka
6	Goa	Panaji	Pramod Sawant	P.S. Sreedharan Pillai
7	Gujarat	Gandhinagar	Bhupendra Patel	Acharya Dev Vrat
8	Haryana	Chandigarh	Nayab Singh Saini	Bandaru Dattatraya
9	Himachal Pradesh	Shimla	Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu	Shiv Pratap Shukla
10	Jharkhand	Ranchi	Hemant Soren	Santosh Kumar Gangwar
11	Karnataka	Bengaluru	Siddaramaiah	Thaawarchand Gehlot
12	Kerala	Thiruvananthapuram	Pinarayi Vijayan	Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
13	Madhya Pradesh	Bhopal	Mohan Yadav	Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
14	Maharashtra	Mumbai	Devendra Fadnavis	C.P. Radhakrishnan
15	Manipur	Imphal	N. Biren Singh	Ajay Kumar Bhalla
16	Meghalaya	Shillong	Conrad Kongkal Sangma	C H Vijayashankar
17	Mizoram	Aizawl	Lalduhoma	General (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd.)
18	Nagaland	Kohima	Neiphiu Rio	La. Ganesan
19	Odisha	Bhubaneswar	Mohan Charan Majhi	Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati
20	Punjab	Chandigarh	Bhagwant Singh Mann	Gulab Chand Kataria
21	Rajasthan	Jaipur	Bhajan Lal Sharma	Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde
22	Sikkim	Gangtok	PS Golay	Om Prakash Mathur
23	Tamil Nadu	Chennai	M. K. Stalin	R. N. Ravi
24	Telangana	Hyderabad	Anumula Revanth Reddy	Jishnu Dev Varma
25	Tripura	Agartala	Dr. Manik Saha	Indra Sena Reddy Nallu
26	Uttar Pradesh	Lucknow	Yogi Aditya Nath	Anandiben Patel
27	Uttarakhand	Dehradun	Pushkar Singh Dhami	Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh
28	West Bengal	Kolkata	Mamata Banerjee	Dr. C.V. Ananda Bose

Union Territories of India and Their Capitals

India has 8 union territories that are managed by the central government. Some of them have their own legislative assemblies. Below is the of these union territories and their capitals:

S.NO	Union Territories	Capital	CM	Lt. Governor
1	Andaman and Nicobar Island	Port Blair	NA	D K Joshi
2	Chandigarh	Chandigarh	NA	Banwarilal Purohit
3	Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu	Daman	NA	Praful Patel
4	Delhi	Delhi	Rekha Gupta	Vinai Kumar Saxena
5	Ladakh	NA	NA	B. D. Mishra
6	Lakshadweep	Kavaratti	NA	Praful Patel
7	Jammu and Kashmir	NA	Omar Abdullah	Manoj Sinha
8	Puducherry	Pondicherry	N. Rangaswamy	C. P. Radhakrishnan

Difference Between States and Union Territories

India is divided into states and Union Territories for administrative purposes. They are in different in how they are governed.

Basis of Difference	States	Union Territories
Head of Administration	Governor	Administrator or Lieutenant Governor
Government Type	Elected by the People	Managed by the central government
Powers	Shares power with the central government.	Controlled directly by the central government.

Indian States and their Languages

India is a country with a rich and diverse linguistic heritage. There are over 121 languages spoken in India, and each state has its unique linguistic landscape. The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as “scheduled languages,” which are given special status in government and education.

S. No.	States	Language
1	Andhra Pradesh	Telugu and Urdu
2	Arunachal Pradesh	Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin, Adi, Honpa, Banging-Nishi
3	Assam	Assamese
4	Bihar	Hindi
5	Chhattisgarh	Hindi
6	Goa	Marathi Konkani
7	Gujarat	Gujarati
8	Haryana	Hindi
9	Himachal Pradesh	Hindi and Pahari
10	Jharkhand	Hindi
11	Karnataka	Kannada
12	Kerala	Malayalam
13	Madhya Pradesh	Hindi
14	Maharashtra	Marathi
15	Manipur	Manipuri
16	Meghalaya	Khashi, Jaintia, And Garo
17	Mizoram	Mizo and English
18	Nagaland	Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema, and Lotha
19	Odisha	Oriya
20	Punjab	Punjabi
21	Rajasthan	Rajasthani and Hindi
22	Sikkim	Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu
23	Tamil Nadu	Tamil
24	Telangana	Telugu
25	Tripura	Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak
26	Uttar Pradesh	Hindi
27	Uttarakhand	Hindi
28	West Bengal	Bengali

Some Key Facts About Indian States

Each state in India is unique and has something special. Here are some interesting facts about a few states:

Andhra Pradesh: Famous for spicy food and historical sites like Charminar.
Assam: Know for tea gardens and Kaziranga National Park, home to the one-horned rhinoceros.
Bihar: A place with a rich history, home to Bodh Gaya and the ancient city of Pataliputra.
Goa: Popular for beautiful beaches and a lively nightlife.
Kerala: Famous for its backwaters, Ayurveda treatments and lush green nature.
Maharashtra: Mumbai, the financial capital, is also home to Bollywood.
Himachal Pradesh: Known for stunning hill stations and adventure sports.
Tamil Nadu: Famous for classical dance forms and grand temples.

Top 5 Fastest Missiles in the World [2025 Update]

When we think about missiles, a few key features stand out — striking design, unmatched speed, extraordinary range, and immense destructive power. Developing such a missile requires a great deal of technological expertise, advanced materials, and precision engineering.

Missiles are classified based on their speed into three main categories:

Subsonic missiles: Below Mach 1
Supersonic missiles: Between Mach 1 and Mach 5
Hypersonic missiles: Greater than Mach 5

This article focuses on the fastest missiles in the world — those that achieve hypersonic speeds — and highlights the top five based on their speed, range, payload, and technological capabilities.

What Are Hypersonic Missiles

Hypersonic missiles are capable of traveling at speeds greater than Mach 5, which is over 6,174 kilometers per hour. Their extreme velocity, combined with maneuverability, makes them incredibly difficult to detect or intercept. These missiles can either be glide vehicles or ballistic missiles with hypersonic capabilities.

List of Top 5 Fastest Missiles in the World

Here is the current ranking of the fastest missiles in the world, based on available data and performance characteristics.

Rank	Missile Name	Country	Estimated Speed
1	Avangard	Russia	Up to Mach 20
2	DF-41	China	Up to Mach 25
3	Trident II D5	United States, United Kingdom	Up to Mach 24
4	Minuteman III	United States	Up to Mach 23
5	RS-28 Sarmat	Russia	Over Mach 20

Avangard Hypersonic Glide Vehicle

Country of Origin: Russia
Type: Hypersonic Glide Vehicle
Speed: Up to Mach 20
Range: Over 6,000 kilometers
Payload: Nuclear warhead, up to 2 megatons
Launch System: Carried by ballistic missiles like SS-19 Stiletto and RS-28 Sarmat
Status: Limited operational deployment

The Avangard is a hypersonic glide vehicle developed by Russia. It separates from its launch vehicle at high altitude and then glides at hypersonic speeds within the atmosphere. Its maneuverability and speed make it extremely hard to intercept, even by advanced missile defense systems.

DF-41 Intercontinental Ballistic Missile

Country of Origin: China
Type: Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
Speed: Estimated up to Mach 25
Range: 12,000 to 15,000 kilometers
Payload: Up to 10 nuclear warheads (MIRV capable)
Launch Platforms: Road-mobile, rail-mobile, and silo-based
Status: In development

The DF-41 is China’s most powerful and longest-range ICBM. It uses a three-stage solid-fuel propulsion system and can deliver multiple warheads with high accuracy. Its high speed and mobility make it a strategic asset in China’s nuclear deterrence strategy.

Trident II D5 Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile

Country of Origin: United States, United Kingdom
Type: Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile
Speed: Up to Mach 24
Range: Up to 12,000 kilometers
Payload: Up to 8 MIRV warheads
Warhead Types: W76 and W88
Launch Platform: Ohio-class and Vanguard-class submarines
Status: Operational

The Trident II D5 is a high-precision missile used by both the United States Navy and the Royal Navy. It is launched from submarines and is a critical component of the nuclear triad, offering second-strike capability.

Minuteman III Intercontinental Ballistic Missile

Country of Origin: United States
Type: Land-Based Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
Speed: Up to Mach 23
Range: Up to 13,000 kilometers
Payload: One nuclear warhead
Launch Platform: Silo-based
Status: Operational

The Minuteman III is the only land-based ICBM currently in service with the United States. Originally developed in the 1970s, it has been upgraded several times and remains a reliable and accurate part of the U.S. nuclear deterrent.

RS-28 Sarmat Intercontinental Ballistic Missile

Country of Origin: Russia
Type: Heavy Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
Speed: Estimated over Mach 20
Range: 10,000 to 18,000 kilometers
Payload: Up to 10 tons, including MIRVs or hypersonic glide vehicles
Launch Platform: Silo-based
Status: In development

Known as Satan II in NATO terminology, the RS-28 Sarmat is designed to replace the older SS-18 missiles. It has an enormous payload capacity and can carry multiple nuclear warheads or glide vehicles, allowing it to penetrate even the most advanced missile defense systems.

Honduras Opens Embassy in Delhi: A Boost to India-Central America Ties

In a landmark move symbolizing deepening diplomatic relations, Honduras officially inaugurated its embassy in New Delhi on May 16, 2025. This step is expected to catalyze stronger bilateral cooperation across various sectors including trade, development, technology, and climate resilience. Indian External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar welcomed his Honduran counterpart Eduardo Enrique Reina Garcia, marking a milestone in India’s strategic outreach to Central America.

Why in News?

The Government of Honduras has formally opened its Embassy in New Delhi, a significant development in strengthening its relationship with India. The inauguration is being viewed as a sign of enhanced collaboration in trade, development assistance, technology exchange, and regional diplomacy.

Key Objectives & Strategic Importance

To deepen diplomatic engagement with India.
To expand trade and investment opportunities.
To enhance developmental cooperation, especially in health, IT, and agriculture.
To use India as a gateway to Asia, while Honduras offers India a bridge to Central America.

Background and Milestones

First visit by an Indian Minister (Meenakashi Lekhi) to Honduras took place in 2022.
India’s consistent support includes,
Humanitarian aid (26 tonnes) after Tropical Storm SARA in 2024.
COVID-19 medicine and vaccine supply.
Post-disaster medical assistance in 1998 and 2005.

Trade & Commercial Cooperation

Bilateral trade stood at $288.77 million in 2022-23.

Major Indian exports,

Pharmaceuticals
Textiles and Cotton Yarn
Automobiles (2 & 3 wheelers)
Chemicals and Industrial Machinery
Indian Companies Active in Region:
Bajaj, TVS, Hero, Mahindra
TVS also expanding into Guatemala.
Bajaj auto-rickshaws are common in rural Honduras.

Development Projects and Technical Assistance

India-UNDP Fund backed climate-resilient sanitation projects.
IT Centre set up at National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH) in 2008.
Trained over 20,000 students.
Jamastran Valley Irrigation Project funded through Indian line of credit to promote sustainable agriculture.

Strategic Outlook

Honduras is a member of CELAC (Community of Latin American and Caribbean States).
Shares India’s goals of equitable global development and South-South cooperation.
Offers access for Indian companies to the Central American market and nearshore services to North America.

Summary/Static	Details
Why in the news?	Honduras Opens Embassy in Delhi: A Boost to India-Central America Ties
Event	Opening of Honduras Embassy in New Delhi
Key Officials Present	Eduardo Enrique Reina Garcia, S. Jaishankar
Trade Volume (2022–23)	USD 288.77 million
Major Indian Exports	Pharma, textiles, machinery, vehicles
Key Development Projects	IT Centre at UNAH, Jamastran Irrigation Project
Aid from India	Post-disaster support in 1998, 2005, COVID-19, and after Storm SARA (2024)
Strategic Importance	Gateway to Central America and nearshoring hub for Indian IT firms

Rohit Sharma Stand Inaugurated At Wankhede Stadium

Rohit Sharma Honored at Wankhede as MCA Renames Pavilion Stand

In a grand ceremony held on May 16, 2025, the Mumbai Cricket Association (MCA) unveiled the Rohit Sharma Stand at the iconic Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai, paying tribute to the Indian cricketing legend following his recent retirement from Test and T20 cricket. The event also saw the inauguration of stands named after Ajit Wadekar and Sharad Pawar, commemorating their invaluable contributions to Indian cricket and cricket administration.

Why in News?

The MCA renamed four sections of the Wankhede Stadium on May 16, 2025, in honor of distinguished personalities in Indian cricket. The Rohit Sharma Stand was inaugurated shortly after his Test retirement on May 7, 2025, celebrating his legacy as a player and captain. The Sharad Pawar Stand and Ajit Wadekar Stand were also unveiled to recognize the roles played by the former MCA president and the late cricketing icon respectively.

Key Highlights

Rohit Sharma Stand: Previously Divecha Pavilion Level 3, renamed to honor India’s 2024 T20 World Cup and 2025 Champions Trophy-winning captain.
Sharad Pawar Stand: Grand Stand Level 3 renamed after the senior political leader and cricket administrator.
Ajit Wadekar Stand: Grand Stand Level 4 renamed after India’s 1971 Test series-winning captain in England and West Indies.
MCA Office Lounge: Dedicated to Amol Kale, former MCA president.

Significance of Rohit Sharma’s Contribution

Hails from Borivali, Mumbai.
Trained under Dinesh Lad.
First Indian captain to win:
T20 World Cup (2024) in USA & West Indies.
Champions Trophy (2025) in the UAE.
Retired from Tests and T20Is; continues to play ODIs.
His emotional speech at the ceremony reflected his gratitude towards family, Mumbai Indians, and cricketing fraternity.

About Other Honorees

Ajit Wadekar

Led India to historic wins in 1971.
Former Indian captain and national coach.

Sharad Pawar

Ex-president of MCA, BCCI, and ICC.
Oversaw Wankhede’s hosting of 2011 World Cup final.

Amol Kale

Former MCA president remembered through MCA Office Lounge dedication.

Static GK – Wankhede Stadium

Located in South Mumbai.
Capacity: ~33,000.
Hosts IPL, ODIs, Tests.
Site of the 2011 ICC World Cup final win for India.

Summary/Static	Details
Why in the news?	Rohit Sharma Stand Inaugurated At Wankhede Stadium
Event	Stand naming ceremony by MCA at Wankhede Stadium
Date	May 16, 2025
Honourees	Rohit Sharma, Ajit Wadekar, Sharad Pawar, Amol Kale
Occasion	Rohit Sharma’s Test retirement and contributions to Indian cricket
Venue	Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai
Additional Info	Rohit led India to 2024 T20 WC & 2025 Champions Trophy wins

Which is the Most Mango Producing Country in the World?

Mango, hailed as the “King of Fruits,” is not just a tropical delight but also a significant agricultural commodity globally. With its sweet, juicy flavor and versatility in culinary applications, mangoes have secured a prime position in the hearts of consumers worldwide. In 2024, mango production continues to thrive, with several countries contributing significantly to meet the global demand. Here’s a look at the top 10 mango-producing nations in the world.

Worldwide Production of Mangoes

India is the top mango-producing country in the world, growing about 43% to 52% of all mangoes. Other big producers are China, Indonesia, Thailand and Mexico. The total worldwide mango production is around 61 million tonnes. This number is going up every year, with an average growth rate of 1.9%, showing that mangoes are becoming more popular globally.

Most Mango Producing Country in the World 2025

In 2025, India is still the top mango-producing country in the world, growing about 25 million metric tons every year. The country is known for its sweet and tasty mangoes, especially popular types like Alphonso and Kesar. These mangoes are loved both in India and in other countries. Indian farmers use both old farming and methods and modern tools to grow high-quality mangoes, keeping India’s mango tradition strong.

Top-10 Mango Producing Countries in the World By 2025

India with the total mango production of 25 million metric tons, holds the title of largest mango producer in the world, followed by China, Indonesia, Pakistan and Mexico.

Here is the list of top-10 mango producing countries in the world by 2025:

Top-10 Mango Producing Countries in the World 2025
Rank	Country	Mango Production (in million metric tons)
1.	India	25
2.	China	3.8
3.	Indonesia	3.6
4.	Pakistan	2.7
5.	Mexico	2.4
6.	Brazil	2.1
7.	Malawi	1.7
8.	Thailand	1.6
9.	Bangladesh	1.5
10.	Vietnam	1.4

Second Largest Country in terms of Mango production – China

Mango Production: 3.8 million metric tons

China ranks as the world’s second-largest mango producer, yielding 3.8 million metric tons. Vast orchards benefit from favorable weather, showcasing China’s growing influence in mango farming. With organized cultivation and optimal conditions, China meets increasing global demand, underscoring its commitment to the tropical fruit industry and expanding its market reach.

World’s Third Largest Mango Producer – Indonesia

Mango Production: 3.6 million metric tons

Indonesia stands as the world’s third-largest mango producer, harvesting 3.6 million metric tons annually. Its sunny climate fosters the growth of renowned varieties like Gedong Gincu and Manalagi, making Indonesia a key player in the global mango market. These delicious mangoes not only satisfy local appetites but also boost the nation’s economy through thriving agricultural exports.

Richest Man in the World by May 2025, Know About the Top-10 Richest Men

Richest Man in the World by February 2025, Check the List of Top-10

The richest men in the world have made huge amounts of money through technology, shopping businesses and smart investing. Their companies are very powerful and have a big impact on the world. Some own famous tech companies like Tesla and Amazon, while others own luxury brands like LVMH, we will look at the top-10 richest men in the world by May 2025.

World’s Richest Persons by May 2025

As of May 2025, Elon Musk is the richest person in the world with $386.5 billion. He is followed by Mark Zuckerberg and Jeff Bezos. Most of the top-10 billionaires are from the USA and work in technology companies like Tesla, Amazon, Meta, Microsoft and Google. One person, Bernard Arnault from France, represents the fashion industry. Their wealth changes every year based on company performance and the stock market.

World’s Richest Man by April 2025

By May 2025, Elon Musk is the richest man in the world. He co-founded companies like Tesla, SpaceX and xAI. He owns around 12% of Tesla and 42% of SpaceX, which is valued at $350 billion. Musk also owns 54% of xAI, an AI company valued at $50 billion. He bought Twitter in 2022, now called X, though its value dropped by 70%. His massive wealth mainly comes from tech and space ventures.

Net Worth of Elon Musk

As of May 2025, Elon Musk is the richest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of $386.5 billion. Most of his wealth comes from his companies, Tesla and SpaceX, as well as his investment in X (earlier known as Twitter). His achievements in technology and space exploration have played a major role in his rapid financial growth.

Age and Citizenship of Elon Musk

Elon Musk was born on June 28, 1971. As of now, he is 53 years old. He is known for being one of the most influential entrepreneurs in the world, leading companies like Tesla and SpaceX.

Elon Musk was born in Pretoria, South Africa, in 1971. He later became a Canadian citizen because his mother was born in Canada. In 2002, he became a US citizen, and he now lives and works in the United States.

Top-10 Richest Men in the World by May 2025

Elon Musk of United States, the CEO of Tesla, SpaceX and X, stands as the richest man in the world as of 2025 with an impressive net worth of $386.5 billion, followed by Jeff Bezos and Larry Ellison.

Here is the list of top-10 richest men in the world by May 2025:

Rank	Name	Net Worth (in $ billions)	Source of Wealth	Country
1.	Elon Musk	$386.5 billion	Tesla, SpaceX, X	United States
2.	Jeff Bezos	$201.6 billion	Amazon	United States
3.	Mark Zuckerberg	$190 billion	Facebook	United States
4.	Larry Ellison	$176.9 billion	Oracle	United States
5.	Warren Buffet	$166.4 billion	Berkshire Hathaway	United States
6.	Bernard Arnault	$146.5 billion	LVMH	France
7.	Larry Page	$132.7 billion	Google	United States
8.	Sergey Brin	$127.2 billion	Google	United States
9.	Amancio Ortego	$114.4 billion	Zara	United States
10.	Steve Ballmer	$114.1 billion	Microsoft	United States

Second Wealthiest Person of the World – Jeff Bezos

Country: United States

Net worth: $201.6 billion

Jeff Bezos founded Amazon and stepped down as CEO in 2021, although he still holds a strong influence as chairman. He also founded Blue Origin, a space company, and made a trip to space in 2021. Bezos’ wealth comes mainly from Amazon, which continues to be a leader in online retail.

Third Richest Person of the World – Mark Zuckerberg

Country: United States

Net worth: $190 billion

In late February, Mark Zuckerberg became the third richest person in the world for the first time. He overtook Jeff Bezos, whose wealth dropped by 11%. According to Forbes, Zuckerberg is now $4 billion richer than Bezos.

Zuckerberg co-founded Facebook (now Meta) in 2004 while studying at Harvard University. Meta owns Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp. He still owns 13% of the company.

List of Chief Justice of India from 1950-2025

The Chief Justice of India is the head of the Supreme Court, which is the highest court in the country. The Chief Justice makes many important decisions and helps lead the Indian judiciary. Since 1950, India has had several Chief Justices who played a big role in the legal system. This article gives a comprehensive list of all Chief Justices of India from 1950 to 2025.

Chief Justice of India

The Chief Justice of India (CJI) is the highest-ranking judge and head of the Indian judiciary, leading the Supreme Court of India. The CJI manages the court’s functioning by assigning cases to other judges and forming special benches for important legal issues. According to Article 145 of the Indian Constitution and the Supreme Court Rules of 1966, the Chief Justice has the authority to allocate work across the Supreme Court.

When it’s time to appoint a new Chief Justice, the President of India selects a candidate based on the recommendation of the outgoing CJI, who typically suggests the next senior-most judge. Although this seniority tradition is usually followed, there have been exceptions twice in the past—first in 1973, when Justice A.N. Ray was appointed over three senior judges, and again in 1977, when Justice Mirza Hameedullah Beg was appointed over Justice H.R. Khanna.

A Chief Justice can serve until they reach the age of 65, unless they are removed through the impeachment process outlined in the Constitution. Since the establishment of the Supreme Court in 1950, 51 judges have held the position of Chief Justice. The longest-serving Chief Justice was Y.V. Chandrachud, who held office for over seven years (1978–1985), while the shortest-serving was K.N. Singh, who served only 17 days in 1991. As of 2024, there has not been a woman in the role of Chief Justice of India.

Currently, Justice B.R. Gavai is the 52nd Chief Justice, having taken office on May 14, 2025.

List of Chief Justice of India

The below list will give you details about all Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India after independence along with their tenure and the Presidents they have worked under. The current Chief Justice of India is Justice B.R. Gavai who was appointed by the Government of India on 14th May 2025.

S.no	Chief Justice of India	Tenure		Presidents
S.no	Chief Justice of India	From	To	Presidents
1	H.J Kania	26 January 1950	6 November 1951	Rajendra Prasad
2	M. Patanjali Sastri	7 November 1951	3 January 1954	Rajendra Prasad
3	Mehr Chand Mahajan	4 January 1954	22 December 1954	Rajendra Prasad
4	Bijan Kumar Mukherjee	23 December 1954	31 January 1956	Rajendra Prasad
5	Sudhi Ranjan Das	1 February 1956	30 September 1959	Rajendra Prasad
6	Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha	1 October 1959	31 January 1964	Rajendra Prasad
7	P.B. Gajendragadkar	1 February 1964	15 March 1966	Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
8	Amal Kumar Sarkar	16 March 1966	29 June 1966	Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
9	Koka Subba Rao	30 June 1966	11 April 1967	Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
10	Kailas Nath Wanchoo	12 April 1967	24 February 1968	Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
11	Mohammad Hidayatullah	25 February 1968	16 December 1970	Zakir Husain
12	Jayantital Chhotalal Shah	17 December 1970	21 January 1971	V.V. Giri
13	Sarv Mittra Sikri	22 January 1971	25 April 1973	V.V. Giri
14	A.N. Ray	26 April 1973	27 January 1977	V.V. Giri
15	Mirza Hameedullah Beg	29 January 1977	21 February 1978	Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
16	Y.V. Chandrachud	22 February 1978	11 July 1985	Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
17	P.N. Bhagwati	12 July 1985	20 December 1986	Zali Singh
18	Raghunandan Swarup Pathak	21 December 1986	18 June 1989	Zali Singh
19	Engalaguppe Seetharamaiah Venkataramiah	19 June 1989	17 December 1989	Ramaswamy Venkataraman
20	Sabyasachi Mukharji	18 December 1989	25 September 1990	Ramaswamy Venkataraman
21	Ranganath Misra	26 September 1990	24 November 1991	Ramaswamy Venkataraman
22	Kamal Narain Singh	25 November 1991	12 December 1991	Ramaswamy Venkataraman
23	Madhukar Hiralal Kania	13 December 1991	17 November 1992	Ramaswamy Venkataraman
24	Lalit Mohan Sharma	18 November 1992	11 February 1993	Shankar Dayal Sharma
25	M.N. Venkatachaliah	12 February 1993	24 October 1994	Shankar Dayal Sharma
26	Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi	25 October 1994	24 March 1997	Shankar Dayal Sharma
27	J.S. Verma	25 March 1997	17 January 1998	Shankar Dayal Sharma
28	Madan Mohan Punchhi	18 January 1998	9 October 1998	K.R. Narayanan
29	Adarsh Sein Anand	10 October 1998	31 October 2001	K.R. Narayanan
30	Sam Piroj Bharucha	1 November 2001	5 may 2002	K.R. Narayanan
31	Bhupinder Nath Kirpal	6 May 2002	7 November 2002	K.R. Narayanan
32	Gopal Ballav Pattanaik	8 November 2002	18 December 2002	A.P.J Abdul Kalam
33	V.N. Khare	19 December 2002	1 May 2004	A.P.J Abdul Kalam
34	S. Rajendra Babu	2 May 2004	31 May 2004	A.P.J Abdul Kalam
35	Ramesh Chandra Lahoti	1 June 2004	31 October 2005	A.P.J Abdul Kalam
36	Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal	1 November 2005	13 January 2007	A.P.J Abdul Kalam
37	K.G. Balakrishnan	14 January 2007	12 May 2010	A.P.J Abdul Kalam
38	S.H. Kapadia	12 May 2010	28 September 2012	Pratibha Patil
39	Altamas Kabir	29 September 2012	18 July 2013	Pranab Mukherjee
40	P. Sathasivam	19 July 2013	26 April 2014	Pranab Mukherjee
41	Rajendra Mal Lodha	27 April 2014	27 September 2014	Pranab Mukherjee
42	H.L. Dattu	28 September 2014	2 December 2015	Pranab Mukherjee
43	T.S. Thakur	3 December 2015	3 January 2017	Pranab Mukherjee
44	Jagdish Singh Khehar	4 January 2017	27 August 2017	Pranab Mukherjee
45	Dipak Misra	28 August 2017	2 October 2018	Ram Nath Kovind
46	Ranjan Gogoi	3 October 2018	17 November 2019	Ram Nath Kovind
47	Sharad Arvind Bobde	18 November 2019	23 April 2021	Ram Nath Kovind
48	NV Ramana	23 April 2021	26 August 2022	Ram Nath Kovind
49	U.U. Lalit	27 August 2022	8 November 2022	Ram Nath Kovind
50	Dhananjaya Y Chandrachud	9 November 2022	10 November 2024	Ram Nath Kovind
51	Sanjiv Khanna	11 November 2024	13 May 2025	Droupadi Murmu
52.	B.R. Gavai	14 May 2025	Incumbent	Droupadi Murmu

CJI – Important Pointer

The President of India appoints the Chief Justice of India, who can serve until the age of 65 and can only be removed through parliamentary impeachment. The Chief Justice submits resignation to the President, who administers the oath. The Chief Justice receives a monthly salary of Rs.280,000, governed by Article 125 of the Constitution.
The inaugural Chief Justice, Sir Maurice Gwyer, served from October 1, 1937, to April 25, 1943, before independence. Justice Harilal Jekisundas Kania became the first Indian Chief Justice. Kamal Narain Singh held the position for the briefest period, just 17 days in November-December 1991, while Justice Y. V. Chandrachud holds the record for the longest tenure at 2696 days.
The current Chief Justice, Justice Sharad Arvind Bobde, is the 47th in office. Fatimah Beevi made history as the first woman Supreme Court Judge, serving from October 6, 1989, to April 29, 1992.
As of November 2022, India has 27 Supreme Court judges, including the Chief Justice, with a sanctioned strength of 34.

Top-5 Places to See the Northern Lights, Know About Them

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The Northern Lights, also Aurora Borealis, are beautiful lights that appear in the night sky, mostly in cold places near the North Pole. They look like dancing waves of green, pink and purple colors. Many people travel to see this amazing natural show. The best time to watch them is during winter when the skies are dark and clear. In this article, we will know about the top-5 places to see the Northern Lights.

What are Northern Lights?

The Northern Lights, or aurora borealis, are colorful lights that appear in the night sky near the North Pole. They happen when charged particles from the sun travel toward Earth and hit the magnetic field. Some of these particles move to the pole and collide with gases in the sky, like oxygen and nitrogen. This makes the sky glow in colors like green, pink and red. It is a natural and beautiful light show caused by the sun and Earth’s atmosphere.

Top-5 Places to See Northern Lights

The Northern Lights are a magical light show in the night sky, seen mostly near the North Pole. To enjoy this amazing sight, here are the top-5 places in the world where you can see them clearly:

Tromsø Norway
Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
Abisko, Sweden
Reykjavik & Thingvellir, Iceland
Yellowknife, Canada

Tromsø, Norway

Tromsø is in northern Norway and lies in the middle of the auroral zone. It is known as one of the best places in the world to see the Northern Lights. The city is surrounded by snowy mountains and fjords, offering a great view of the night sky. You can see the aurora from the city or travel nearby areas for a darker sky.

Fairbanks, Alaska, USA

Fairbanks is located under the auroral oval, making it a popular place to see the Northern Lights in the United States. It has long, dark nights and clear skies during winter, which help you see the lights more often. Many visitors go there between August and April for the best viewing chances.

Abisko, Sweden

Abisko is a small village in northern Sweden inside Abisko National Park. This place is known for its special weather that keeps the sky clear even when it’s cloudy nearby. Abisko is far from city lights, which makes the aurora easier to see in the dark sky. The area is quiet and surrounded by nature.

Reykjavik & Thingvellir, Iceland

Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, is one of the few cities in the world where you can sometimes see the Northern Lights. Just 45 minutes away is Thingvellir National Park, a great place for viewing. Iceland’s wild nature, with its waterfalls, volcanoes and glaciers, makes the experience even more exciting.

Yellowknife, Canada

Yellowknife is in the Northwest Territories of Canada and is one of the most reliable places to see the aurora. The sky is usually clear, and the area has little light pollution. Many tourists visit between November and March to enjoy the bright and colorful Northern Lights.

International Day of Light Date, History, Purpose

The International Day of Light, celebrated every year on May 16, recognizes the importance of light and light-based technologies in science, culture, education, sustainable development, and various sectors such as energy, medicine, communications, and art. It is organized by UNESCO to encourage international cooperation in science and technology and to highlight light’s role in achieving peace and sustainable development.

Why in News

The International Day of Light 2025 is observed globally on May 16, with a central forum themed “Light, Innovation, Society.” Events were organized at UNESCO Headquarters and worldwide, promoting awareness of light’s crucial role in scientific advancement and sustainability.

Background and History

The day commemorates the anniversary of the first successful laser operation by Theodore Maiman on May 16, 1960.
The first celebration of the International Day of Light was held on May 16, 2018, following the International Year of Light (2015).
Proposed by Ghana, Mexico, New Zealand, and the Russian Federation; approved by UNESCO’s General Conference in November 2017.

Objectives and Purpose

To promote international cooperation through science and technology.
To raise awareness about the importance of light-based technologies in daily life and global development.
To support the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, especially in education, equality, and innovation.
To inspire interest in STEM education, particularly in developing regions such as Africa.

Significance of Light-based Technologies

These technologies play an essential role in various fields:
Medicine – X-rays, laser surgery, phototherapy.
Communications – Fiber optics, internet.
Energy – Solar panels, lighting systems.
Art and Culture – Photography, projection.
Science and Research – Microscopes, telescopes, spectroscopy.

UNESCO’s Global Vision

The day aligns with UNESCO’s mission to:
Promote basic science education globally.
Encourage innovation and knowledge-sharing.
Highlight the connection between science, society, and culture.

Themes and Events (2025)

Theme: “Light, Innovation, Society”
Special focus: “Dark and Quiet Skies” initiative – preserving the night sky and reducing light pollution.

Events are hosted worldwide with hashtags like,

#InternationalDayOfLight
#Photonics
#DarkSkies4All
Activities include:
Public lectures and exhibitions.
School and university events.
Science outreach programs for youth.

International Day of Living Together in Peace: Fostering Global Harmony

The International Day of Living Together in Peace, observed annually on 16 May, is a United Nations-designated day that emphasizes the importance of living in harmony despite cultural, religious, or ethnic differences. It calls for global unity, reconciliation, and mutual respect, aiming to foster sustainable peace in communities worldwide.

Why in News?

The International Day of Living Together in Peace 2025 was observed on 16 May across the globe, reinforcing the message of peace, tolerance, inclusion, and reconciliation. The day remains relevant in today’s world marked by ongoing conflicts, social unrest, and divisions, serving as a global reminder to promote dialogue, coexistence, and unity.

Objectives and Aim

Promote a culture of peace, mutual respect, and understanding.
Encourage reconciliation and forgiveness to build sustainable peace.
Mobilize international efforts to counter intolerance and discrimination.
Foster solidarity and inclusion across all levels of society.

Key Features

Proclaimed by the UN General Assembly through Resolution 72/130 in 2017.
Celebrated every year on 16 May.
Invites countries, communities, and individuals to engage in activities promoting peace and reconciliation.
Supports efforts aligned with SDG Goal 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions).

Background

Rooted in post-WWII ideals to prevent further global conflict.
Builds upon earlier UN declarations:
International Year for a Culture of Peace (2000) – Resolution 52/15.
International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for Children (2001–2010).
Declaration & Programme of Action on a Culture of Peace (1999) – Resolution 53/243.
Inspired by UNESCO’s belief: “Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defenses of peace must be constructed.”

Significance

Encourages nations to work toward conflict resolution, inclusive development, and interfaith dialogue.
Reinforces the idea that peace is not merely the absence of conflict, but a positive, participatory process involving cooperation and understanding.
Helps combat discrimination and intolerance in all forms (based on race, religion, gender, etc.).

Suggested Activities

Peace Campaigns: Launch social media or community-based awareness drives.
Letters of Peace: Share letters promoting peace and unity.
Community Service: Participate in or organize volunteer and charity events.
Sports for Peace: Host sports events to spread the message of unity.
Peace Concerts: Promote peace through cultural and musical events.
Peace-themed Movie Nights: Screen films that promote understanding and non-violence.

List of Products India Imports and Exports to Turkey

India-Turkey Trade Overview: 2023–24 to Early 2025

India and Turkey have historically maintained robust bilateral trade ties. However, recent geopolitical tensions, especially Turkey’s support for Pakistan amid India-Pakistan diplomatic strain, have led to growing trade and diplomatic uncertainty.

Despite this, India’s trade with Turkey has remained significant, with exports valued at USD 5.2 billion and imports at USD 2.84 billion between April 2024 and February 2025. India continues to maintain a trade surplus with Turkey.

India’s Exports to Turkey (April 2024 – February 2025)

Total Export Value: USD 5.2 billion

India’s major exports to Turkey span across energy, automotive, pharmaceuticals, and manufacturing sectors:

Mineral fuels and oil – India’s largest export category to Turkey
Electrical machinery and equipment
Auto parts and components
Organic and inorganic chemicals
Pharmaceutical products and raw materials
Textiles and garments
Iron and steel products
Plastic and rubber articles
Machinery and mechanical appliances
Tobacco and tea (in smaller volumes)

India’s Imports from Turkey (April 2024 – February 2025)

Total Import Value: USD 2.84 billion

Turkey’s exports to India include raw materials, luxury items, and agricultural produce. The primary imports are:

Marble and decorative stone – A significant construction material
Apples – Approx. USD 10 million worth imported, though volumes have dropped recently due to informal boycotts
Gold and precious metals
Vegetables and pulses
Cement and construction-grade materials
Mineral oil and petroleum-based products – Approx. USD 1.81 billion in 2023–24
Industrial chemicals and dyes
Ferrous and non-ferrous metals
Cosmetic and personal care products

India-Turkey Trade Summary

Trade Indicator	2023–24	Apr–Feb 2024–25
Exports from India	USD 6.65 billion	USD 5.2 billion
Imports to India	USD 3.78 billion	USD 2.84 billion
Trade Surplus	USD 2.87 billion	USD 2.36 billion

Impact of Geopolitics on Trade

Following Turkey’s and Azerbaijan’s vocal support for Pakistan, Indian traders and travel agencies have responded with caution. Indian businesses have informally reduced imports of Turkish apples, marble, and other luxury goods. This has contributed to the visible decline in trade volumes, despite no official sanctions.

Indian Community and Tourism Advisory

India earlier shared strong people-to-people ties with both Turkey and Azerbaijan, with over 4,500 Indian nationals residing in the two countries. However, in light of recent diplomatic shifts, Indian travel advisories now urge caution and recommend avoiding non-essential visits to both nations.